{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T22:25:28Z","timestamp":1777760728218,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Eat Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-026-01601-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:59:34Z","timestamp":1777460374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathways to improved treatment of anorexia nervosa: a need for reconceptualization"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3997-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Polivy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Touyz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1601_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(01)00238-1","volume":"25","author":"DM Ackard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ackard DM, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, French S, Story M. Binge and purge behavior among adolescents: associations with sexual and physical abuse in a nationally representative sample: the Commonwealth Fund survey. Child Abuse Negl. 2001;25:771\u201385.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1601_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01211-7","volume":"27","author":"L Adler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adler L, Brown TA, Shott ME, Swindle S, Frank GKW. I know I am not out of control, but I just cannot shake the feeling: exploring feeling out of control in eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord. 2022;27:839\u201345.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74","volume":"68","author":"J Arcelus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:724\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20904","volume":"20","author":"N Auger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Auger N, Potter BJ, Ukah UV, Low N, Isra\u00ebl M, Steiger H, et al. Anorexia nervosa and the long-term risk of mortality in women. World Psychiatry. 2021;20:448\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20904.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20567","volume":"41","author":"AM Bardone-Cone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bardone-Cone AM, Maldonado CR, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE, Wonderlich SA, Joiner TE Jr, et al. Revisiting differences in individuals with bulimia nervosa with and without a history of anorexia nervosa: eating pathology, personality, and maltreatment. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41:697\u2013704.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152515","volume":"134","author":"E Barone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barone E, Carfagno M, Marafioti N, Bello R, Arsenio E, Marone L, et al. Impact of emotional abuse on eating disorder psychopathology: a multi-mediation analysis. Compr Psychiatry. 2024;134:152515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152515.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260902848576","volume":"17","author":"DD Ben-Porath","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ben-Porath DD, Wisniewski L, Warren M. Differential treatment response for eating disordered patients with and without a comorbid Borderline Personality diagnosis using a Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)-informed approach. Eat Disord. 2009;17:225\u201341.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1601_CR8","first-page":"i20","volume":"12","author":"PJV Beumont","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beumont PJV, Touyz SW. What kind of illness is anorexia nervosa? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;12(1):i20\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260701454311","volume":"15","author":"TD Brewerton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brewerton TD. Eating disorders, trauma, and comorbidity: focus on PTSD. Eat Disord. 2007;15:285\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640260701454311.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00773-4","volume":"11","author":"TD Brewerton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brewerton TD, Gavidia I, Suro G, Perlman MM. Eating disorder patients with and without PTSD treated in residential care: discharge and 6-month follow-up results. J Eat Disord. 2023;11:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-023-00773-4.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260590893700","volume":"13","author":"KR Bruce","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bruce KR, Steiger H. Treatment implications of Axis-II comorbidity in eating disorders. Eat Disord-J Treat Prev. 2004;13:93\u2013108.","journal-title":"Eat Disord-J Treat Prev"},{"key":"1601_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.894178","volume":"13","author":"E Bryant","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bryant E, Aouad P, Hambleton A, Touyz S, Maguire S. \u2018In an otherwise limitless world, I was sure of my limit.\u2019\u2020 Experiencing anorexia nervosa: a phenomenological metasynthesis. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:894178.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093713","volume":"27","author":"CM Bulik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bulik CM, Slop-Op\u2019t Landt MCT, van Furth E, Sullivan PF. The genetics of anorexia nervosa. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:263\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093713.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"1601_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-00983-4","volume":"12","author":"SM Byrne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Byrne SM, Fursland A. New understandings meet old treatments: putting a contemporary face on established protocols. J Eat Disord. 2024;12:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-024-00983-4.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.04.024","volume":"218","author":"S Calugi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calugi S, El Ghoch M, Conti M, Dalle Grave R. Depression and treatment outcome in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218:195\u2013200.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1601_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.118.017160","volume":"71","author":"RL Carhart-Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, Friston KJ. REBUS and the anarchic brain: toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics. Pharmacol Rev. 2019;71(3):316\u201344.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.04.012","volume":"25","author":"S Cassin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cassin S, VonRanson K. Personality and eating disorders: a decade in review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25:895\u2013916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.04.012.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23647","volume":"55","author":"E Cassioli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cassioli E, Rossi E, Martelli M, Hazzard VM, D\u2019Anna G, Wonderlich SA, et al. A 1-year follow-up study of the longitudinal interplay between emotion dysregulation and childhood trauma in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2022;55:98\u2013107.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20419","volume":"40","author":"AM Crane","year":"2007","unstructured":"Crane AM, Roberts ME, Treasure J. Are obsessive-compulsive personality traits associated with a poor outcome in anorexia nervosa? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and naturalistic outcome studies. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40:581\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.20419.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-024-01689-x","volume":"29","author":"KM Dann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dann KM, Harrison A, Veldre A, Hay P, Touyz S. Embracing a different outlook: strengths and goals of individuals currently in treatment for anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord. 2024;29:63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-024-01689-x.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1601_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01300-7","volume":"27","author":"KM Dann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dann KM, Hay P, Touyz S. Everyday flexibility and functional milestones in anorexia nervosa: survey results from a mixed community sample. Eat Weight Disord. 2022;27(5):1641\u201350.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19990401-10","volume":"29","author":"J de Groot","year":"1999","unstructured":"de Groot J, Rodin G. The relationship between eating disorders and childhood trauma. Psychiatr Ann. 1999;29:225\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"1601_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2021.09.005","volume":"49","author":"C de Jorge Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Jorge Mart\u00ednez C, Rukh G, Williams MJ, Gaudio S, Brooks S, Schi\u00f6th HB. Genetics of anorexia nervosa: an overview of genome-wide association studies and emerging biological links. J Genet Genomics. 2022;49:1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Genet Genomics"},{"key":"1601_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2004.09.006","volume":"20","author":"HC Deter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deter HC, Schellberg D, Kopp W, Friederich HC, Herzog W. Predictability of a favorable outcome in anorexia nervosa. Eur Psychiatry. 2005;20:165\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1601_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16121402","volume":"174","author":"L Duncan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duncan L, Yilmaz Z, Gaspar H, Walters R, Goldstein J, Anttila V, et al. Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(9):850\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10393","volume":"78","author":"KT Eddy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eddy KT, Tabri N, Thomas JJ, Murray HB, Keshaviah A, Hastings E, et al. Recovery from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa at 22\u2010year follow\u2010up. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78:184\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Enea V. Alexithymia and Eating Disorders. In: Martin CR, Preedy VR, Patel VB, Rajendram R. (eds) Handbook of the Behavior and Psychology of Disease. Springer, Cham, 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-32046-0_75-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32046-0_75-1"},{"key":"1601_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2787","volume":"28","author":"M Eskild-Jensen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eskild-Jensen M, Stoving RK, Flindt CF, Sjogren M. Comorbid depression as a negative predictor of weight gain during treatment of anorexia nervosa: a systematic scoping review. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2020;28:605\u201319.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1601_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00088-8","volume":"41","author":"CG Fairburn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a \u201ctransdiagnostic\u201d theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41(5):509\u201328.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1601_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.005","volume":"46","author":"SM Farstad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farstad SM, McGeown LM, von Ranson KM. Eating disorders and personality, 2004-2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;46:91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.005.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200008000-00010","volume":"188","author":"A Favaro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Favaro A, Santonastaso P. Self-injurious behavior in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 2000;188:537\u201342.","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease"},{"key":"1601_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22736","volume":"50","author":"MM Fichter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fichter MM, Quadflieg N, Crosby RD, Koch S. Long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa: results from a large clinical longitudinal study. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50:1018\u201330.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2014.01.006","volume":"15","author":"G Fioravante","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fioravante G, Castellini G, Lo Sauro C, Ianni S, Montanelli L, Rotella F, et al. Course and moderators of emotional eating in anorectic and bulimic patients: a follow-up study. Eat Behav. 2014;15:192\u20136.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"1601_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20178","volume":"38","author":"DL Franko","year":"2005","unstructured":"Franko DL, Dorer DJ, Keel PK, Jackson S, Manzo MP, Herzog DB. How do eating disorders and alcohol use disorder influence each other? Int J Eat Disord. 2005;38:200\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070868","volume":"170","author":"DL Franko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Franko DL, Keshaviah A, Eddy KT, Krishna M, Davis MC, Keel PK, et al. A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:917\u201325.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.10.008","volume":"96","author":"DL Franko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Franko DL, Tabri N, Keshaviah A, Murray HB, Herzog DB, Thomas JJ, et al. Predictors of long-term recovery in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: data from a 22-year longitudinal study. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;96:183\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.10.008.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1601_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-016-0104-4","volume":"4","author":"FV Froreich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Froreich FV, Vartanian LR, Grisham JR, Touyz S. Dimensions of control and their relation to disordered eating behaviours and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Eat Disord. 2016;4:14.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198321)2:2<15::AID-EAT2260020203>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"2","author":"DM Garner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Polivy J. Development and validation of a multi-dimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Int J Eat Disord. 1983;2:15\u201334.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.03.006","volume":"54","author":"F Gazzillo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gazzillo F, Lingiardi V, Peloso A, Giordani S, Vesco S, Zanna V, et al. Personality subtypes in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54:702\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.03.006.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00038-6","volume":"117","author":"NT Godart","year":"2003","unstructured":"Godart NT, Flament MF, Curt F, Perdereau F, Lang F, Venisee JL, et al. Anxiety disorders in subjects seeking treatment for eating disorders: a DSM-IV controlled study. Psychiatry Res. 2003;117:245\u201358.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1601_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20274","volume":"39","author":"N Godart","year":"2006","unstructured":"Godart N, Berthoz S, Rein Z, Perdereau F, Venisse JL, Halfon O, et al. Does the frequency of anxiety and depressive disorders differ between diagnostic subtypes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia? Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:772\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.538997","volume":"11","author":"E Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez E, Carrera O. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: enduring wrong assumptions? Front Psychiatry. 2021;11:538997.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.5.1170","volume":"70","author":"MS Harned","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harned MS, Fitzgerald LF. Understanding a link between sexual harassment and eating disorder symptoms: a mediational analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:1170\u201381.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1601_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.2.193","volume":"107","author":"D Hermans","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hermans D, Pieter G, Eelens P. Implicit and explicit memory for shape, body weight, and food-related words in patients with anorexia nervosa and nondieting controls. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998;107:193\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1601_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-00998-x","volume":"12","author":"L Hill","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hill L. Temperament impact on eating disorder symptoms and habit formation: a novel model to inform treatment. J Eat Disord. 2024;12:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-024-00998-x.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0937-8","volume":"269","author":"H Himmerich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Himmerich H, Hotopf M, Shetty H, Schmidt U, Treasure J, Hayes RD, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity as a risk factor for mortality in people with anorexia nervosa. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019;269:351\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"10445","key":"1601_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00874-2","volume":"403","author":"H Himmerich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Himmerich H, Keeler JL, Davies HL, Tessema SA, Treasure J. The evolving profile of eating disorders and their treatment in a changing and globalised world. Lancet. 2024;403(10445):2671\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1601_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2021.1883882","volume":"29","author":"H Hower","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hower H, Reilly EE, Wierenga CE, Kaye WH. Last word: a call to view temperamental traits as dual vulnerabilities and strengths in anorexia nervosa. Eat Disord. 2021;29(2):151\u201360.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.114","volume":"168","author":"TI Hsu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsu TI, Nguyen A, Gupta N, Godbole N, Perisetla N, Hatter MJ, et al. Effectiveness of deep brain stimulation in treatment of anorexia nervosa and obesity: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2022;168:179\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.114.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1601_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2234","volume":"21","author":"EK Hughes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hughes EK, Goldschmidt AB, Labuschagne Z, Loeb KL, Sawyer SM, Le Grange D. Eating disorders with and without comorbid depression and anxiety: similarities and differences in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013;21:386\u201394.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR51","volume-title":"Allgemeine psychopathologie","author":"K Jaspers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaspers K. Allgemeine psychopathologie. New York: Springer; 2013."},{"key":"1601_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.3.394","volume":"159","author":"JG Johnson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Brook JS. Childhood adversities associated with risk for eating disorders or weight problems during adolescence or early adulthood. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:394\u2013400.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR53","first-page":"9","volume":"50","author":"C Johnson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Johnson C, Tobin D, Enright A. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of borderline patients in an eating-disordered population. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50:9\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1601_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2651","volume":"27","author":"C Kan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kan C, Cardi V, Stahl D, Treasure J. Precision psychiatry\u2014what it means for eating disorders? Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2019;27(1):3\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000342","volume":"78","author":"J Kask","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kask J, Ekselius L, Brandt L, Kollia N, Ekbom A, Papadopoulos FC. Mortality in women with anorexia nervosa: the role of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Psychosom Med. 2016;78:910\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"41","key":"1601_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20509","volume":"2008","author":"WH Kaye","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Bulik CM, Plotnicov K, Thornton L, Devlin B, Fichter MM, et al. Genetics of anorexia nervosa collaborative study: methods and sample description. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;2008(41):289\u2013300.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.12.2215","volume":"161","author":"WH Kaye","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Bulik CM, Thornton L, Barbarich N, Masters K, Price Foundation Collaborative Group. Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2215\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.2.327-a","volume":"163","author":"WH Kaye","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Bulik C, Thornton L, Plotnicov K, Price Foundation Collaborative Investigators. Reply to correspondence. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:327\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2330","volume":"23","author":"WH Kaye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Knatz S, Liang J, Boutelle K, Hill L, et al. Temperament-based treatment for anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:12\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2330.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1181447","volume":"14","author":"JL Keeler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keeler JL, Treasure J, Himmerich H, Brendle M, Moore C, Robison R. Case report: Intramuscular ketamine or intranasal esketamine as a treatment in four patients with major depressive disorder and comorbid anorexia nervosa. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1181447.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22168","volume":"47","author":"A Keski-Rahkonen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keski-Rahkonen A, Raevuori A, Bulik CM, Hoek HW, Rissanen A, Kaprio J. Factors associated with recovery from anorexia nervosa: a population-based study. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47:117\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22168.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-40015-40046-40332","volume":"3","author":"S Kezelman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kezelman S, Touyz S, Hunt C, Rhodes P. Does anxiety improve during weight restoration in anorexia nervosa? A systematic review. J Eat Disord. 2015;3:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-40015-40046-40332.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctv9b2tqv","volume-title":"The biology of human starvation","author":"A Keys","year":"1950","unstructured":"Keys A, Bro\u017eek J, Henschel A, Mickelsen O, Taylor HL. The biology of human starvation, vol. 2. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1950."},{"key":"1601_CR64","first-page":"547","volume":"41","author":"T Killeen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Killeen T, Brewerton TD, Campbell A, Cohen LR, Hien DA. Exploring the relationship between eating disorder symptoms and substance use severity in women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2015;41:547\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"1601_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.2.239","volume":"109","author":"K Klump","year":"2000","unstructured":"Klump K, McGue M, Iacono WG. Age differences in genetic and environmental influences on eating attitudes and behaviors in preadolescent and adolescent female twins. J Abnorm Psychol. 2000;109:239\u201351.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1601_CR66","volume":"46","author":"E Koning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koning E, Brietzke E. Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy as a potential treatment for eating disorders: a narrative review of preliminary evidence. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2024;46:e20220597.","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother"},{"issue":"1","key":"1601_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-01125-6","volume":"12","author":"E Lacroix","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lacroix E, Fatur K, Hay P, Touyz S, Keshen A. Psychedelics and the treatment of eating disorders: considerations for future research and practice. J Eat Disord. 2024;12(1):165.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.03.024","volume":"54","author":"C La Mela","year":"2013","unstructured":"La Mela C, Maglietta M, Lucarelli S, Mori S, Sassaroli S. Pretreatment outcome indicators in an eating disorder outpatient group: the effects of self-esteem, personality disorders, and dissociation. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54:933\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.03.024.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.122","volume":"241","author":"JM Lavender","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lavender JM, Mason TB, Utzinger LM, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Engel SG, et al. Examining affect and perfectionism in relation to eating disorder symptoms among women with anorexia nervosa. Psychiatr Res. 2016;241:267\u201372.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1601_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.05.007","volume":"51","author":"JM Lavender","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lavender JM, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Mitchell JE, Crow SJ, et al. Personality-based subtypes of anorexia nervosa: examining validity and utility using baseline clinical variables and ecological momentary assessment. Behav Res Ther. 2013;51:512\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2013.05.007.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1601_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000057","volume":"53","author":"D Le Grange","year":"2016","unstructured":"Le Grange D. Anorexia nervosa in adults: the urgent need for novel outpatient treatments that work. Psychotherapy. 2016;53:251\u20134.","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"1601_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.07.004","volume":"18","author":"D Le Grange","year":"2009","unstructured":"Le Grange D, Eisler I. Family interventions in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America. 2009;18:159\u201373.","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America"},{"key":"1601_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.08.064","volume":"246","author":"J Levallius","year":"2016","unstructured":"Levallius J, Roberts BW, Clinton D, Norring C. Take charge: personality as predictor of recovery from eating disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2016;246:447\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.08.064.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1601_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0930-y","volume":"20","author":"CA Levinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levinson CA, Vanzhula IA, Brosof LC, Forbush K. Network analysis as an alternative approach to conceptualizing eating disorders: implications for research and treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"1601_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.10.003","volume":"26","author":"LRR Lilenfeld","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lilenfeld LRR, Wonderlich S, Riso LP, Crosby R, Mitchell J. Eating disorders and personality: a methodological and empirical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26:299\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.10.003.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2023.2201988","volume":"31","author":"JA Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin JA, Jhe G, Adhikari R, Vitagliano JA, Rose KL, Freizinger M, et al. Triggers for eating disorder onset in youth with anorexia nervosa across the weight spectrum. Eat Disord. 2023;31:553\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640266.2023.2201988.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2246","volume":"21","author":"N Lipsman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lipsman N, Woodside DB, Giacobbe P, Lozano AM. Neurosurgical treatment of anorexia nervosa: review of the literature from leucotomy to deep brain stimulation. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013;21:428\u201335.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170100407X","volume":"31","author":"B Lowe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lowe B, Zipfel S, Buchholz C, Dupont Y, Reas DL, Herzog W. Long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa in a prospective 21-year follow-up study. Psychol Med. 2001;31:881\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1601_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.04.005","volume":"51","author":"A Manuel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manuel A, Wade T. Emotion regulation in broadly defined anorexia nervosa: association with negative affective memory bias. Behav Res Ther. 2013;51:417\u201324.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1601_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2677","volume":"27","author":"J Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin J, Arostegui I, Lorono A, Padierna A, Najera-Zuloaga J, Quintana JM. Anxiety and depressive symptoms are related to core symptoms, general health outcome, and medical comorbidities in eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2019;27:603\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2677.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martinez MA, Craighead LW. Toward person (ality)-centered treatment: How consideration of personality and individual differences in anorexia nervosa may improve treatment outcome. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2015;22(3):296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpsp.1.","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.1"},{"key":"1601_CR82","first-page":"541","volume":"62","author":"SHW Mares","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mares SHW, Vroling MS. Trauma and anorexia nervosa: the association between trauma characteristics, PTSD and the duration of the eating disorder. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2020;62:541\u20138.","journal-title":"Tijdschr Psychiatr"},{"key":"1601_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3139","volume":"33","author":"M Mayall","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mayall M, Sadhu R, McDermott B. Contemporary reflections on William Gull\u2019s case studies of anorexia nervosa, 150 years on. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2025;33:199\u2013209.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2023.111391","volume":"172","author":"A Meule","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meule A, Kolar DR, Gartner T, Osen B, Rauh E, Naab S, et al. Depressive symptoms and weight change in inpatients with anorexia nervosa: a cross-lagged panel model. J Psychosom Res. 2023;172:111391.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"1601_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2019.1642036","author":"A Meule","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meule A, Richard A, Schnepper R, Reichenberger J, Georgii C, Naab S, et al. Emotion regulation and emotional eating in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eat Disord. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640266.2019.1642036.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1601_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674221139962","volume":"57","author":"R Miceli McMillan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miceli McMillan R, Fernandez AV. Understanding subjective experience in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: the need for phenomenology. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2023;57(6):783\u20138.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10013","volume":"31","author":"G Milos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Milos G, Spindler A, Ruggiero G, Klaghofer R, Schnyder U. Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorders and duration of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;31:284\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003561","volume":"47","author":"ML Molendijk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molendijk ML, Hoek HW, Brewertom TD, Elzinga BM. Childhood maltreatment and eating disorder pathology: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2017;47:1402\u201316.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1601_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000961","volume":"37","author":"AM Monteleone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Monteleone AM, Abbate-Daga G. Effectiveness and predictors of psychotherapy in eating disorders: state-of-the-art and future directions. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2024;37:417\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000961.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1601_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002088","volume":"49","author":"SB Murray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murray SB, Quintana DS, Loeb KL, Griffiths S, Le Grange D. Treatment outcomes for anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2019;49(4):535\u201344.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1601_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-01023-1","volume":"26","author":"L Muzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muzi L, Tieghi L, Rugo MA, Lingiardi V. Personality as a predictor of symptomatic change in a residential treatment setting for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord. 2021;26:1195\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-020-01023-1.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1601_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000375","volume":"67","author":"ME Olofsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olofsson ME, Oddli HW, Hoffart A, Eielsen HP, Vrabel KR. Change processes related to long-term outcomes in eating disorders with childhood trauma: an explorative qualitative study. J Couns Psychol. 2020;67(1):51\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cou0000375.","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"1601_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.07.001","volume":"28","author":"E Pallister","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pallister E, Waller G. Anxiety in the eating disorders: understanding the overlap. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28:366\u201386.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.054742","volume":"194","author":"FC Papadopoulos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Papadopoulos FC, Ekbom A, Brandt L, Ekselius L. Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194:10\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1601_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2018.12.19.2","volume":"16","author":"SC Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park SC. Karl Jaspers\u2019 general psychopathology (Allgemeine Psychopathologie) and its implication for the current psychiatry. Psychiatry Investig. 2019;16(2):99.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"1601_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00465-x","volume":"9","author":"SK Peck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peck SK, Towne T, Wierenga CE, Hill L, Eisler I, Brown T, et al. Temperament-based treatment for young adults with eating disorders: acceptability and initial efficacy of an intensive, multi-family, parent-involved treatment. J Eat Disord. 2021;9:110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00465-x.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.02.010","volume":"67","author":"CB Peterson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peterson CB, Pisetsky EM, Swanson SA, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE, Wonderlich SAL, et al. Examining the utility of narrowing anorexia nervosa subtypes for adults. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;67:54\u20138.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Polivy J, Herman CP. Dieting and binging: A causal analysis. Am Psychol. 1985;40(2):193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.40.2.193.","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.40.2.193"},{"key":"1601_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103","volume":"53","author":"J Polivy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Polivy J, Herman CP. Causes of eating disorders. Annu Rev Psychol. 2002;53:187\u2013213.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"1601_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2017.12.004","volume":"28","author":"DL Reas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reas DL, Ro O. Less symptomatic, but equally impaired: clinical impairment in restricting versus binge-eating\/purging subtype of anorexia nervosa. Eat Behav. 2018;28:32\u20137.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"1601_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22080","volume":"33","author":"PN Robinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robinson PN. Deep phenotyping for precision medicine. Hum Mutat. 2012;33(5):777\u201380.","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"1601_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-016-0108-0","volume":"4","author":"M Rowsell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rowsell M, MacDonald DE, Carter JC. Emotion regulation difficulties in anorexia nervosa: associations with improvements in eating psychopathology. J Eat Disord. 2016;4:17.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01514-5","volume":"14","author":"P Saukko","year":"2026","unstructured":"Saukko P, Malson H, Brown A. It shows me mental health things \u2026 and keeps spamming diets\u2019: a qualitative, spatial perspective on how people with eating disorders experience algorithms shaping their movement across social media. J Eat Disord. 2026;14:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01514-5.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1601_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2257","volume":"21","author":"U Schmidt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schmidt U, Campbell IC. Treatment of eating disorders can not remain \u2018brainless\u2019: the case for brain-directed treatments. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013;21(6):425\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21263","volume":"24","author":"UH Schmidt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schmidt UH, Claudino A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda F, Giel KE, Griffiths J, Hay PJ, et al. The current clinical approach to feeding and eating disorders aimed to increase personalization of management. World Psychiatry. 2025;24:4\u201331.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613512794","volume":"2","author":"EA Selby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Selby EA, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Panza E, Mitchell JE, et al. Nothing tastes as good as thin feels: low positive emotion differentiation and weight-loss activities in anorexia nervosa. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014;2:514\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1601_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(01)00112-X","volume":"22","author":"L Serpell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Serpell L, Livingstone A, Neiderman M, Lask B. Anorexia nervosa: obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, or neither? Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22:647\u201379.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1601_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33578-1","volume":"13","author":"SP Singleton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singleton SP, Luppi AI, Carhart-Harris RL, Cruzat J, Roseman L, Nutt DJ, et al. Receptor-informed network control theory links LSD and psilocybin to a flattening of the brain\u2019s control energy landscape. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):5812.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"1601_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050709","volume":"13","author":"M Sjogren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sjogren M, Lichtenstein MB, Stoving RK. Trauma experiences are common in anorexia nervosa and related to eating disorder pathology but do not influence weight-gain during the start of treatment. J Pers Med. 2023;13(5):709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13050709.","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1601_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21182","volume":"23","author":"M Solmi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solmi M, Monaco F, H\u00f8jlund M, Monteleone AM, Trott M, Firth J, et al. Outcomes in people with eating disorders: a transdiagnostic and disorder-specific systematic review, meta-analysis and multivariable meta-regression analysis. World Psychiatry. 2024;23(1):124\u201338.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1284","volume":"159","author":"HC Steinhausen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steinhausen HC. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1284\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2023.2206954","volume":"27","author":"A Stengel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stengel A, Giel K. Emerging therapeutic targets for anorexia nervosa. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2023;27:281\u201392.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"1601_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867411432071","volume":"46","author":"J Swinbourne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swinbourne J, Hunt C, Abbott M, Russell J, St Clare T, Touyz S. The comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: prevalence in an eating disorder sample and anxiety disorder sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012;46:118\u201331.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.784","volume":"15","author":"JM Swinbourne","year":"2007","unstructured":"Swinbourne JM, Touyz SW. The co-morbidity of eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2007;15:253\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1601_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01825.x","volume":"49","author":"H Thompson-Brenner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thompson-Brenner H, Eddy KT, Satir DA, Boisseau CL, Westen D. Personality subtypes in adolescents with eating disorders: validation of a classification approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49:170\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01825.x.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.04.002","volume":"49","author":"H Thompson-Brenner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thompson-Brenner H, Eddy KT, Franko DL, Dorer DJ, Vashchenko M, Kass AE, et al. A personality classification system for eating disorders: a longitudinal study. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49:551\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.04.002.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.6.516","volume":"186","author":"H Thompson-Brenner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thompson-Brenner H, Westen D. Personality subtypes in eating disorders: validation of a classification in a naturalistic sample. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:516\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.186.6.516.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00944-3","volume":"11","author":"S Touyz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Touyz S, Bryant E, Dann KM, Polivy J, Le Grange D, Hay P, et al. What kind of illness is anorexia nervosa? Revisited: some preliminary thoughts to finding a cure. J Eat Disord. 2023;11:221.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01499-1","volume":"13","author":"S Touyz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Touyz S, Hay P. Transforming knowledge and clinical practice in eating disorders: the past decade through the lens of the Journal of Eating Disorders. J Eat Disord. 2025;13:286.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.06.007","volume":"152","author":"J Treasure","year":"2015","unstructured":"Treasure J, Cardi V, Leppanen J, Turton R. New treatment approaches for severe and enduring eating disorders. Physiol Behav. 2015;152:456\u201365.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1601_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.04.036","volume":"219","author":"BJ Turner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turner BJ, Claes L, Wilderjans TF, Pauwels E, Dierckx E, Chapman AL, et al. Personality profiles in eating disorders: further evidence of the clinical utility of examining subtypes based on temperament. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219:157\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.04.036.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1601_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22411","volume":"48","author":"BA Vall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vall BA, Wade TD. Predictors of treatment outcome in individuals with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(7):946\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vize CM, Cooper PJ. Sexual abuse in patients with eating disorder, patients with depression, and normal controls: a comparative study. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;167(1):80-5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.167.1.80.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.1.80"},{"issue":"3","key":"1601_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019857","volume":"119","author":"KR Vrabel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vrabel KR, Hoffart A, R\u00f8 \u00d8, Martinsen EW, Rosenvinge JH. Co-occurrence of avoidant personality disorder and child sexual abuse predicts poor outcome in long-standing eating disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010;119(3):623\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019857.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1601_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.4.547","volume":"158","author":"D Westen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Westen D, Harnden-Fischer J. Personality profiles in eating disorders: rethinking the distinction between Axis I and Axis II. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:547\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.4.547.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.952","volume":"160","author":"D Westen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Westen D, Shedler J, Durrett C, Glass S, Martens A. Personality diagnoses in adolescence: DSM-IV Axis II diagnoses and an empirically derived alternative. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:952\u201366.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.002","volume":"244","author":"B Wild","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wild B, Friederich H-C, Zipfel S, Resmark G, Giel K, Tuefel M, et al. Predictors of outcomes in outpatients with anorexia nervosa\u2014results from the ANTOP study. Psychiatry Res. 2016;244:45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.002.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1601_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22651","volume":"50","author":"JE Wildes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wildes JE, Forbush KT, Hagan KE, Marcus MD, Attia E, Gianini LM, et al. Characterizing severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: an empirical approach. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50:389\u201397.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1601_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wildes JE, Marcus MD, Crosby RD, Ringham RM, Dapelo MM, Gaskill JA, Forbush KT. The clinical utility of personality subtypes in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011;79(5):665\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024597.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024597"},{"key":"1601_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20730","volume":"43","author":"JE Wildes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wildes JE, Ringham RM, Marcus MD. Emotion avoidance in patients with anorexia nervosa: initial test of a functional model. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;43:398\u2013404.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1601_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00579-9","volume":"3","author":"LM Williams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams LM. Precision psychiatry: a neural circuit taxonomy for depression and anxiety. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(5):472\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1601_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.02.011","volume":"47","author":"S Zerwas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zerwas S, Lund BC, Von Holle A, Thornton LM, Berrettini WH, Brandt H, et al. Factors associated with recovery from anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:972\u20139.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1601_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.09.007","volume":"56","author":"M Zimmerman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zimmerman M, Ellison W, Young D, Chelminski I, Dalrymple K. How many different ways do patients meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder? Compr Psychiatry. 2015;56:29\u201334.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01601-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01601-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01601-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:02:30Z","timestamp":1777471350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01601-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01601-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-2974"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-2974","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"J.P. receives royalties from PAR Associates for the EDI, and from Hogrefe and Huber for a published book. S.T. receives royalties from Taylor and Francis, Hogrefe and Huber and McGraw Hill for published book chapters. He has received honoraria from Shire\/ Takeda Group of Companies for chairing the Australian Clinical Advisory Board for Binge Eating Disorder, public speaking engagements, commissioned reports as well as investigator- initiated research grants. He is an Editor in Chief of the Journal of Eating Disorders, an inaugural committee member of the National Eating Disorders Collaboration, a Member of the Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Eating Disorders (Commonwealth of Australia) and a member of the governing council of the Australian Eating Disorders Research and Translation Centre.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"98"}}