{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:20:56Z","timestamp":1778685656047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006254","name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Eat Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the association between socio-demographic patterns and eating disorder (ED) risk in 298 women (mean age\u2009=\u200928.4 years). We focused on women, as existing research suggests that EDs disproportionately affect women. Within this sample, we took into account the intersections of different socio-demographic variables. Additionally, we assessed body dissatisfaction and subjective health status (S-HS) as self-reported measures to gain a more comprehensive understanding of ED risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cluster analysis (k-means) using ten demographic variables (e.g., sexual orientation, migration history, presence of disabilities), which revealed three distinct participant clusters. Then, we applied two multiple logistic regression models using cluster membership, body dissatisfaction related to fat (BD-F) and muscularity (BD-M), and S-HS as determinants, with the outcome being ED risk measured using two scales (EAT-8; EDE-Q).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cluster Three \u2013 notably characterized by queer women with a migration history and identification as part of an ethnic minority - showed a consistently higher ED risk. In contrast, Cluster One, which included a higher proportion of older individuals as well as individuals with disabilities, or caregiving responsibilities, showed the lowest risk for ED. In Cluster Two an increased risk for EDs was observed in the EAT-8, but not in the EDE-Q, suggesting measurement-specific differences. BD-F and BD-M were significantly associated with ED risk. BD-F proved to be the factor with the strongest influence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We emphasize the importance of considering person-centered socio-demographic positions and different forms of body dissatisfaction to assess the risk of ED.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-026-01616-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:05:56Z","timestamp":1778501156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between socio-demographic patterns, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder risk in women: a cluster-based approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1928-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa C.","family":"J\u00fcrgensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9529-2215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Halbeisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0467-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin S.","family":"Lehe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2069-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Paslakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1616_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2013.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, Croce E, Soardo L, Salazar De Pablo G, et al. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(1):281\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00654-2","volume":"10","author":"A Hambleton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hambleton A, Pepin G, Le A, Maloney D, National Eating Disorder Research Consortium, Aouad P, et al. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: findings from a rapid review of the literature. J Eat Disord. 2022;10(1):132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-022-00654-2.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1616_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy342","volume":"109","author":"M Galmiche","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galmiche M, D\u00e9chelotte P, Lambert G, Tavolacci MP. Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000\u20132018 period: a systematic literature review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(5):1402\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy342.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-01152-3","volume":"12","author":"MS Lehe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lehe MS, Halbeisen G, Steins-Loeber S, Paslakis G. Invisible walls? Stigma-related perceptions are associated with reduced help-seeking intentions for disordered eating in men. J Eat Disord. 2024;12(1):200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-024-01152-3.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1616_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90003-2","volume":"28","author":"M McCarthy","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCarthy M. The thin ideal, depression and eating disorders in women. Behav Res Ther. 1990;28(3):205\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90003-2.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"1616_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2024.2328460","volume":"32","author":"T Alexander","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alexander T, Burnette CB, Cory H, McHale S, Simone M. The need for more inclusive measurement to advance equity in eating disorders prevention. Eat Disord. 2024;32(6):798\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640266.2024.2328460.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"1616_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0411-2","volume":"15","author":"KM Pike","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pike KM, Dunne PE, Addai E. Expanding the Boundaries: reconfiguring the Demographics of the Typical Eating Disordered Patient. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(11):411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-013-0411-2.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"1616_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S395357","volume":"16","author":"A Van Dyne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Dyne A, Washington N, Villodas M, Cronan T. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Weight Loss Behaviors Among US College Students. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2023;16:857\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S395357.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"1616_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23666","volume":"55","author":"AH Egbert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Egbert AH, Hunt RA, Williams KL, Burke NL, Mathis KJ. Reporting racial and ethnic diversity in eating disorder research over the past 20 years. Int J Eat Disord. 2022;55(4):455\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23666.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2260","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2260","volume":"31","author":"P Jugert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jugert P, Kaiser MJ, Ialuna F, Civitillo S. Researching race-ethnicity in race\u2010mute Europe. Infant Child Dev. 2022;31(1):e2260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/icd.2260.","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev"},{"key":"1616_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2024.2384725","author":"S Tempia Valenta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tempia Valenta S, Innella V, Bonazzoli F, Della Rocca B, Fiorillo A, De Ronchi D, et al. Eating across borders: a scoping review of eating disorders and body image dissatisfaction in migrant populations. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540261.2024.2384725.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"1616_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101072","volume":"33","author":"G Stadler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stadler G, Chesaniuk M, Haering S, Roseman J, Stra\u00dfburger VM, Martina S, et al. Diversified innovations in the health sciences: proposal for a Diversity Minimal Item Set (DiMIS). Sustain Chem Pharm. 2023;33:101072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101072.","journal-title":"Sustain Chem Pharm"},{"key":"1616_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2025.100358","volume":"12","author":"M D\u00edaz-Mill\u00f3n","year":"2025","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Mill\u00f3n M, Olvera-Lobo MD. Systematic meta-review on migrant healthcare access: language barriers and the role of translation. J Migr Health. 2025;12:100358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmh.2025.100358.","journal-title":"J Migr Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-020-00327-y","volume":"8","author":"LL Parker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parker LL, Harriger JA. Eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors in the LGBT population: a review of the literature. J Eat Disord. 2020;8(1):51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-020-00327-y.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1616_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","volume":"129","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(5):674\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1616_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-025-01156-x","author":"F Santoniccolo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Santoniccolo F, Trombetta T, Paradiso MN, Roll\u00e8 L. The Relationship Between Minority Stress and Body Image\u2014a Systematic Review of the Literature. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-025-01156-x.","journal-title":"Sex Res Soc Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-024-01671-7","volume":"29","author":"F Santoniccolo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Santoniccolo F, Roll\u00e8 L. The role of minority stress in disordered eating: a systematic review of the literature. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes. 2024;29(1):41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-024-01671-7.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01298-8","volume":"13","author":"ZA Soulliard","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soulliard ZA, Manning Iii RB, Elbe CI. Intraminority stress, body image, and community connectedness: associations with disordered eating among sexual minority men. J Eat Disord. 2025;13(1):99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01298-8.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1616_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.11.006","volume":"30","author":"CB Burnette","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burnette CB, Burt SA, Klump KL. The ignored role of disadvantage in eating disorders. Trends Mol Med. 2024;30(4):305\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.11.006.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"1616_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2021.101548","volume":"43","author":"KM Huryk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huryk KM, Drury CR, Loeb KL. Diseases of affluence? A systematic review of the literature on socioeconomic diversity in eating disorders. Eat Behav. 2021;43:101548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2021.101548.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"1616_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaad054","volume":"57","author":"MJ Galvan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Galvan MJ, Payne BK, Hannay J, Georgeson AR, Muscatell KA. What Does the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status Measure? Separating Economic Circumstances and Social Status to Predict Health. Ann Behav Med. 2023;57(11):929\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/abm\/kaad054.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"1616_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464651","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1464651","volume":"15","author":"L K\u00f6nig","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig L, Schr\u00f6der R. Eating disorders and health literacy in Germany: results from two representative samples of adolescents and adults. Front Psychol. 2024;15:1464651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1464651.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1616_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Douglas BD, Ewell PJ, Brauer M. Data quality in online human-subjects research: Comparisons between MTurk, Prolific, CloudResearch, Qualtrics, and SONA. Hallam JS, editor. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(3):e0279720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279720","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279720"},{"issue":"10","key":"1616_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23371","volume":"53","author":"NL Burke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burke NL, Schaefer LM, Hazzard VM, Rodgers RF. Where identities converge: the importance of intersectionality in eating disorders research. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(10):1605\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23371.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1616_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.03.001","volume":"1","author":"H Keery","year":"2004","unstructured":"Keery H, Van Den Berg P, Thompson JK. An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image. 2004;1(3):237\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.03.001.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3131","volume":"33","author":"RL Eschrich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eschrich RL, Halbeisen G, Steins-Loeber S, Timmesfeld N, Paslakis G. Investigating the structure of disordered eating symptoms in adult men: a network analysis. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2025;33(1):80\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.3131.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1616_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000081","volume":"143","author":"BT Karazsia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karazsia BT, Murnen SK, Tylka TL. Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2017;143(3):293\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000081.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"1616_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/0021934720972440","volume":"52","author":"E Hughes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hughes E. I\u2019m Supposed To Be Thick: managing Body Image Anxieties Among Black American Women. J Black Stud. 2021;52(3):310\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0021934720972440.","journal-title":"J Black Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2023.2189931","volume":"26","author":"M Simone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simone M, Askew AJ, Beccia AL, Cusack CE, Pisetsky EM. Let the ladies know\u2019: queer women\u2019s perceptions of how gender and sexual orientation shape their eating and weight concerns. Cult Health Sex. 2024;26(1):108\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2023.2189931.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"3","key":"1616_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-1099","volume":"43","author":"M Solmi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solmi M, Radua J, Stubbs B, Ricca V, Moretti D, Busatta D, et al. Risk factors for eating disorders: an umbrella review of published meta-analyses. Braz J Psychiatry. 2021;43(3):314\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-1099.","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00717-4","volume":"11","author":"S Barakat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barakat S, McLean SA, Bryant E, Le A, Marks P, National Eating Disorder Research Consortium, et al. Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review. J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-022-00717-4.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"1616_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2527934","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.27934","volume":"8","author":"JS Hahn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hahn JS, Flouri E, Harrison A, Lewis G, Solmi F. Family Socioeconomic Position and Eating Disorder Symptoms Across Adolescence. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(8):e2527934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.27934.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948211027816","volume":"51","author":"AH Hengelaar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hengelaar AH, Wittenberg Y, Kwekkeboom R, Van Hartingsveldt M, Verdonk P. Intersectionality in informal care research: a scoping review. Scand J Public Health. 2023;51(1):106\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14034948211027816.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"1616_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113562","volume":"269","author":"J Bom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bom J, St\u00f6ckel J. Is the grass greener on the other side? The health impact of providing informal care in the UK and the Netherlands. Soc Sci Med. 2021;269:113562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113562.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1616_CR36","first-page":"01","volume":"19","author":"F Correia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Correia F, Informal. Caregivers\u2019 Nutritional Status, Food Insecurity and Caregiver Burden. EC Nutr. 2024;19(7):01\u201312.","journal-title":"EC Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1616_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1258090","volume":"40","author":"A Frier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frier A, Barnett F, Devine S, Barker R. Understanding disability and the \u2018social determinants of health\u2019: How does disability affect peoples\u2019 social determinants of health? Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(5):538\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2016.1258090.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"1616_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.04.001","volume":"11","author":"N Cicmil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cicmil N, Eli K. Body image among eating disorder patients with disabilities: a review of published case studies. Body Image. 2014;11(3):266\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.04.001.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"5","key":"1616_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03227.x","volume":"48","author":"N Rumsey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rumsey N, Clarke A, White P, Wyn-Williams M, Garlick W. Altered body image: appearance\u2010related concerns of people with visible disfigurement. J Adv Nurs. 2004;48(5):443\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03227.x.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"1616_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2025.101951","volume":"56","author":"MF Steinhoff","year":"2025","unstructured":"Steinhoff MF, Longhurst P, Gillikin L, Cascio MA, Burnette CB, Gilbert K, et al. Disabilities and eating disorders: a theoretical model and call for research. Eat Behav. 2025;56:101951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2025.101951.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"1616_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3192","volume":"33","author":"V J\u00fcrgensen","year":"2025","unstructured":"J\u00fcrgensen V, Halbeisen G, Lehe MS, Paslakis G. Muscularity Concerns and Disordered Eating Symptoms in Adult Women: a Network Analysis. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2025;33(5):864\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.3192.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"85","key":"1616_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.05351","volume":"8","author":"JR De Leeuw","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Leeuw JR, Gilbert RA, Luchterhandt B. jsPsych: enabling an Open-Source CollaborativeEcosystem of Behavioral Experiments. J Open Source Softw. 2023;8(85):5351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.05351.","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"1616_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108058","volume":"213","author":"DG Liem","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liem DG. The future of online or web-based research. Have you been BOTTED? Appetite. 2025;213:108058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108058.","journal-title":"Have you been BOTTED? Appetite"},{"issue":"7","key":"1616_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-015-2166-x","volume":"58","author":"J Hoebel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoebel J, M\u00fcters S, Kuntz B, Lange C, Lampert T. Messung des subjektiven sozialen Status in der Gesundheitsforschung mit einer deutschen Version der MacArthur Scale. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 2015;58(7):749\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-015-2166-x.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"1616_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2016.03.006","volume":"21","author":"F Richter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richter F, Strauss B, Braehler E, Altmann U, Berger U. Psychometric properties of a short version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-8) in a German representative sample. Eat Behav. 2016;21:198\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2016.03.006.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"1616_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#","volume":"16","author":"CG Fairburn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ. Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire? Int J Eat Disord. 1994;16(4):363\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1616_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.53.3.144","volume":"53","author":"A Hilbert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hilbert A, Tuschen-Caffier B, Karwautz A, Niederhofer H, Munsch S. Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire. Diagnostica. 2007;53(3):144\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0012-1924.53.3.144.","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"1616_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.05.063","volume":"163","author":"NM Laskowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laskowski NM, Halbeisen G, Braks K, Huber TJ, Paslakis G. Exploratory graph analysis (EGA) of the dimensional structure of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q) in women with eating disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;163:254\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.05.063.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1616_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24133","volume":"57","author":"A Meule","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meule A, Hilbert A, De Zwaan M, Br\u00e4hler E, Koch S, Voderholzer U, et al. Cutoff scores of the Eating Disorder Examination\u2013Questionnaire for the German population. Int J Eat Disord. 2024;57(3):602\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.24133.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09094-6","volume":"20","author":"C Ralph-Nearman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ralph-Nearman C, Filik R. Development and validation of new figural scales for female body dissatisfaction assessment on two dimensions: thin-ideal and muscularity-ideal. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09094-6.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1616_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.02.018","volume":"183","author":"NM Laskowski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Laskowski NM, J\u00fcrgensen VC, Lehe MS, Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. Converging paths: autistic traits, body image concerns, and disordered eating symptoms in women. J Psychiatr Res. 2025;183:204\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.02.018.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1616_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100798","volume":"14","author":"GR Bauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauer GR, Churchill SM, Mahendran M, Walwyn C, Lizotte D, Villa-Rueda AA, et al. Intersectionality in quantitative research: a systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods. SSM - Popul Health. 2021;14:100798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100798.","journal-title":"SSM - Popul Health"},{"key":"1616_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rousseeuw PJ. Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. J Comput Appl Math. 1987;20:53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7"},{"issue":"9","key":"1616_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-025-02617-1","volume":"48","author":"S Tempia Valenta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tempia Valenta S, Beghelli V, Marcolini F, Rosinska M, De Ronchi D, Fernandez-Aranda F, et al. Emotional dysregulation, obsessive-compulsive traits, and eating disorders: Three constructs for one spectrum? J Endocrinol Invest. 2025;48(9):2097\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-025-02617-1.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"1616_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00293","volume":"63","author":"R Tibshirani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tibshirani R, Walther G, Hastie T. Estimating the Number of Clusters in a Data Set Via the Gap Statistic. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol. 2001;63(2):411\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9868.00293.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2006.11.025","volume":"52","author":"C Hennig","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hennig C. Cluster-wise assessment of cluster stability. Comput Stat Data Anal. 2007;52(1):258\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csda.2006.11.025.","journal-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal"},{"issue":"3","key":"1616_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2011.09.003","volume":"56","author":"Y Fang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fang Y, Wang J. Selection of the number of clusters via the bootstrap method. Comput Stat Data Anal. 2012;56(3):468\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csda.2011.09.003.","journal-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal"},{"issue":"03","key":"1616_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2023.133020","volume":"13","author":"T Kyriazos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kyriazos T, Poga M. Dealing with Multicollinearity in Factor Analysis: the Problem, Detections, and Solutions. Open J Stat. 2023;13(03):404\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojs.2023.133020.","journal-title":"Open J Stat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01202-4","volume":"13","author":"J Wilkins","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wilkins J, Ahmed M. Intersectionality in help-seeking for eating disorders: a systematic scoping review. J Eat Disord. 2025;13(1):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01202-4.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1616_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2023.101264","volume":"50","author":"LMP Longobardo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Longobardo LMP, Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez B, Oliva J. Does becoming an informal caregiver make your health worse? A longitudinal analysis across Europe. Econ Hum Biol. 2023;50:101264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2023.101264.","journal-title":"Econ Hum Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1616_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2020.1805722","volume":"25","author":"A Koumoutzis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koumoutzis A, Cichy KE. What\u2019s eating you? Risk factors for poor health behaviors among family caregivers. Aging Ment Health. 2021;25(11):2132\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2020.1805722.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1616_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02212.x","volume":"51","author":"E Stice","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stice E, Ng J, Shaw H. Risk factors and prodromal eating pathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;51(4):518\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02212.x.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1616_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000666","volume":"130","author":"E Stice","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stice E, Desjardins CD, Rohde P, Shaw H. Sequencing of symptom emergence in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and purging disorder and relations of prodromal symptoms to future onset of these disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 2021;130(4):377\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000666.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18743501377094","DOI":"10.2174\/0118743501377094250511164619","volume":"18","author":"N Samaha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Samaha N, Assaf R, Zalaket N. The Relationship between Loneliness and Disordered Eating Behaviors: the Impact of Gender and Relationship Status-A Cross-sectional Study. Open Psychol J. 2025;18(1):e18743501377094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0118743501377094250511164619.","journal-title":"Open Psychol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-025-01765-w","volume":"31","author":"L Tarchi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tarchi L, Faldi M, Cassioli E, Rossi E, Zompa L, Ristori J, et al. The diverging role of embodiment in altered eating behaviors: a comparison between patients with anorexia nervosa and gender dysphoria. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes. 2026;31(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-025-01765-w.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes"},{"key":"1616_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0246","author":"G Halbeisen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Halbeisen G, Laskowski N, Brandt G, Waschescio U, Paslakis G. Eating disorders in men\u2014an underestimated problem, an unseen need. Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0246.","journal-title":"Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"1616_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1097-x","volume":"21","author":"JS Coelho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coelho JS, Suen J, Clark BA, Marshall SK, Geller J, Lam PY, et al. Eating Disorder Diagnoses and Symptom Presentation in Transgender Youth: a Scoping Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(11):107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1097-x.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1616_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000515","volume":"9","author":"CE Cusack","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cusack CE, Iampieri AO, Galupo MP. I\u2019m still not sure if the eating disorder is a result of gender dysphoria: trans and nonbinary individuals\u2019 descriptions of their eating and body concerns in relation to their gender. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2022;9(4):422\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000515.","journal-title":"Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers"},{"key":"1616_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2024.101841","volume":"52","author":"RC Bonfanti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bonfanti RC, Melchiori F, Teti A, Albano G, Raffard S, Rodgers R, et al. The association between social comparison in social media, body image concerns and eating disorder symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Body Image. 2025;52:101841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2024.101841.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"1","key":"1616_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac173","volume":"192","author":"GR Bauer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bauer GR. Sex and Gender Multidimensionality in Epidemiologic Research. Am J Epidemiol. 2023;192(1):122\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwac173.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1616_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2114866","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.14866","volume":"4","author":"C Pieh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pieh C, Plener PL, Probst T, Dale R, Humer E. Assessment of Mental Health of High School Students During Social Distancing and Remote Schooling During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Austria. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2114866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.14866.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"1616_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01694-3","volume":"54","author":"E Peer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peer E, Rothschild D, Gordon A, Evernden Z, Damer E. Data quality of platforms and panels for online behavioral research. Behav Res Methods. 2021;54(4):1643\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-021-01694-3.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"1616_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2025.101899","volume":"53","author":"BJ Ridley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ridley BJ, Hamamoto Y, Cornelissen PL, Kramer RSS, McCarty K, Tov\u00e9e MJ. Perceptual body image tasks require ethnically appropriate stimuli. Body Image. 2025;53:101899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2025.101899.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"12","key":"1616_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122859","volume":"15","author":"R Winzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Winzer R, Sorjonen K, Lindberg L. What predicts stable mental health in the 18\u201329 age group compared to older age groups? Results from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort 2002\u20132014. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):2859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15122859.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01616-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01616-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01616-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:59:57Z","timestamp":1778684397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01616-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01616-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-2974"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-2974","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was granted by the ethics committee on March 15, 2024 (reference number: AZ 2022-910_1), and all participants provided informed consent prior to participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"112"}}