{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T02:58:39Z","timestamp":1780973919583,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.55776\/PAT2334625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.55776\/PAT2334625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"H2020 European Research Council,European Union","award":["ERC-StG-2014 639445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-StG-2014 639445"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Eat Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several models of eating disorders (EDs) suggest that emotions and eating influence each other in a vicious cycle, producing part of the observed symptoms. However, no research tested whether such cycles exist across EDs. We therefore explored networks of prospective relationships between negative and positive emotions and eating-related behaviors (hunger, food craving, calorie intake, and binges) across EDs and healthy controls (HCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These variables were assessed six times a day for eight days in women with restrictive (AN-R,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200929) and binge-purge (AN-BP,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200926) Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa (BN,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200942), and Binge-Eating Disorder (BED,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200937), and in HCs (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200957). Prospective relationships were analyzed with modified vector-autoregressive networks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unlike HCs, ED groups showed many emotion-eating relationships. Calorie intake predicted subsequent increased negative or reduced positive affect in every ED, and so did binges in AN-BP, BN, and BED; post-binge negative affect was predicted to last up to 10\u00a0h. AN-R showed positive emotional eating, with more desire to eat and hunger during positive mood, while BED showed negative emotional eating, with worry predicting desire to eat and hunger, and irritation predicting calorie intake directly. Binges were not predicted by negative emotions, likely due to a long temporal distance between measurements. All EDs showed restriction-promoting feedback loops mediated by negative affect following calorie intake. In particular, AN-BP showed a panic-like cycle wherein a lack of hunger predicted worry, and this worry predicted a further reduction in hunger.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-eating dysphoria was present in all EDs, while restriction-promoting feedback loops were present in most EDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-026-01617-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T07:23:49Z","timestamp":1777188229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bidirectional temporal relationships between emotional state and eating across eating disorders: a network approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4139-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sercan","family":"Kahveci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4982-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Reichenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Arend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4156-0031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra C.","family":"Mansueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9478-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Freichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0261-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Voderholzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-109X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Blechert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00376-x","volume":"9","author":"M Aloi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aloi M, Rania M, Carbone EA, Caroleo M, Calabr\u00f2 G, Zaffino P, et al. Metacognition and emotion regulation as treatment targets in binge eating disorder: a network analysis study. J Eat Disord. 2021;9:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00376-x.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-0153(01)00040-X","volume":"2","author":"GW Alpers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alpers GW, Tuschen-Caffier B. Negative feelings and the desire to eat in bulimia nervosa. Eat Behav. 2001;2:339\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1471-0153(01)00040-X.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"1617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"1617_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-013-0084-1","volume":"19","author":"LM Anderson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anderson LM, Crow SJ, Peterson CB. The impact of meal consumption on emotion among individuals with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord. 2014;19:347\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-013-0084-1.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-024-01690-4","volume":"29","author":"A-K Arend","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arend A-K, Blechert J, Yanagida T, Voderholzer U, Reichenberger J. Emotional food craving across the eating disorder spectrum: an ecological momentary assessment study. Eat Weight Disord. 2024;29:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-024-01690-4.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00848323","volume":"15","author":"B Arnow","year":"1992","unstructured":"Arnow B, Kenardy J, Agras WS. Binge eating among the obese: a descriptive study. J Behav Med. 1992;15:155\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00848323.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"1617_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.107897","author":"MB Aulbach","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aulbach MB, Bamberg C, Reichenberger J, Arend A-K, Blechert J. Taming \u201changer\u201d and falling prey to boredom- emotional and stress-eating in 801 healthy individuals using ecological momentary assessment. Appetite. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2025.107897.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1617_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.01.016","volume":"79","author":"DF Becker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Becker DF, Grilo CM. Comorbidity of mood and substance use disorders in patients with binge-eating disorder: associations with personality disorder and eating disorder pathology. J Psychosom Res. 2015;79:159\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.01.016.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"1617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22770","volume":"50","author":"KC Berg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berg KC, Cao L, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Peterson CB, Crow SJ, et al. Negative affect and binge eating: reconciling differences between two analytic approaches in ecological momentary assessment research. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50:1222\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22770.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22401","volume":"48","author":"KC Berg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berg KC, Crosby RD, Cao L, Crow SJ, Engel SG, Wonderlich SA, et al. Negative affect prior to and following overeating-only, loss of control eating-only, and binge eating episodes in obese adults. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:641\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22401.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12371","volume":"61","author":"M Berking","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berking M, Eichler E, Naumann E, Svaldi J. The efficacy of a transdiagnostic emotion regulation skills training in the treatment of binge-eating disorder\u2014results from a randomized controlled trial. Br J Clin Psychol. 2022;61:998\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.12371.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24134","volume":"57","author":"E Bi\u00e7aker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bi\u00e7aker E, Trolio V, Miller AE, Zhu LY, White C, Racine SE. Affective processes underlying restrictive eating in atypical anorexia nervosa: comparisons to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa using ecological momentary assessment. Int J Eat Disord. 2024;57:879\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.24134.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10272","volume":"35","author":"RB Binford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Binford RB, Pederson Mussell M, Peterson CB, Crow SJ, Mitchell JE. Relation of binge eating age of onset to functional aspects of binge eating in binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;35:286\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.10272.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000446","volume":"128","author":"LF Bringmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bringmann LF, Elmer T, Epskamp S, Krause RW, Schoch D, Wichers M, et al. What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks? J Abnorm Psychol. 2019;128:892\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000446.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104456","volume":"173","author":"J Burger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burger J, Andikkhash V, J\u00e4ger N, Anderbro T, Blanken TF, Klintwall L. A novel approach for constructing personalized networks from longitudinal perceived causal relations. Behav Res Ther. 2024;173:104456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104456.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1617_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-019-0248-0","volume":"7","author":"AL Burton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burton AL, Abbott MJ. Processes and pathways to binge eating: development of an integrated cognitive and behavioural model of binge eating. J Eat Disord. 2019;7:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-019-0248-0.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.12.224","volume":"87","author":"V Cardi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cardi V, Esposito M, Clarke A, Schifano S, Treasure J. The impact of induced positive mood on symptomatic behaviour in eating disorders. An experimental, AB\/BA crossover design testing a multimodal presentation during a test-meal. Appetite. 2015;87:192\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2014.12.224.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1617_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90011-2","volume":"24","author":"DM Clark","year":"1986","unstructured":"Clark DM. A cognitive approach to panic. Behav Res Ther. 1986;24:461\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90011-2.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1617_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cs\u00e1rdi G, Nepusz T, M\u00fcller K, Horv\u00e1t S, Traag V, Zanini F et al. igraph for R: R interface of the igraph library for graph theory and network analysis. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14736815.","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14736815"},{"key":"1617_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03327637","volume":"12","author":"R Dalle Grave","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dalle Grave R, Di Pauli D, Sartirana M, Calugi S, Shafran R. The interpretation of symptoms of starvation\/severe dietary restraint in eating disorder patients. Eat Weight Disord. 2007;12:108\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03327637.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-026-01547-4","volume":"14","author":"KN Eichin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Eichin KN, Arend A-K, Reichenberger J, Voderholzer U, Blechert J. Food preference and behavioural choice across the eating disorder and body weight spectrum. J Eat Disord. 2026;14:66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01547-4.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034010","volume":"122","author":"SG Engel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Engel SG, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE, Crow S, Peterson CB, et al. The role of affect in the maintenance of anorexia nervosa: evidence from a naturalistic assessment of momentary behaviors and emotion. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122:709\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034010.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","volume":"48","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Cramer AOJ, Waldorp LJ, Schmittmann VD, Borsboom D. qgraph: network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. J Stat Softw. 2012;48:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i04.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1617_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1454823","volume":"53","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Waldorp LJ, M\u00f5ttus R, Borsboom D. The Gaussian graphical model in cross-sectional and time-series data. Multivar Behav Res. 2018;53:453\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2018.1454823.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"1617_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2183","volume":"20","author":"EMS Espeset","year":"2012","unstructured":"Espeset EMS, Gulliksen KS, Nordb\u00f8 RHS, Sk\u00e5rderud F, Holte A. The link between negative emotions and eating disorder behaviour in patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012;20:451\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2183.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1617_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00088-8","volume":"41","author":"CG Fairburn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a \u201ctransdiagnostic\u201d theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:509\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00088-8.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1617_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22439","volume":"48","author":"EE Fitzsimmons-Craft","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Accurso EC, Ciao AC, Crosby RD, Cao L, Pisetsky EM, et al. Restrictive eating in anorexia nervosa: examining maintenance and consequences in the natural environment. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:923\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22439.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22871","volume":"51","author":"LN Forrest","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forrest LN, Jones PJ, Ortiz SN, Smith AR. Core psychopathology in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a network analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;51:668\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22871.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023660","volume":"137","author":"AA Haedt-Matt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haedt-Matt AA, Keel PK. Revisiting the affect regulation model of binge eating: a meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessment. Psychol Bull. 2011;137:660\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0023660.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1617_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haslbeck J, Epskamp S, Waldorp L. Testing for group differences in multilevel vector autoregressive models. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/dhp8s.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/dhp8s"},{"key":"1617_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000202","volume":"126","author":"AF Haynos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haynos AF, Berg KC, Cao L, Crosby RD, Lavender JM, Utzinger LM, et al. Trajectories of higher- and lower-order dimensions of negative and positive affect relative to restrictive eating in anorexia nervosa. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126:495\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000202.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.06.016","volume":"68","author":"AF Haynos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haynos AF, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Lavender JM, Wonderlich SA, Mitchell JE, et al. Initial test of an emotional avoidance model of restriction in anorexia nervosa using ecological momentary assessment. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;68:134\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.06.016.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1617_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-020-00129-3","volume":"7","author":"JB Hessler-Kaufmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hessler-Kaufmann JB, Heese J, Berking M, Voderholzer U, Diedrich A. Emotion regulation strategies in bulimia nervosa: an experimental investigation of mindfulness, self-compassion, and cognitive restructuring. Bord Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2020;7:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-020-00129-3.","journal-title":"Bord Personal Disord Emot Dysregul"},{"key":"1617_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20401","volume":"40","author":"A Hilbert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hilbert A, Tuschen-Caffier B. Maintenance of binge eating through negative mood: a naturalistic comparison of binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40:521\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.20401.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.50.2.98","author":"A Hilbert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hilbert A, Tuschen-Caffier B, Ohms M. Eating disorder examination: deutschsprachige version des strukturierten essst\u00f6rungsinterviews. Diagnostica. 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0012-1924.50.2.98.","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"1617_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2024.2346373","volume":"33","author":"A Katan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Katan A, Kelly AC, Geller J. Self-compassion promotes positive mental health in women with anorexia nervosa: a two-week daily diary study. Eat Disord. 2025;33:198\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640266.2024.2346373.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025893","volume":"31","author":"AM Koball","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koball AM, Meers MR, Storfer-Isser A, Domoff SE, Musher-Eizenman DR. Eating when bored: revision of the emotional eating scale with a focus on boredom. Health Psychol. 2012;31:521\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025893.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010105","volume":"10","author":"TD Kockler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kockler TD, Santangelo PS, Ebner-Priemer UW. Investigating binge eating using ecological momentary assessment: the importance of an appropriate sampling frequency. Nutrients. 2018;10:105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10010105.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1617_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152543","volume":"136","author":"DR Kolar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kolar DR, Ralph-Nearman C, Swanson T, Levinson CA. Exercise moderates longitudinal group psychopathology networks in individuals with eating disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2025;136:152543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152543.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1617_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.12.008","volume":"49","author":"EJ Leehr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leehr EJ, Krohmer K, Schag K, Dresler T, Zipfel S, Giel KE. Emotion regulation model in binge eating disorder and obesity - a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;49:125\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.12.008.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1617_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000727","volume":"131","author":"CA Levinson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Levinson CA, Hunt RA, Christian C, Williams BM, Keshishian AC, Vanzhula IA, et al. Longitudinal group and individual networks of eating disorder symptoms in individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder. J Psychopathol Clin Sci. 2022;131:58\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000727.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"key":"1617_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00504-7","volume":"9","author":"CA Levinson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levinson CA, Hunt RA, Keshishian AC, Brown ML, Vanzhula I, Christian C, et al. Using individual networks to identify treatment targets for eating disorder treatment: a proof-of-concept study and initial data. J Eat Disord. 2021;9:147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00504-7.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0930-y","volume":"20","author":"CA Levinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levinson CA, Vanzhula IA, Brosof LC, Forbush K. Network analysis as an alternative approach to conceptualizing eating disorders: implications for research and treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20:67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-018-0930-y.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"1617_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000254","volume":"126","author":"CA Levinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Levinson CA, Zerwas S, Calebs B, Forbush K, Kordy H, Watson H, et al. The core symptoms of bulimia nervosa, anxiety, and depression: a network analysis. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126:340\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000254.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.07.002","volume":"50","author":"M Macht","year":"2008","unstructured":"Macht M. How emotions affect eating: a five-way model. Appetite. 2008;50:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2007.07.002.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1617_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000466","volume":"28","author":"AC Mansueto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mansueto AC, Wiers RW, van Weert JCM, Schouten BC, Epskamp S. Investigating the feasibility of idiographic network models. Psychol Methods. 2023;28:1052\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000466.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"1617_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2019.1613847","volume":"29","author":"TB Mason","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mason TB, Smith KE, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Wonderlich SA. Examination of momentary maintenance factors and eating disorder behaviors and cognitions using ecological momentary assessment. Eat Disord. 2021;29:42\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640266.2019.1613847.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2019.1642036","volume":"29","author":"A Meule","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meule A, Richard A, Schnepper R, Reichenberger J, Georgii C, Naab S, et al. Emotion regulation and emotional eating in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eat Disord. 2021;29:175\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640266.2019.1642036.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2834","volume":"29","author":"AM Monteleone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Monteleone AM, Cascino G. A systematic review of network analysis studies in eating disorders: is time to broaden the core psychopathology to non specific symptoms. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2021;29:531\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2834.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1617_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23170","volume":"52","author":"VL Perko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perko VL, Forbush KT, Siew CSQ, Tregarthen JP. Application of network analysis to investigate sex differences in interactive systems of eating-disorder psychopathology. Int J Eat Disord. 2019;52:1343\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23170.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2008.02.001","volume":"9","author":"O Pollatos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pollatos O, Kurz A-L, Albrecht J, Schreder T, Kleemann AM, Sch\u00f6pf V, et al. Reduced perception of bodily signals in anorexia nervosa. Eat Behav. 2008;9:381\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2008.02.001.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"1617_CR52","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. 2025. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"1617_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.120","volume":"11","author":"NC Raymond","year":"2003","unstructured":"Raymond NC, Neumeyer B, Warren CS, Lee SS, Peterson CB. Energy intake patterns in obese women with binge eating disorder. Obes Res. 2003;11:869\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2003.120.","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"1617_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23477","volume":"54","author":"J Reichenberger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reichenberger J, Schnepper R, Arend A-K, Richard A, Voderholzer U, Naab S, et al. Emotional eating across different eating disorders and the role of body mass, restriction, and binge eating. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54:773\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23477.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-016-0108-0","volume":"4","author":"M Rowsell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rowsell M, MacDonald DE, Carter JC. Emotion regulation difficulties in anorexia nervosa: associations with improvements in eating psychopathology. J Eat Disord. 2016;4:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-016-0108-0.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000517","volume":"129","author":"LM Schaefer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schaefer LM, Smith KE, Anderson LM, Cao L, Crosby RD, Engel SG, et al. The role of affect in the maintenance of binge-eating disorder: evidence from an ecological momentary assessment study. J Abnorm Psychol. 2020;129:387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000517.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23523","volume":"54","author":"S Schlegl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schlegl S, Smith KE, Vierl L, Crosby RD, Moessner M, Neumayr C, et al. Using network analysis to compare diagnosis-specific and age-specific symptom networks in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54:1463\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23523.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X53902","volume":"45","author":"U Schmidt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schmidt U, Treasure J. Anorexia nervosa: valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice. Br J Clin Psychol. 2006;45:343\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466505X53902.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2849","volume":"29","author":"R Schnepper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schnepper R, Richard A, Georgii C, Arend A-K, Naab S, Voderholzer U, et al. Bad mood food? Increased versus decreased food cue reactivity in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa during negative emotions. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2021;29:756\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2849.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"1617_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22836","volume":"51","author":"KE Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith KE, Crosby RD, Wonderlich SA, Forbush KT, Mason TB, Moessner M. Network analysis: an innovative framework for understanding eating disorder psychopathology. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;51:214\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22836.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718000867","volume":"49","author":"KE Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith KE, Mason TB, Crosby RD, Cao L, Leonard RC, Wetterneck CT, et al. A comparative network analysis of eating disorder psychopathology and co-occurring depression and anxiety symptoms before and after treatment. Psychol Med. 2019;49:314\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291718000867.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1617_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867411432071","volume":"46","author":"J Swinbourne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swinbourne J, Hunt C, Abbott M, Russell J, St Clare T, Touyz S. The comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: prevalence in an eating disorder sample and anxiety disorder sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012;46:118\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867411432071.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1617_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1348\/000711201161136","volume":"74","author":"T Tachi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tachi T, Murakami K, Murotsu K, Washizuka T. Affective states associated with bingeing and purging behaviours in Japanese patients with bulimia nervosa. Br J Med Psychol. 2001;74:487\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000711201161136.","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23828","volume":"55","author":"G Tomei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tomei G, Pieroni MF, Tomba E. Network analysis studies in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and methodological quality assessment. Int J Eat Disord. 2022;55:1641\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23828.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","volume":"54","author":"D Watson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54:1063\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"1617_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10086","volume":"32","author":"KE Wegner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wegner KE, Smyth JM, Crosby RD, Wittrock D, Wonderlich SA, Mitchell JE. An evaluation of the relationship between mood and binge eating in the natural environment using ecological momentary assessment. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;32:352\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.10086.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wittchen H-U, Zaudig M, Fydrich T. Strukturiertes klinisches interview f\u00fcr DSM-IV (SKID). G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe; 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/\/0084-5345.28.1.68.","DOI":"10.1026\/\/0084-5345.28.1.68"},{"key":"1617_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20728","volume":"42","author":"BE Wolfe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wolfe BE, Baker CW, Smith AT, Kelly-Weeder S. Validity and utility of the current definition of binge eating. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42:674\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.20728.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23648","volume":"55","author":"JA Wonderlich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wonderlich JA, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Crow SJ, Peterson CB, Le Grange D, et al. Negative affect and binge eating: assessing the unique trajectories of negative affect before and after binge-eating episodes across eating disorder diagnostic classifications. Int J Eat Disord. 2022;55:223\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23648.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23511","volume":"54","author":"VZ Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong VZ, Christian C, Hunt RA, Levinson CA. Network investigation of eating disorder symptoms and positive and negative affect in a clinical eating disorder sample. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54:1202\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23511.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1617_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1066","volume":"19","author":"A Zeeck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeeck A, Stelzer N, Linster HW, Joos A, Hartmann A. Emotion and eating in binge eating disorder and obesity. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19:426\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.1066.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01617-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01617-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01617-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T02:19:47Z","timestamp":1780971587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01617-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01617-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-2974"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-2974","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent and the study was approved by the local ethics committee of Paris-Lodron University Salzburg and the medical ethics committee of Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and informed consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"131"}}