{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T02:01:45Z","timestamp":1784685705797,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":60,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Michigan Eisenberg Family Depression Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Eat Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-026-01640-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T05:56:59Z","timestamp":1779515819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Examining the effects of two dietary intervention approaches on disordered eating-related thoughts and behaviors in adults with moderate to moderately severe depressive symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06242665","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Worth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celina R.","family":"Furman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin R.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendrin R.","family":"Sonneville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley N.","family":"Gearhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1640_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523002568","volume":"131","author":"AE Leit\u00e3o","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leit\u00e3o AE, Roschel H, Oliveira-J\u00fanior G, Genario R, Franco T, Monteiro CA, et al. Association between ultra-processed food and flavonoid intakes in a nationally representative sample of the US population. Br J Nutr. 2024;131(6):1074\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114523002568.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.09.001","volume":"153","author":"EM Steele","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steele EM, O\u2019Connor LE, Juul F, Khandpur N, Galastri Baraldi L, Monteiro CA, et al. Identifying and estimating ultraprocessed food intake in the US NHANES according to the Nova Classification System of food processing. J Nutr. 2023;153(1):225\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.09.001.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.048","volume":"155","author":"JA Wolfson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wolfson JA, Tucker AC, Leung CW, Rebholz CM, Garcia-Larsen V, Martinez-Steele E. Trends in adults\u2019 intake of un-processed\/minimally processed, and ultra-processed foods at home and away from home in the United States from 2003\u20132018. J Nutr. 2025;155(1):280\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.048.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1640_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422423000240","volume":"37","author":"SJ Dicken","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dicken SJ, Qamar S, Batterham RL. Who consumes ultra-processed food? A systematic review of sociodemographic determinants of ultra-processed food consumption from nationally representative samples. Nutr Res Rev. 2024;37(2):416\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954422423000240.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1640_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","volume":"22","author":"CA Monteiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac JC, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(5):936\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980018003762.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1640_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117959","volume":"10","author":"EM Schulte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schulte EM, Avena NM, Gearhardt AN. Which foods may be addictive? The roles of processing, fat content, and glycemic load. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(2):e0117959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117959.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"24","key":"1640_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244291","volume":"16","author":"SL Canhada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Canhada SL, Vigo \u00c1, Giatti L, Fonseca MdeJ, Lopes LJ, Cardoso LdeO, et al. Associations of ultra-processed food intake with the incidence of cardiometabolic and mental health outcomes go beyond specific subgroups\u2014The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. Nutrients. 2024;16(24):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16244291.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1640_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.12.013","volume":"47","author":"HN Coletro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coletro HN, Mendon\u00e7a RdeD, Meireles AL, Machado-Coelho GLL, Menezes MCde. Ultra-processed and fresh food consumption and symptoms of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: COVID inconfidentes. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022;47:206\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.12.013.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"issue":"3","key":"1640_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01970-1","volume":"59","author":"C G\u00f3mez-Donoso","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Donoso C, S\u00e1nchez-Villegas A, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA, Gea A, Mendon\u00e7a RdeD, Lahortiga-Ramos F, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of depression in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN Project. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59(3):1093\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-019-01970-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"13","key":"1640_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132568","volume":"14","author":"MM Lane","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lane MM, Gamage E, Travica N, Dissanayaka T, Ashtree DN, Gauci S, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients. 2022;14(13):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14132568.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1640_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.120","volume":"328","author":"ACG Leal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leal ACG, Lopes LJ, Rezende-Alves K, Bressan J, Pimenta AM, Hermsdorff HHM. Ultra-processed food consumption is positively associated with the incidence of depression in Brazilian adults (CUME project). J Affect Disord. 2023;328:58\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.120.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"1640_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2022.2110188","volume":"26","author":"SN Mazloomi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazloomi SN, Talebi S, Mehrabani S, Bagheri R, Ghavami A, Zarpoosh M, et al. The association of ultra-processed food consumption with adult mental health disorders: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 260,385 participants. Nutritional Neurosci. 2023;26(10):913\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1028415X.2022.2110188.","journal-title":"Nutritional Neurosci"},{"issue":"16","key":"1640_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7631","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO01120H","volume":"14","author":"M Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun M, He Q, Li G, Zhao H, Wang Y, Ma Z, et al. Association of ultra-processed food consumption with incident depression and anxiety: a population-based cohort study. Food Funct. 2023;14(16):7631\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3FO01120H.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.03723","volume":"40","author":"YR Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian YR, Deng CY, Xie HC, Long QJ, Yao Y, Deng Y, et al. Ultra-processed food intake and risk of depression: a systematic review. Nutr Hosp. 2023;40(1):160\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20960\/nh.03723.","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"issue":"5","key":"1640_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.03.028","volume":"43","author":"AO Werneck","year":"2024","unstructured":"Werneck AO, Steele EM, Delpino FM, Lane MM, Marx W, Jacka FN, et al. Adherence to the ultra-processed dietary pattern and risk of depressive outcomes: findings from the NutriNet Brasil cohort study and an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(5):1190\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.03.028.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1640_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.600449","volume":"7","author":"L Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng L, Sun J, Yu X, Zhang D. Ultra-processed food is positively associated with depressive symptoms among United States adults. Front Nutr. 2020;7:600449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2020.600449.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1640_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npbr.2019.05.007","volume":"33","author":"A Altun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Altun A, Brown H, Szoeke C, Goodwill AM. The Mediterranean dietary pattern and depression risk: a systematic review. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2019;33:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.npbr.2019.05.007.","journal-title":"Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1640_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac106","volume":"116","author":"J Bayes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bayes J, Schloss J, Sibbritt D. The effect of a Mediterranean diet on the symptoms of depression in young males (the \u201cAMMEND: a Mediterranean Diet in MEN with Depression\u201d study): a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116(2):572\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac106.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1640_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1653-x","volume":"58","author":"U Fres\u00e1n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fres\u00e1n U, Bes-Rastrollo M, Segovia-Siapco G, Sanchez-Villegas A, Lahortiga F, de la Rosa PA, et al. Does the MIND diet decrease depression risk? A comparison with Mediterranean diet in the SUN cohort. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(3):1271\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-018-1653-x.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0791-y","volume":"15","author":"FN Jacka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jacka FN, O\u2019Neil A, Opie R, Itsiopoulos C, Cotton S, Mohebbi M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the \u2018SMILES\u2019 trial). BMC Med. 2017;15(1):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-017-0791-y.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1640_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1411320","volume":"22","author":"N Parletta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S, Villani A, et al. A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: a randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED). Nutr Neurosci. 2019;22(7):474\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1411320.","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1640_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2020.1854193","volume":"33","author":"CL Young","year":"2021","unstructured":"Young CL, Mohebbi M, Staudacher H, Berk M, Jacka FN, O\u2019Neil A. Assessing the feasibility of an m-Health intervention for changing diet quality and mood in individuals with depression: the My Food & Mood program. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2021;33(3):266\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540261.2020.1854193.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2007.06.001","volume":"9","author":"SS Delinsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Delinsky SS, Wilson GT. Weight gain, dietary restraint, and disordered eating in the freshman year of college. Eat Behav. 2008;9(1):82\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2007.06.001.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"S1","key":"1640_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12251","volume":"16","author":"JP Montani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montani JP, Schutz Y, Dulloo AG. Dieting and weight cycling as risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases: Who is really at risk? Obes Rev. 2015;16(S1):7\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12251.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1640_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.40.2.193","volume":"40","author":"J Polivy","year":"1985","unstructured":"Polivy J, Herman CP. Dieting and binging: a causal analysis. Am Psychol. 1985;40(2):193\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.40.2.193.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020895","volume":"120","author":"SE Racine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Racine SE, Burt SA, Iacono WG, McGue M, Klump KL. Dietary restraint moderates genetic risk for binge eating. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011;120(1):119\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0020895.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1640_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24288","volume":"57","author":"CM Grilo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grilo CM, Pittman B. Exploring dietary restraint as a mediator of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatments on outcomes for patients with binge-eating disorder with obesity. Int J Eat Disord. 2024;57(12):2475\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.24288.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1640_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23896","volume":"56","author":"SM Manasse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manasse SM, Lampe EW, Abber SR, Fitzpatrick B, Srivastava P, Juarascio AS. Differentiating types of dietary restraint and their momentary relations with loss\u2010of\u2010control eating. Int J Eat Disord. 2023;56(5):969\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23896.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010491","volume":"19","author":"TM Stewart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stewart TM, Martin CK, Williamson DA. The complicated relationship between dieting, dietary restraint, caloric restriction, and eating disorders: is a shift in public health messaging warranted? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19010491.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1995.0039","volume":"25","author":"DA Williamson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Williamson DA, Lawson OJ, Brooks ER, Wozniak PJ, Ryan DH, Bray GA, et al. Association of body mass with dietary restraint and disinhibition. Appetite. 1995;25(1):31\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/appe.1995.0039.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"10","key":"1640_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.06.009","volume":"49","author":"E Stice","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stice E, Marti CN, Durant S. Risk factors for onset of eating disorders: evidence of multiple risk pathways from an 8-year prospective study. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49(10):622\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2011.06.009.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00717-4","volume":"11","author":"S Barakat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barakat S, McLean SA, Bryant E, Le A, Marks P, Aouad P, et al. Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review. J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-022-00717-4.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10072","volume":"32","author":"CM Bulik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Kendler KS. Medical and psychiatric morbidity in obese women with and without binge eating. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;32(1):72\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.10072.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1640_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.07.007","volume":"86","author":"J Joormann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joormann J, Stanton CH. Examining emotion regulation in depression: a review and future directions. Behav Res Ther. 2016;86:35\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2016.07.007.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"1640_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22506","volume":"49","author":"F Puccio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Puccio F, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Ong D, Krug I. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the longitudinal relationship between eating pathology and depression. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(5):439\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22506.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028931","volume":"139","author":"JF Sowislo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sowislo JF, Orth U. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull. 2013;139(1):213\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028931.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"9","key":"1640_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0588","volume":"77","author":"M Taquet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taquet M, Quoidbach J, Gross JJ, Saunders KEA, Goodwin GM. Mood homeostasis, low mood, and history of depression in 2 large population samples. JAMA Psychiat. 2020;77(9):944\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0588.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1640_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S179","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.476","volume":"64","author":"A Brytek-Matera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brytek-Matera A, Bronowicka P, Walilko J. Restraint theory: significance of rumination. Eur Psychiatry. 2021;64(Suppl 1):S179\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.476.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167571","volume":"12","author":"C Duarte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duarte C, Matos M, Stubbs RJ, Gale C, Morris L, Gouveia JP, et al. The impact of shame, self-criticism and social rank on eating behaviours in overweight and obese women participating in a weight management programme. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0167571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0167571.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"1640_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23937","volume":"56","author":"RF Rodgers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodgers RF, Smith K, Murray SB. Cognitive rigidity and restrictive eating disorders: delineating the impact of low weight, low fat, weight suppression, acute negative energy balance, and chronic restriction. Int J Eat Disord. 2023;56(7):1323\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23937.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00654-2","volume":"10","author":"A Hambleton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hambleton A, Pepin G, Le A, Maloney D, Aouad P, Barakat S, et al. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: findings from a rapid review of the literature. J Eat Disord. 2022;10(1):132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-022-00654-2.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1640_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.06.012","volume":"42","author":"B Kenny","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kenny B, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Moodie M, Brown V, Williams J. Bi-directional associations between depressive symptoms and eating disorder symptoms in early adolescence. Body Image. 2022;42:246\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.06.012.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"1640_CR43","unstructured":"American Public Health Association. Food is Medicine: Advancing Health Equity Through Nutrition [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.apha.org\/getcontentasset\/...\/food-is-medicine-report.pdf"},{"issue":"11","key":"1640_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02027-3","volume":"28","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mozaffarian D, Blanck HM, Garfield KM, Wassung A, Petersen R. A food is medicine approach to achieve nutrition security and improve health. Nat Med. 2022;28(11):2238\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-02027-3.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1640_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.12.023","volume":"83","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mozaffarian D, Aspry KE, Garfield K, Kris-Etherton P, Seligman H, Velarde GP, et al. \u201cFood Is Medicine\u201d strategies for nutrition security and cardiometabolic health equity: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(8):843\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.12.023.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1640_CR46","unstructured":"Food is Medicine Coalition. Food is Medicine Coalition [Internet]. 2026 [cited 2026 Feb 10]. Food is Medicine Coalition. Available from: https:\/\/fimcoalition.org\/"},{"key":"1640_CR47","unstructured":"The Rockefeller Foundation. The Rockefeller Foundation Invests $4.6 Million To Scale Food Is Medicine Initiatives in U.S. The Rockefeller Foundation [Internet]. 2022 Nov 30 [cited 2026 Feb 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.rockefellerfoundation.org\/news\/the-rockefeller-foundation-invests-4-6-million-to-scale-food-is-medicine-initiatives-in-u-s\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"1640_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2024.00585","volume":"44","author":"R Ridberg","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ridberg R, Sharib JR, Garfield K, Hanson E, Mozaffarian D. \u2018Food is medicine\u2019 in the US: a national survey of public perceptions of care, practices, and policies. Health Aff. 2025;44(4):398\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2024.00585.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"1640_CR49","unstructured":"The Rockefeller Foundation. Rockefeller Foundation Releases New Polling Data: Majority of Americans Want Food Is Medicine Programs. The Rockefeller Foundation [Internet]. 2025 Jun 12 [cited 2026 Feb 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.rockefellerfoundation.org\/news\/rockefeller-foundation-releases-new-polling-data-majority-americans-want-food-is-medicine-programs\/"},{"key":"1640_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Furman CR, Worth IA, Zhang JD et al. Meals that heal: a randomized controlled trial testing the feasibility of commercial meal delivery as a convenient dietary intervention for depression. Sci Rep (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-45991-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-45991-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"1640_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152744","volume":"11","author":"N Gideon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gideon N, Hawkes N, Mond J, Saunders R, Tchanturia K, Serpell L. Development and psychometric validation of the EDE-QS, a 12 item short form of the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q). PLoS ONE. 2016;11(5):e0152744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0152744.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR52","first-page":"29","volume":"10","author":"T Van Strien","year":"1986","unstructured":"Van Strien T, Rookus MA, Bergers GP, Frijters JE, Defares PB. Life events, emotional eating and change in body mass index. Int J Obes. 1986;10(1):29\u201335.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1640_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00070","volume":"6","author":"S Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta S, Hawk T, Aggarwal A, Drewnowski A. Characterizing ultra-processed foods by energy density, nutrient density, and cost. Front Nutr. 2019;6:70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2019.00070.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000234","volume":"21","author":"CA Monteiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac JC, Levy RB, Louzada MLC, Jaime PC. The UN decade of nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(1):5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980017000234.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1640_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67:1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-025-01746-3","volume":"22","author":"K Nicholls","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nicholls K, Vartanian LR, Faasse K, Mills JS. Flexible or rigid control of eating scale: development and validation of the FORCES in women. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2025;22(1):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-025-01746-3.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2012.10.015","volume":"14","author":"J Westenhoefer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Westenhoefer J, Engel D, Holst C, Lorenz J, Peacock M, Stubbs J, et al. Cognitive and weight-related correlates of flexible and rigid restrained eating behaviour. Eat Behav. 2013;14(1):69\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2012.10.015.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"1640_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09711-2","volume":"23","author":"O Contreras-Rodriguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Contreras-Rodriguez O, Solanas M, Escorihuela RM. Dissecting ultra-processed foods and drinks: do they have a potential to impact the brain? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23(4):697\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-022-09711-2.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1640_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050859","volume":"17","author":"D Rondinella","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rondinella D, Raoul PC, Valeriani E, Venturini I, Cintoni M, Severino A, et al. The detrimental impact of ultra-processed foods on the human gut microbiome and gut barrier. Nutrients. 2025;17(5):859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17050859.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"1640_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061546","volume":"15","author":"TM Asensi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asensi TM, Napoletano A, Sofi F, Dinu M. Low-grade inflammation and ultra-processed foods consumption: a review. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15061546.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.008","volume":"30","author":"KD Hall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, Cai H, Cassimatis T, Chen KY, et al. Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake. Cell Metab. 2019;30(1):67-77.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.008.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"1640_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13020149","volume":"13","author":"CEFde de Moraes","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Moraes CEFde, Hay P, Sichieri R, Fazzino TL, Mourilhe C, Appolinario JC. Hyperpalatable foods consumption in a representative sample of the general population in Brazil: differences of binge and non-binge eating meals. Behav Sci. 2023;13(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs13020149.","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"1640_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020001597","volume":"23","author":"S Towers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Towers S, Cole S, Iboi E, Montalvo C, Navas-Zuloaga MG, Pringle J, et al. How long do people stick to a diet resolution? A digital epidemiological estimation of weight loss diet persistence. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23(18):3257\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980020001597.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23004","volume":"52","author":"T Udo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Udo T, Grilo CM. Psychiatric and medical correlates of DSM-5 eating disorders in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. Int J Eat Disord. 2019;52(1):42\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23004.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1640_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02212.x","volume":"51","author":"E Stice","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stice E, Ng J, Shaw H. Risk factors and prodromal eating pathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;51(4):518\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02212.x.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1640_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.12.003","volume":"43","author":"KM Culbert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Culbert KM, Sisk CL, Klump KL. A narrative review of sex differences in eating disorders: is there a biological basis? Clin Ther. 2021;43(1):95\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.12.003.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1640_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.05.012","volume":"28","author":"S Gorrell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gorrell S, Murray SB. Eating disorders in males. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2019;28(4):641\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2019.05.012.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"1640_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.41.3.246","volume":"41","author":"RH Striegel-Moore","year":"1986","unstructured":"Striegel-Moore RH, Silberstein LR, Rodin J. Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia. Am Psychol. 1986;41(3):246\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.41.3.246.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1640_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025923","volume":"13","author":"CB Shepherd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shepherd CB, Rickard KM. Drive for muscularity and help-seeking: the mediational role of gender role conflict, self-stigma, and attitudes. Psychol Men Masculinity. 2012;13(4):379\u201392.","journal-title":"Psychol Men Masculinity"},{"issue":"2","key":"1640_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102918804664","volume":"5","author":"SL Langer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Langer SL, Soltero EG, Beresford SA, McGregor BA, Albano DL, Patrick DL, et al. Socioeconomic status differences in food consumption following a laboratory-induced stressor. Health Psychol Open. 2018;5(2):2055102918804664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2055102918804664.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"1640_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.08.003","volume":"52","author":"BA Laraia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laraia BA, Leak TM, Tester JM, Leung CW. Biobehavioral factors that shape nutrition in low-income populations: a narrative review. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(2):S118\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.08.003.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01640-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01640-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01640-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T01:15:14Z","timestamp":1784682914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01640-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01640-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-2974"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-2974","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The University of Michigan Institutional Review Board approved all procedures (HUM00231527). Written informed consent was obtained from participants during a remote consent call, prior to beginning any study related tasks.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Principle Investigator A. Gearhardt has received speaking honoraria from academic organizations and health-related nonprofits, consulting fees from health-related nonprofits and a law firm and receives royalties from Oxford University Press. These consulting roles and companies were not involved in any step of the research process (e.g., funding, study design, collection and analysis of data, writing or approval of manuscript) and did not influence the content, analysis, or conclusions of this research project or manuscript. No other conflicts of interest are declared with respect to the authorship or the publication of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"171"}}