{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:25:38Z","timestamp":1787138738332,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015995","name":"Nord University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Eat Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eating disorders (EDs) have profound consequences not only for affected individuals but also for their families. While multifamily therapy (MFT) is well established for children and adolescents with an ED, less is known about its relevance and impact for young adults and their families. This study aimed to explore and describe experiences and outcomes of a MFT programme for young adults with a severe ED, and their family members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A descriptive multi-method design was used, combining qualitative and quantitative data collected at a regional specialist centre in Norway. Qualitative data consisted of group and individual interviews with young women with an ED, and family members who had participated in MFT between 2012 and 2022. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied. Quantitative data were collected from 47 young adult women and 99 family members before and after the MFT programme, using validated measures of ED psychopathology, mental health, quality of life, and family functioning. Descriptive and pre\u2013post analyses were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative findings generated two overarching themes: \u201cKnowledge and tools for understanding\u201d and \u201cUnderstand and be understood\u201d. Participants described MFT as providing experiential learning, shared language, and concrete metaphors that enhanced insight into the illness and improved family communication. Quantitatively, patients reported reduced body shape concern, hostility, and trait anxiety, as well as increased satisfaction with their environment. Family members reported significantly reduced perceived burden, guilt, and need for accommodation, alongside lower levels of state anxiety following MFT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that MFT may offer meaningful benefits for both young adults with an ED and their families by strengthening understanding, communication, and emotional coping. The study extends existing evidence by highlighting the relevance of MFT beyond adolescence and underscores the importance of family-oriented interventions for young adults with a severe ED.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-026-01730-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T13:47:27Z","timestamp":1786024047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A descriptive study of patients\u2019 and families\u2019 experience of multifamily therapy for eating disorders in young adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6541-4931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berit St\u00f8re","family":"Brinchmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6027-3201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Kristine","family":"S\u00f8rstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5190-2475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa Marie","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gro Anita","family":"Ytterstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3272-8468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent Olivier","family":"Trichet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1730_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2367","volume":"23","author":"PH Robinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robinson PH, Kukucska R, Guidetti G, Leavey G. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SEED-AN): a qualitative study of patients with 20+ years of anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23(4):318\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2367.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1730_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2020","volume":"24","author":"JRE Fox","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fox JRE, Whittlesea A. Accommodation of symptoms in anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2017;24(2):488\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.2020.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"1730_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3070","author":"S Gilsbach","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gilsbach S, Borzikowsky C, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Lost in between-the transition process from a child and adolescent eating disorder service to adult mental health services in the German health care system. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.3070.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"1730_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74","volume":"68","author":"J Arcelus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):724\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1730_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric A. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Association; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.","edition":"Fifth Edition"},{"key":"1730_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2020054002120","volume":"54","author":"MSC Almeida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almeida MSC, Sousa Filho LF, Rabello PM, Santiago BM. International Classification of Diseases\u201411th revision: from design to implementation. Rev Saude Publica. 2020;54:104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11606\/s1518-8787.2020054002120.","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.830","volume":"16","author":"J Arcelus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arcelus J, Bouman WP, Morgan JF. Treating young people with eating disorders: transition from child mental health to specialist adult eating disorder services. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2008;16(1):30\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.830.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1730_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2018.1517520","volume":"27","author":"DEH Una Foye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Una Foye DEH, Pauline I. \u2018The body is a battleground for unwanted and unexpressed emotions\u2019: exploring eating disorders and the role of emotional intelligence. Eat Disord. 2019;27(3):321\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640266.2018.1517520.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.10.005","volume":"34","author":"H-V Anita","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anita H-V, Steven A. A systematic review of the literature on family functioning across all eating disorder diagnoses in comparison to control families. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34(1):29\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.10.005.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03345-5","volume":"21","author":"J Karlstad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karlstad J, Moe CF, Wattum M, Brinchmann BS. The experiences and strategies of parents\u2019 of adults with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03345-5.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"0","key":"1730_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2023.2232872","volume":"0","author":"K Ganson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ganson K, Cuccolo K, Nagata J. Loneliness is associated with eating disorders among a national sample of U.S. college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Health. 2023;0(0):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448481.2023.2232872.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"1730_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-020-0285-8","volume":"8","author":"T Skarb\u00f8","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skarb\u00f8 T, Balmbra SM. Establishment of a multifamily therapy (MFT) service for young adults with a severe eating disorder - experience from 11 MFT groups, and from designing and implementing the model. J Eat Disord. 2020;8:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-020-0285-8.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00507-4","volume":"9","author":"SA Gustafsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gustafsson SA, Stenstr\u00f6m K, Olofsson H, Pettersson A, Wilbe Ramsay K. Experiences of eating disorders from the perspectives of patients, family members and health care professionals: a meta-review of qualitative evidence syntheses. J Eat Disord. 2021;9(1):156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00507-4.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1730_CR14","unstructured":"Balmbra S, Valvik, M., Lyngmo, S. Coming together, letting go\u2014A handbook for running multi-family therapy groups for adults with eating disorders. 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00412-w","volume":"9","author":"BS Brinchmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brinchmann BS, Krvavac S. \u201cBreaking down the wall\u201d patients` and families` experience of multifamily therapy for young adult women with severe eating disorders. J Eat Disord. 2021;9(1):56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00412-w.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1730_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2014.06.001","volume":"15","author":"D Anastasiadou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anastasiadou D, Medina-Pradas C, Sepulveda AR, Treasure J. A systematic review of family caregiving in eating disorders. Eat Behav. 2014;15(3):464\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2014.06.001.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1984","volume":"24","author":"JR Fox","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fox JR, Dean M, Whittlesea A. The experience of caring for or living with an individual with an eating disorder: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2017;24(1):103\u201325.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"4","key":"1730_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260591005227","volume":"13","author":"N Highet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Highet N, Thompson M, King RM. The experience of living with a person with an eating disorder: the impact on the carers. Eat Disord. 2005;13(4):327\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10640260591005227.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"1730_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.925","volume":"17","author":"MJ Zabala","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zabala MJ, Macdonald P, Treasure J. Appraisal of caregiving burden, expressed emotion and psychological distress in families of people with eating disorders: a systematic review. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2009;17(5):338\u201349.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-01140-7","volume":"12","author":"J Geller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geller J, Fernandes A, Marshall S, Srikameswaran S. From fixing to connecting: parents\u2019 experiences supporting adult children with eating disorders. J Eat Disord. 2024;12(1):191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-024-01140-7.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1730_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22298","volume":"48","author":"R Hibbs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hibbs R, Rhind C, Leppanen J, Treasure J. Interventions for caregivers of someone with an eating disorder: a meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(4):349\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20751","volume":"43","author":"D le Grange","year":"2010","unstructured":"le Grange D, Lock J, Loeb K, Nicholls D. Academy for eating disorders position paper: the role of the family in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1730_CR23","first-page":"228","volume":"27","author":"K Cleverley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cleverley K, Gore D, Nasir S, Ashley T, Rich L, Brown C, et al. Facilitating effective transitions from hospital to community for children and adolescent mental health services: overview of the transition support worker role and function. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;27(4):228\u201335.","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00404-w","volume":"8","author":"V Lockertsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lockertsen V, Nilsen L, Holm LAW, R\u00f8 \u00d8, Burger LM, R\u00f8ssberg JI. Experiences of patients with anorexia nervosa during the transition from child and adolescent mental health services to adult mental health services. J Eat Disord. 2020;8(1):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00404-w.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00404-w","volume":"9","author":"V Lockertsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lockertsen V, Holm LAW, Nilsen L, R\u00f8 \u00d8, Burger LM, R\u00f8ssberg JI. The transition process between child and adolescent mental services and adult mental health services for patients with anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study of the parents\u2019 experiences. J Eat Disord. 2021;9(1):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00404-w.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"1730_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23616","volume":"54","author":"J Baudinet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baudinet J, Eisler I, Dawson L, Simic M, Schmidt U. Multi-family therapy for eating disorders: a systematic scoping review of the quantitative and qualitative findings. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(12):2095\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23616.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"1730_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2359","volume":"23","author":"G Dimitropoulos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dimitropoulos G, Farquhar JC, Freeman VE, Colton PA, Olmsted MP. Pilot study comparing multi-family therapy to single family therapy for adults with anorexia nervosa in an intensive eating disorder program. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23(4):294\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2359.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"1730_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22876","volume":"51","author":"CE Wierenga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wierenga CE, Hill L, Knatz Peck S, McCray J, Greathouse L, Peterson D, et al. The acceptability, feasibility, and possible benefits of a neurobiologically-informed 5-day multifamily treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;51(8):863\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1730_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6427.12178","volume":"40","author":"Z Gelin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gelin Z, Cook-Darzens S, Hendrick S. The evidence base for multiple family therapy in psychiatric disorders: a review (part 1). J Fam Ther. 2018;40(3):302\u201325.","journal-title":"J Fam Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1730_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733017739780","volume":"26","author":"BS Brinchmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brinchmann BS, Moe C, Valvik ME, Balmbra S, Lyngmo S, Skarbo T. An Aristotelian view of therapists\u2019 practice in multifamily therapy for young adults with severe eating disorders. Nurs Ethics. 2019;26(4):1149\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0969733017739780.","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"key":"1730_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asen E, Fonagy P. Mentalization-based Therapeutic Interventions for Families. Oxford . 2012;347\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6427.2011.00552.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6427.2011.00552.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"1730_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2015.1034053","volume":"24","author":"S Engman-Bredvik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Engman-Bredvik S, Carballeira Suarez N, Levi R, Nilsson K. Multi-family therapy in anorexia nervosa\u2014a qualitative study of parental experiences. Eat Disord. 2016;24(2):186\u201397.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00814-y","volume":"11","author":"I Funderud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Funderud I, Halvorsen I, Kvakland A-L, Nilsen J-V, Skj\u00f8nhaug J, Stedal K, et al. Multifamily therapy for adolescent eating disorders: a study of the change in eating disorder symptoms from start of treatment to follow-up. J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):92.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1129-6","volume":"16","author":"I Eisler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eisler I, Simic M, Hodsoll J, et al. A pragmatic randomised multi-centre trial of multifamily and single family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1):422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-016-1129-6.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12103","volume":"54","author":"Z Gelin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gelin Z, Fuso S, Hendrick S, Cook-Darzens S, Simon Y. The effects of a multiple family therapy on adolescents with eating disorders: an outcome study. Fam Process. 2015;54(1):160\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/famp.12103.","journal-title":"Fam Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-015-0207-y","volume":"21","author":"Z Gelin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gelin Z, Cook-Darzens S, Simon Y, Hendrick S. Two models of multiple family therapy in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Eat Weight Disord. 2016;21(1):19\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-015-0207-y.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1730_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12242","volume":"55","author":"T Jewell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jewell T, Blessitt E, Stewart C, Simic M, Eisler I. Family therapy for child and adolescent eating disorders: a critical review. Fam Process. 2016;55(3):577\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/famp.12242.","journal-title":"Fam Process"},{"key":"1730_CR38","volume-title":"Family therapy for adolescent eating and weight disorders","author":"M Simic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simic M, Eisler I. Multi-family therapy. In: Loeb K, Le Grange D, Lock J, editors. Family therapy for adolescent eating and weight disorders. New York: Guilford; 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.364","volume":"9","author":"M Scholz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Scholz M, Asen E. Multiple family therapy with eating disordered adolescents: concepts and preliminary results. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2001;9(1):33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.364.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6427.12067","volume":"37","author":"T Voriadaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voriadaki T, Simic M, Espie J, Eisler I. Intensive multi-family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa: adolescents\u2019 and parents\u2019 day-to-day experiences. J Fam Ther. 2015;37(1):5\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-6427.12067.","journal-title":"J Fam Ther"},{"key":"1730_CR41","volume-title":"Maudsley service manual for child and adolescent eating disorders (revised ed)","author":"I Eisler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eisler I, Simic M, Blessitt E, Dodge E. Maudsley service manual for child and adolescent eating disorders (revised ed). London: Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; 2016."},{"key":"1730_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6427.2011.00579.x","volume":"35","author":"A Mehl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mehl A, Tomanova J, Kubena A, Papezova H. Adapting multi-family therapy to families who care for a loved one with an eating disorder in the Czech Republic combined with a follow-up pilot study of efficacy. J Fam Ther. 2015;35:82\u2013101.","journal-title":"J Fam Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1730_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/21662630.2015.1048478","volume":"3","author":"M Tantillo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tantillo M, McGraw JS, Hauenstein EJ, Groth SW. Partnering with patients and families to develop an innovative multifamily therapy group treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa. Adv Eat Disord. 2015;3(3):269\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21662630.2015.1048478.","journal-title":"Adv Eat Disord"},{"key":"1730_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-018-0229-8.\/","volume":"6","author":"P Hay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hay P, Touyz S. Classification challenges in the field of eating disorders: can severe and enduring anorexia nervosa be better defined? J Eat Disord. 2018;6:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-018-0229-8.\/.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1730_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6427.2005.00303.x","volume":"27","author":"I Eisler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eisler I. The empirical and theoretical base of family therapy and multiple family day therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa. J Fam Ther. 2005;27(2):104\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6427.2005.00303.x.","journal-title":"J Fam Ther"},{"key":"1730_CR46","volume-title":"The new Maudsley method","author":"J Treasure","year":"2008","unstructured":"Treasure J, Smith G, Crane A. Skills-based learning for caring for a loved one with an eating disorder. In: The new Maudsley method. London & New York: Routledge; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00554-5","volume":"10","author":"BS Brinchmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brinchmann BS, Lyngmo S, Herholdt-Lomholdt SM, Blix BH. Multiple perspectives and dialogue in understanding experiences of living with eating disorders: two narratives-four unpackings. J Eat Disord. 2022;10(1):24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-022-00554-5.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01502-9","volume":"14","author":"I Funderud","year":"2025","unstructured":"Funderud I, Hage TW, Skj\u00f8nhaug J, Kvakland AL, Stedal K, R\u00f8 \u00d8, et al. The experience of siblings attending multi-family therapy for adolescent eating disorders: a mixed-methods study. J Eat Disord. 2025;14(1):25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01502-9.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1730_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loftfjell, A-LG, Solveig Margaret Thomassen, SM, Karlstad, J, Brincmann. BS: Parents\u2019 experiences of having an adult daughter with an eating disorder. The Norwegian Journal of Clinical Nursing (Sykepleien Forskning). 2020;1581474: 81474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4220\/Sykepleienf.2020.81474en.","DOI":"10.4220\/Sykepleienf.2020.81474en"},{"key":"1730_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07422-x","volume":"2025","author":"LM Jacobsen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jacobsen LM, Karlstad J, Stokland RA, Haugan G, Brinchmann BS. Experiences with family relationships following eating disorders: a roller coaster of emotions. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;2025:1023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07422-x.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1730_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"1730_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2","volume-title":"Thematic analysis: a practical guide","author":"V Braun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis: a practical guide. Los Angeles, California: SAGE; 2022."},{"key":"1730_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-9-171","volume":"9","author":"AR Sepulveda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sepulveda AR, Kyriacou O, Treasure J. Development and validation of the accommodation and enabling scale for eating disorders (AESED) for caregivers in eating disorders. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-9-171.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"1730_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-6-28","volume":"6","author":"AR Sepulveda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sepulveda AR, Whitney J, Hankins M, Treasure J. Development and validation of an Eating Disorders Symptom Impact Scale (EDSIS) for carers of people with eating disorders. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2008;6:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-6-28.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"1730_CR55","volume-title":"BDI-II: Beck depression inventory manual","author":"ATSR Beck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beck ATSR, Brown GK. BDI-II: Beck depression inventory manual. 2nd ed. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation; 1996.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20653","volume":"43","author":"DL Reas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reas DL, R\u00f8 O, Kapstad H, Lask B. Psychometric properties of the clinical impairment assessment: norms for young adult women. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(1):72\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.20653.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1730_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3109\/08039481003797235","volume":"64","author":"O R\u00f8","year":"2010","unstructured":"R\u00f8 O, Reas DL, Lask B. Norms for the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire among female university students in Norway. Nord J Psychiatry. 2010;64(6):428\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08039481003797235.","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1730_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03388.x","volume":"87","author":"K Tambs","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tambs K, Moum T. How well can a few questionnaire items indicate anxiety and depression? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;87(5):364\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03388.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"1730_CR59","unstructured":"LR. D. SCL-90-R\u00ae. Symptom Checklist-90-R. Manual for administration and scoring. Stockholm; 2010."},{"key":"1730_CR60","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Personality at the crossroads: current issues in interactional psychology","author":"CD Spielberger","year":"1977","unstructured":"Spielberger CD. State-trait anxiety and interactional psychology. In: Magnusson DaE NS, editor. Personality at the crossroads: current issues in interactional psychology. New York: LEA\/Wiley; 1977. p. 173\u201383."},{"issue":"2","key":"1730_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00","volume":"13","author":"SM Skevington","year":"2004","unstructured":"Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O\u2019Connell KA. The World Health Organization\u2019s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(2):299\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01656-x","volume":"19","author":"MH Kalfoss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalfoss MH, Reidunsdatter RJ, Kl\u00f6ckner CA, Nilsen M. Validation of the WHOQOL-Bref: psychometric properties and normative data for the Norwegian general population. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-020-01656-x.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6427.12022","volume":"36","author":"P Stratton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stratton P, Lask J, Bland J, Nowotny E, Evans C, Singh R, et al. Detecting therapeutic improvement early in therapy: validation of the SCORE-15 index of family functioning and change. J Fam Ther. 2014;36(1):3\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-6427.12022.","journal-title":"J Fam Ther"},{"key":"1730_CR64","unstructured":"Popovic A, Huecker MR. Study Bias. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright \u00a9 2025, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"1730_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-024-01504-5","volume":"26","author":"J Baudinet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baudinet J, Eisler I. Multi-family therapy for eating disorders across the lifespan. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2024;26(6):323\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-024-01504-5.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6427.00197","volume":"24","author":"E Asen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Asen E. Multiple family therapy: an overview. J Fam Ther. 2002;24(1):3\u201316.","journal-title":"J Fam Ther"},{"key":"1730_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203841143","volume-title":"Multi-family therapy: concepts and techniques","author":"E Asen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asen E, Scholz M. Multi-family therapy: concepts and techniques. Routledge; 2010."},{"key":"1730_CR68","volume-title":"The theory and practice of group psychotherapy","author":"ID Yalom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yalom ID, Leszcz M. The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. 6th ed. Basic Books; 2021.","edition":"6th ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"1730_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3006","volume":"31","author":"J Baudinet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baudinet J, Eisler I, Konstantellou A, Hunt T, Kassamali F, McLaughlin N, et al. Perceived change mechanisms in multi-family therapy for anorexia nervosa: a qualitative follow-up study of adolescent and parent experiences. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2023;31(6):822\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.3006.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1730_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24505","volume":"58","author":"C Levenspiel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Levenspiel C, Dawson L, Baudinet J, Mitchison D, Wallis A. Exploring interactive change processes in multifamily therapy for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2025;58(11):2105\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.24505.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-020-00311-6","volume":"8","author":"K Grogan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grogan K, MacGarry D, Bramham J, Scriven M, Maher C, Fitzgerald A. Family-related non-abuse adverse life experiences occurring for adults diagnosed with eating disorders: a systematic review. J Eat Disord. 2020;8(1):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-020-00311-6.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00669-9","volume":"10","author":"J Karlstad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karlstad J, Moe CF, Adelsten Stokland R, Brinchmann BS. \u201cBalancing within a closed family system\u201d: a grounded theory study of how family life is affected by having a family member with an eating disorder. J Eat Disord. 2022;10(1):147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-022-00669-9.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1730_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-016-0141-4","volume":"4","author":"AL M\u00fcnch","year":"2016","unstructured":"M\u00fcnch AL, Hunger C, Schweitzer J. An investigation of the mediating role of personality and family functioning in the association between attachment styles and eating disorder status. BMC Psychol. 2016;4(1):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-016-0141-4.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01730-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01730-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01730-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:42:42Z","timestamp":1787136162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01730-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-026-01730-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-2974"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-2974","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by a Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (No. 2014\/1621\/No. 655808). Each participant received oral and written information about the study and signed a consent form. They were also informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time. The data were treated confidentially and anonymised.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"193"}}