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However, the majority of studies investigating the effect of comorbid mental health disorders and age at onset outcomes in BD have focused on traditional outcome measures such as mood symptoms, mortality and treatment response. Therefore, this project aimed to investigate the impact of comorbid mental health disorders and age at onset on longitudinal psychosocial outcome in participants with BD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mixed effects modelling was conducted using data from the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. Baseline factors were entered into a model, with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score as the longitudinal outcome measure. Relative model fits were calculated using Akaike\u2019s Information Criterion.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>No individual comorbidities predicted lower GAF scores, however an interaction effect was demonstrated between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and any anxiety disorder (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.180, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.030). Participants with BD I vs BD II (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.023, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.044) and those in the lowest vs. highest income class (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.266, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024) predicted lower GAF scores. Age at onset (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.672, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.095) did not significantly predict GAF scores.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is the first study to demonstrate the negative psychosocial effects of comorbid anxiety disorders and ADHD in BD. This study adds to the growing database suggesting that comorbid mental health disorders are a significant factor hindering psychosocial recovery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-019-0169-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T02:02:28Z","timestamp":1576461748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Predictors of psychosocial outcome of bipolar disorder: data from the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Francis","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Hodgetts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Close","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Grunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Keck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Kupka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"McElroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Nolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Sch\u00e4rer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trisha","family":"Suppes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4632-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya N.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"169_CR1","unstructured":"Akaike H. 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Ethical approval was granted by the local ethics committees at each of the seven participating academic sites: NIMH Bethesda, the University Hospitals of Los Angeles, Dallas, Cincinnati (all USA), Utrecht (The Netherlands), Freiburg and Munich (both Germany).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript and gave their consent for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Mark A. Frye has received grant support from AssureRx, Mayo Foundation, Myriad, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Pfizer. He has served as a consultant (Mayo) to Janssen, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Myriad, Neuralstem Inc., Otsuka American Pharmaceutical, Sunovion, Teva Pharmaceuticals. His employer Mayo Clinic has a financial interest in AssureRX and the technology referenced in this publication\/presentation.Heinz Grunze received grants\/research support, consulting fees and honoraria within the last 3\u00a0years from Gedeon Richter, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Pfizer and Servier.Dr. Keck has been reimbursed for consulting to Otsuka and Lyndra. He is a co- inventor on United States Patent No. 6387956: Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, Keck, PE Jr. (University of Cincinnati) Methods of treating obsessive\u2013compulsive spectrum disorder comprises the step of administering an effective amount of tramadol to an individual. Filed March 25, 1999; approved May 14, 2002. Dr. Keck has received no financial gain from this patent.Ralph Kupka has received speakers honoraria over the past 3\u00a0years from Lundbeck, Janssen, and Sanofi.W.A. Nolen has received grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, the European Union; has received honoraria\/speaker\u2019s fees from Lundbeck and Aristo Pharma, and has served as consultant for Daleco Pharma.Susan McElroy is a consultant to or member of the scientific advisory boards of Bracket, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., MedAvante, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, Myriad, Novo Nordisk, Shire, and Sunovion. She is a principal or co-investigator on studies sponsored by the Allergan, Brainsway, Marriott Foundation, Myriad, National Institute of Mental Health, Novo Nordisk, Shire, and Sunovion. She is also an inventor on United States Patent No. 6,323,236 B2, Use of Sulfamate Derivatives for Treating Impulse Control Disorders, and along with the patent\u2019s assignee, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, has received payments from Johnson & Johnson, which has exclusive rights under the patent.Robert Post has received speaker\u2019s honoraria over the past 3\u00a0years from AstraZeneca, Validus, Sunovion, Takeda, Pamlabs.Lars Sch\u00e4rer received grants\/research support from WHO, BMZ, OCHA, WFP, UNICEF, European Commission, IBM, TigerLogic, Omnis.Trisha Suppes in the past 36\u00a0months has reported grants from National Institute of Mental Health, Sunovion Pharamaceuticals, Elan Pharma International Limited, VA Cooperative Studies Program, Pathway Genomics, Stanley Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Palo Alto Health Sciences, and National Institute on Drug Abuse; consulting fees from A\/S H. Lundbeck, Sunovion, and Merck & Co; honoraria from Medscape Education, Global Medical Education, and CMEology; royalties from Jones and Bartlett and UpToDate; and travel reimbursement from A\/S H. Lundbeck, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Global Medication Education, CMEology, and Merck & Co.Aditya Sharma has received research grants from the National Institute for Health Research (UK) and speaker honoraria from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.Sophie Hodgetts, Francis Bennett and Andrew Close declares no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28"}}