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The cohort included individuals born in 1932 or later, with follow-up from 1973 to 2020. Cox regression models estimated associations with a range of somatic conditions, including cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, and infectious diseases. Subtype-specific analyses were conducted in individuals with type 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098,352) or type 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099,674), and in those with a history of compulsory care (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096,748).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bipolar disorder was associated with significantly increased risks for most examined somatic conditions. The highest hazard ratios (HRs) were observed for sleep disorders (HR 3.79; 95% CI, 3.71\u20133.87) and dementias (HR 4.32; 95% CI, 3.82\u20134.79). Type 2 diabetes risk was elevated, while no association was found for type 1 diabetes. Most risks were comparable across bipolar subtypes, though certain conditions\u2014such as migraine and fibromyalgia\u2014were more strongly associated with type 2. Individuals with a history of compulsory psychiatric care showed elevated risks for several conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regardless of sex or subtype, bipolar disorder is associated with substantially higher lifetime risks of a broad range of somatic conditions. Integrated psychiatric and somatic health care may help reduce morbidity and improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-026-00427-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T11:05:27Z","timestamp":1778238327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Somatic morbidity in bipolar disorders"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Takami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi","family":"Savinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvid","family":"Sj\u00f6lander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabell","family":"Brikell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Kuja-Halkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soffia","family":"Gudbjornsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Garcia-Argibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Pettersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Lichtenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Land\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"427_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13271","volume":"25","author":"AJM Beunders","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beunders AJM, Klaus F, Kok AAL, Schouws S, Kupka RW, Blumberg HP, et al. 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Informed consent was waived, as all data were anonymized by Statistics Sweden immediately after linkage. To protect participant confidentiality, results for outcomes affecting fewer than five individuals are not reported.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"HL reports receiving grants from Shire Pharmaceuticals; personal fees from and serving as a speaker for Medice, Shire\/Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Evolan Pharma AB; all outside the submitted work. HL is editor-in-chief of JCPP Advances. ML has received lecture honoraria from Lundbeck pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"19"}}