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This has recently led to the identification of the first disease-causing variants in the gene <jats:italic>BNC2<\/jats:italic> for isolated lower urinary tract anatomical obstruction (LUTO), and of <jats:italic>WNT<\/jats:italic>3 and <jats:italic>SLC20A1<\/jats:italic> as genes implicated in the pathogenesis of the group of conditions called bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC). Implicating candidate genes from human genetic data requires evidence of their influence on lower urinary tract development and evidence of the found genetic variants\u2019 pathogenicity. The zebrafish (<jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>) has many advantages for use as a vertebrate model organism for the lower urinary tract. Rapid reproduction with numerous offspring, comparable anatomical kidney and lower urinary tract homology, and easy genetic manipulability by Morpholino\u00ae-based <jats:italic>knockdown<\/jats:italic> or CRISPR\/Cas editing are among its advantages. In addition, established marker staining for well-known molecules involved in urinary tract development using whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and the usage of transgenic lines expressing fluorescent protein under a tissue-specific promoter allow easy visualization of phenotypic abnormalities of genetically modified zebrafish. Assays to examine the functionality of the excretory organs can also be modeled in vivo with the zebrafish. The approach of using these multiple techniques in zebrafish not only enables rapid and efficient investigation of candidate genes for lower urinary tract malformations derived from human data, but also cautiously allows transferability of causality from a non-mammalian vertebrate to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40348-023-00156-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T02:02:24Z","timestamp":1680055344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modelling human lower urinary tract malformations in zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Caroline M.","family":"Kolvenbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel C.","family":"Dworschak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Rieke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian S.","family":"Woolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Reutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Odermatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina C.","family":"Hilger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"156_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1212","volume":"5","author":"HM Rasouly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rasouly HM, Lu W (2013) Lower urinary tract development and disease. 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