{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:00:23Z","timestamp":1785528023233,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004168","name":"Universit\u00e4t zu L\u00fcbeck","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Cell Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major complication of preterm birth and may lead to long-term respiratory morbidity. Early measurements of impaired lung function are needed to guide the development of preventive strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and potential utility of MBW-derived parameters for detecting early lung function impairment in preterm infants at a corrected age of 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a single-centre study of preterm infants at 12 months\u2019 corrected age using sulfur hexafluoride MBW during spontaneous sleep. Tidal Breathing Flow Volume Loops (TBFVL) and MBW were used to assess respiratory parameters including lung clearance index (LCI). This was complemented by parental questionnaires on infant health. The cohort was stratified into three groups based on BPD diagnosis: (I) severe BPD (oxygen requirement at 28 days and respiratory support at 36 weeks\u2019 postmenstrual age), (II) mild BPD (oxygen requirement at 28 days but no oxygen or respiratory support at 36 weeks\u2019 postmenstrual age ) and (III) no BPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Reliable TBFVL and MBW measurements during spontaneous sleep were obtained in 45 of 112 infants (40%) including 8 infants with severe BPD and 7 infants with mild BPD. Infants with BPD exhibited higher LCI values (7.0 vs. 6.5,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018) and lower ratios of tidal volume to functional residual capacity (0.40 vs. 0.51,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022) compared to infants without BPD. Infants with severe BPD had higher LCI values than those without BPD (7.1 vs. 6.5,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022). LCI was positively correlated with the duration of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) support (Pearson correlation coefficient\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.476,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), oxygen supplementation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.444,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and antibiotic treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.435,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), respectively. Higher LCI values were also associated with an increased rate of hospital readmissions due to respiratory infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite limited feasibility, MBW measurements obtained during spontaneous sleep at 12 months\u2019 corrected age revealed impaired lung function in preterm infants with BPD. LCI correlated with the duration of antibiotic treatment, CPAP support, and oxygen supplementation all of which represent potentially modifiable clinical factors. These findings suggest that LCI may serve as a promising early lung function parameter for long-term respiratory vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40348-026-00248-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:29:27Z","timestamp":1785252567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple-breath washout at 12 months of age reveals lung function impairments in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Isabell","family":"Ricklefs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Gr\u00fctzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Wedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats Ingmar","family":"Fortmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9e","family":"Lasserre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolas","family":"Jakobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Pagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumi","family":"Sugihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"G\u00f6pel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folke Christina","family":"Brinkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias Volkmar","family":"Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"H\u00e4rtel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Pagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1417-7","volume":"16","author":"N Principi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Principi N, Di Pietro GM, Esposito S (2018) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical aspects and preventive and therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med 16(1):36","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"248_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316770","volume":"105","author":"A Humberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Humberg A, Hartel C, Rausch TK, Stichtenoth G, Jung P, Wieg C et al (2020) Active perinatal care of preterm infants in the German Neonatal Network. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 105(2):190\u2013195","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"248_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00803-2","volume":"42","author":"A Humberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Humberg A, Fortmann I, Siller B, Kopp MV, Herting E, Gopel W et al (2020) Preterm birth and sustained inflammation: consequences for the neonate. Semin Immunopathol 42(4):451\u2013468","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"248_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1562","volume":"142","author":"E Kaplan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaplan E, Bar-Yishay E, Prais D, Klinger G, Mei-Zahav M, Mussaffi H et al (2012) Encouraging pulmonary outcome for surviving, neurologically intact, extremely premature infants in the postsurfactant era. Chest 142(3):725\u2013733","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12217","volume":"102","author":"S Beaudoin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beaudoin S, Tremblay GM, Croitoru D, Benedetti A, Landry JS (2013) Healthcare utilization and health-related quality of life of adult survivors of preterm birth complicated by bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Acta Paediatr 102(6):607\u2013612","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1306","volume":"141","author":"A Gough","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gough A, Spence D, Linden M, Halliday HL, McGarvey LPA (2012) General and respiratory health outcomes in adult survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review. Chest 141(6):1554\u20131567","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"248_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.04.026","volume":"187","author":"RL Keller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keller RL, Feng R, DeMauro SB, Ferkol T, Hardie W, Rogers EE et al (2017) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and perinatal characteristics predict 1-year respiratory outcomes in newborns born at extremely low gestational age: a prospective cohort study. J Pediatr 187:89\u201397e3","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.1.9001304","volume":"155","author":"E Baraldi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baraldi E, Filippone M, Trevisanuto D, Zanardo V, Zacchello F (1997) Pulmonary function until two years of life in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155(1):149\u2013155","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"248_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80004-5","volume":"110","author":"D Bader","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bader D, Ramos AD, Lew CD, Platzker AC, Stabile MW, Keens TG (1987) Childhood sequelae of infant lung disease: exercise and pulmonary function abnormalities after bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 110(5):693\u2013699","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"248_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.2.135","volume":"88","author":"D Anand","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anand D, Stevenson CJ, West CR, Pharoah PO (2003) Lung function and respiratory health in adolescents of very low birth weight. Arch Dis Child 88(2):135\u2013138","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"248_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200912-1806OC","volume":"182","author":"J Fawke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fawke J, Lum S, Kirkby J, Hennessy E, Marlow N, Rowell V et al (2010) Lung function and respiratory symptoms at 11 years in children born extremely preterm: the EPICure study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182(2):237\u2013245","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.07.045","volume":"164","author":"M Vom Hove","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vom Hove M, Prenzel F, Uhlig HH, Robel-Tillig E (2014) Pulmonary outcome in former preterm, very low birth weight children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a case-control follow-up at school age. J Pediatr 164(1):40\u201345 e4","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9359","key":"248_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12633-5","volume":"361","author":"M Filippone","year":"2003","unstructured":"Filippone M, Sartor M, Zacchello F, Baraldi E (2003) Flow limitation in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and respiratory function at school age. Lancet 361(9359):753\u2013754","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"248_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200507-1140OC","volume":"173","author":"EJ Vrijlandt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vrijlandt EJ, Gerritsen J, Boezen HM, Grevink RG, Duiverman EJ (2006) Lung function and exercise capacity in young adults born prematurely. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173(8):890\u2013896","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"248_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00039513","volume":"43","author":"A Gough","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gough A, Linden M, Spence D, Patterson CC, Halliday HL, McGarvey LP (2014) Impaired lung function and health status in adult survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur Respir J 43(3):808\u2013816","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2522","volume":"118","author":"LW Doyle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Doyle LW, Faber B, Callanan C, Freezer N, Ford GW, Davis NM (2006) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight subjects and lung function in late adolescence. Pediatrics 118(1):108\u2013113","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-117","volume":"6","author":"EJ Vrijlandt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vrijlandt EJ, Gerritsen J, Boezen HM, Duiverman EJ, Dutch P-CSG (2005) Gender differences in respiratory symptoms in 19-year-old adults born preterm. Respir Res 6(1):117","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"248_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219634","volume":"78","author":"EF Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith EF, Hemy NR, Hall GL, Wilson AC, Murray CP, Simpson SJ (2023) Risk factors for poorer respiratory outcomes in adolescents and young adults born preterm. Thorax 78(12):1223\u20131232","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"7","key":"248_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-218931","volume":"78","author":"C Crump","year":"2023","unstructured":"Crump C, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2023) Preterm or early term birth and long-term risk of asthma into midadulthood: a national cohort and cosibling study. Thorax 78(7):653\u2013660","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"248_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202303-0448LE","volume":"208","author":"T Bardsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bardsen T, Roksund OD, Eagan TML, Hufthammer KO, Benestad MR, Clemm HSH et al (2023) Impaired lung function in extremely preterm-born adults in their fourth decade of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 208(4):493\u2013495","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"248_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.10.080","volume":"169","author":"J Spiegler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spiegler J, Preuss M, Gebauer C, Bendiks M, Herting E, Gopel W et al (2016) Does breastmilk influence the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia? J Pediatr 169:76\u201380e4","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"21","key":"248_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.991451","volume":"37","author":"A Gough","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gough A, Linden MA, Spence D, Halliday HL, Patterson CC, McGarvey L (2015) Executive functioning deficits in young adult survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Disabil Rehabil 37(21):1940\u20131945","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"248_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedcp.2025.200196","volume":"19","author":"H Pilvar","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pilvar H, Nicodemo C, Petrou S, Darlow BA, van Dommelen P, Anne IEK et al (2026) Outcomes in early adulthood for individuals born very preterm and\/or with very low birth weight: evidence from multinational cohorts. J Pediatr Clin Pract 19:200196","journal-title":"J Pediatr Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1562","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1737","volume":"132","author":"S Paranjothy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paranjothy S, Dunstan F, Watkins WJ, Hyatt M, Demmler JC, Lyons RA et al (2013) Gestational age, birth weight, and risk of respiratory hospital admission in childhood. Pediatrics 132(6):e1562\u2013e1569","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1082","key":"248_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2014-206590rep","volume":"91","author":"CE Bolton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bolton CE, Bush A, Hurst JR, Kotecha S, McGarvey L (2015) Lung consequences in adults born prematurely. Postgrad Med J 91(1082):712\u2013718","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"248_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30064-6","volume":"2","author":"SJ Simpson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simpson SJ, Turkovic L, Wilson AC, Verheggen M, Logie KM, Pillow JJ et al (2018) Lung function trajectories throughout childhood in survivors of very preterm birth: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2(5):350\u2013359","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.7.1.111","volume":"7","author":"MR Becklake","year":"1952","unstructured":"Becklake MR (1952) A new index of the intrapulmonary mixture of inspired air. Thorax 7(1):111\u2013116","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"248_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1159\/000225373","volume":"78","author":"PD Robinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson PD, Goldman MD, Gustafsson PM (2009) Inert gas washout: theoretical background and clinical utility in respiratory disease. Respiration 78(3):339\u2013355","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.01.025","volume":"103","author":"A Horsley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Horsley A (2009) Lung clearance index in the assessment of airways disease. Respir Med 103(6):793\u2013799","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"248_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113177","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113177","volume":"9","author":"A Thomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thomas A, Hanel B, Marott JL, Buchvald F, Mortensen J, Nielsen KG (2014) The single-breath diffusing capacity of CO and NO in healthy children of European descent. PLoS ONE 9(12):e113177","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"248_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12316","volume":"37","author":"JB Martinot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martinot JB, Guenard H, Dinh-Xuan AT, Gin H, Dromer C (2017) Nitrogen monoxide and carbon monoxide transfer interpretation: state of the art. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 37(4):357\u2013365","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"248_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004635","volume":"4","author":"P Latzin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Latzin P, Roth S, Thamrin C, Hutten GJ, Pramana I, Kuehni CE et al (2009) Lung volume, breathing pattern and ventilation inhomogeneity in preterm and term infants. PLoS ONE 4(2):e4635","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"248_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.06.006","volume":"140","author":"JK Sorensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sorensen JK, Buchvald F, Berg AK, Robinson PD, Nielsen KG (2018) Ventilation inhomogeneity and NO and CO diffusing capacity in ex-premature school children. Respir Med 140:94\u2013100","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"248_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565257","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.565257","volume":"11","author":"J Pagel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pagel J, Twisselmann N, Rausch TK, Waschina S, Hartz A, Steinbeis M et al (2020) Increased regulatory T cells precede the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Front Immunol 11:565257","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"248_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","volume":"163","author":"AH Jobe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jobe AH, Bancalari E (2001) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163(7):1723\u20131729","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"248_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2010.031","volume":"38","author":"M Voigt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Voigt M, Rochow N, Straube S, Briese V, Olbertz D, Jorch G (2010) Birth weight percentile charts based on daily measurements for very preterm male and female infants at the age of 154\u2013223 days. J Perinat Med 38(3):289\u2013295","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"248_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2018.11.001","volume":"18","author":"M Stahl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stahl M, Joachim C, Wielputz MO, Mall MA (2019) Comparison of lung clearance index determined by washout of N(2) and SF(6) in infants and preschool children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 18(3):399\u2013406","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"2","key":"248_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2017.08.001","volume":"17","author":"M Stahl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stahl M, Graeber SY, Joachim C, Barth S, Ricklefs I, Diekmann G et al (2018) Three-center feasibility of lung clearance index in infants and preschool children with cystic fibrosis and other lung diseases. J Cyst Fibros 17(2):249\u2013255","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"19","key":"248_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra067279","volume":"357","author":"E Baraldi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baraldi E, Filippone M (2007) Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N Engl J Med 357(19):1946\u20131955","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.33.6.255","volume":"33","author":"LR Kair","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kair LR, Leonard DT, Anderson JM (2012) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Rev 33(6):255\u2013263 quiz 63\u2009\u2013\u20094","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1962","volume":"123","author":"A Bhandari","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhandari A, Bhandari V (2009) Pitfalls, problems, and progress in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 123(6):1562\u20131573","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0441-3","volume":"17","author":"P Um-Bergstrom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Um-Bergstrom P, Hallberg J, Thunqvist P, Berggren-Brostrom E, Anderson M, Adenfelt G et al (2017) Lung function development after preterm birth in relation to severity of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. BMC Pulm Med 17(1):97","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"248_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201509-578OC","volume":"13","author":"S Caskey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caskey S, Gough A, Rowan S, Gillespie S, Clarke J, Riley M et al (2016) Structural and functional lung impairment in adult survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Ann Am Thorac Soc 13(8):1262\u20131270","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2017.1269604","volume":"11","author":"G Davies","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davies G, Aurora P (2017) The use of multiple breath washout for assessing cystic fibrosis in infants. Expert Rev Respir Med 11(1):21\u201328","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00149213","volume":"43","author":"E Proietti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Proietti E, Riedel T, Fuchs O, Pramana I, Singer F, Schmidt A et al (2014) Can infant lung function predict respiratory morbidity during the first year of life in preterm infants? Eur Respir J 43(6):1642\u20131651","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"248_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.1.2107093","volume":"165","author":"O Hjalmarson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hjalmarson O, Sandberg K (2002) Abnormal lung function in healthy preterm infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165(1):83\u201387","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24742","volume":"55","author":"M Arigliani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arigliani M, Valentini E, Stocco C, De Pieri C, Castriotta L, Barbato V et al (2020) Regional ventilation inhomogeneity in survivors of extremely preterm birth. Pediatr Pulmonol 55(6):1366\u20131374","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"248_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-37","volume":"12","author":"G Schmalisch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmalisch G, Wilitzki S, Roehr CC, Proquitte H, Buhrer C (2012) Development of lung function in very low birth weight infants with or without bronchopulmonary dysplasia: longitudinal assessment during the first 15 months of corrected age. BMC Pediatr 12:37","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"248_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2423933","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.23933","volume":"7","author":"K Glaser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Glaser K, Hartel C, Klingenberg C, Herting E, Fortmann MI, Speer CP et al (2024) Neonatal sepsis episodes and retinopathy of prematurity in very preterm infants. JAMA Netw Open 7(7):e2423933","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1159\/000525709","volume":"119","author":"A Humberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Humberg A, Fortmann MI, Spiegler J, Rausch TK, Siller B, Silwedel C et al (2022) Recurrent late-onset sepsis in extremely low birth weight infants is associated with motor deficits in early school age. Neonatology 119(6):695\u2013702","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"248_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e259647","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.9647","volume":"8","author":"I Fortmann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fortmann I, Welp A, Hoffmann N, Faust K, Silwedel C, Retzmann J et al (2025) Perinatal antibiotic exposure and respiratory outcomes in children born preterm. JAMA Netw Open 8(5):e259647","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"248_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201601-0188OC","volume":"195","author":"DM Gray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gray DM, Turkovic L, Willemse L, Visagie A, Vanker A, Stein DJ et al (2017) Lung function in African infants in the drakenstein child health study. Impact of lower respiratory tract illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195(2):212\u2013220","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"248_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23674","volume":"52","author":"P Stafler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stafler P, Weinreb S, Mussaffi H, Mei-Zahav M, Prais D, Steuer G et al (2017) Feasibility of multiple breath washout measurements in infants with bronchiolitis: A pilot study. Pediatr Pulmonol 52(6):763\u2013770","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"}],"container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40348-026-00248-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40348-026-00248-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40348-026-00248-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:15:32Z","timestamp":1785521732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40348-026-00248-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40348-026-00248-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7791"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7791","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"40"}}