{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T10:22:51Z","timestamp":1782296571025,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009276","name":"Jacob and Valeria Langeloth Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 has entered United States prison systems at alarming rates. Disparities in social and structural determinants of health disproportionately affect those experiencing incarceration, making them more vulnerable to COVID-19. Additionally, prisons are sites of congregate living, making it impossible to practice social distancing, and most prisons have relied only on incremental measures to reduce risk and spread of COVID-19. To more fully understand the impact that COVID-19 is having on incarcerated populations, it is critical to have systematic data on testing, test positivity, cases, and case fatality. Using data from the COVID Prison Project, we present data on 53 prison systems COVID-19 testing, test positivity, case, and case fatality by state and compare these data with each state\u2019s general population. We do this for the early stages of the pandemic, utilizing data through July 15, 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many states are not reporting full information on COVID testing with some also not reporting on case fatality. Among those reporting data, there is a wide variation between testing, test positivity, and case rates within prison systems and as compared to the general population. However, when more tests are deployed more cases are identified with the majority of state prisons having higher case rates than their general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the need for the implementation and study of COVID-19 mitigation and surveillance strategies to flatten the COVID-19 curve in prisons across the country. We call for future research to build on these data from the COVID Prison Project to protect the health of our nations\u2019 often forgotten residents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-020-00125-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T03:03:28Z","timestamp":1607655808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["COVID-19 cases and testing in 53 prison systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"Lemasters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"McCauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2191-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Brinkley-Rubinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"125_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005687","volume":"382","author":"MJ Akiyama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akiyama, M. J., Spaulding, A. C., & Rich, J. D. (2020). Flattening the curve for incarcerated populations \u2014 Covid-19 in jails and prisons. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 2075\u20132077.","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"125_CR2","volume-title":"Territories","author":"Bureau of Justice Statistics","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. Territories. 2012. https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=144 (Accessed 15 Jul 2020)."},{"key":"125_CR3","volume-title":"Prisoners in 2018","author":"Bureau of Justice Statistics","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prisoners in 2018. 2020."},{"key":"125_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E27","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302706","volume":"105","author":"JJ-L Garcia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garcia, J. J.-L., & Sharif, M. Z. (2015). Black lives matter: A commentary on racism and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 105, E27\u2013E30.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"125_CR5","volume-title":"Not everybody can work from home","author":"E Gould","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gould E, Shierholz H. Not everybody can work from home. Economic Policy Institute, Working Economics Blog. 2020."},{"key":"125_CR6","unstructured":"Gramlich, J. (2020). Black imprisonment rate in the U.S. has fallen by a third since 2006. Washingon D.C.: Pew Research Center."},{"key":"125_CR7","volume-title":"Coronavirus Resource Center","author":"Johns Hopkins University","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins University. Coronavirus Resource Center. 2020. https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu (Accessed 15 Jul 2020)."},{"key":"125_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00756-0","volume":"7","author":"CT Laurencin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laurencin, C. T., & McClinton, A. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: A call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 7, 398\u2013402.","journal-title":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"key":"125_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Link, B., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 80\u201394.","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958"},{"key":"125_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305707","volume":"110","author":"K Nowotny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nowotny, K., Bailey, Z., Omori, M., & Brinkley-Rubinstein, L. (2020). COVID-19 exposes need for progressive criminal justice reform. American Journal of Public Health, 110, 967\u2013968.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"125_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112305","volume":"41","author":"JC Phelan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2015). Is racism a fundamental cause of inequalities in health? Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 311\u2013330.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"125_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saloner B, Parish K, Ward JA, DiLaura G, Dolovich S. COVID-19 cases and deaths in federal and state prisons. JAMA 2020; published online July 8. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.12528.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12528"},{"key":"125_CR13","unstructured":"So, L., & Smith, G. (2020). In four U.S. state prisons, nearly 3,300 inmates test positive for coronavirus -- 96% without symptoms. Reuters https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-prisons-testing-in\/in-four-u-s-state-prisons-nearly-3300-inmates-test-positive-for-coronavirus-96-without-symptoms-idUSKCN2270RX (Accessed 9 Oct 2020)."},{"key":"125_CR14","volume-title":"The COVID tracking project","author":"The Atlantic","year":"2020","unstructured":"The Atlantic. The COVID tracking project. 2020."},{"key":"125_CR15","volume-title":"Interim considerations for SARS-CoV-2 testing in correctional and detention facilities","author":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020","unstructured":"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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Prison Policy Initiative. 2020."},{"key":"125_CR23","volume-title":"Failing grades: States\u2019 responses to COVID-19 in Jails & Prisons","author":"E Widra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Widra E, Hayre D. Failing grades: States\u2019 responses to COVID-19 in Jails & Prisons. Prison Policy Initiative. 2020."},{"key":"125_CR24","volume-title":"While jails drastically cut populations, state prisons have released almost no one","author":"E Widra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Widra E, Wagner P. While jails drastically cut populations, state prisons have released almost no one. Prison Policy Initiative.2020."},{"key":"125_CR25","volume-title":"COVID-19 Virtual Press Conference","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. COVID-19 Virtual Press Conference. 2020."}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-020-00125-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-020-00125-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-020-00125-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T03:09:13Z","timestamp":1607656153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/healthandjusticejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40352-020-00125-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-020-00125-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.08.25.20181842","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This paper uses publicly available data only.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24"}}