{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:14:51Z","timestamp":1784805291990,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005217","name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU17CE924990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU17CE924990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005217","name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU17CE924990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU17CE924990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA013911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA013911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM125507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM125507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Misinformation about overdose risk from accidentally inhaling or touching fentanyl is widespread among police in the United States. This may aggravate already elevated burdens of officer stress and burnout, while chilling lifesaving overdose response. Police education has shown promise in reducing false beliefs about fentanyl. To better understand the potential of training interventions in correcting officer knowledge, we administered a 10-min online training with corrective messaging about occupational overdose risk from fentanyl contact to 204 police officers in Indiana. Overall, 129 officers (63%) completed baseline survey and 69 (34%) completed follow-up instrument. Using a 6-point Likert scale, we documented assent with the statement: \u201cFirst responders who encounter fentanyl are at great risk of overdose by touching it or inhaling it.\u201d At baseline, 79.8% expressed agreement, while 20.2% disagreed. At follow-up, 39.1% agreed, while 60.9% disagreed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Baseline responses varied in that those officers without a college degree and those on patrol were more likely to report false beliefs. A brief online training intervention holds promise for correcting false beliefs about the risk of fentanyl overdose under circumstances commonly encountered by police.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-021-00163-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T16:03:59Z","timestamp":1637769839000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Can touch this: training to correct police officer beliefs about overdose from incidental contact with fentanyl"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6481-2196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"del Pozo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Sightes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunyou","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Goulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo A.","family":"Beletsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"163_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103303","volume":"95","author":"PR Attaway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Attaway, P. R., Smiley-McDonald, H. M., Davidson, P. J., & Kral, A. H. (2021). Perceived occupational risk of fentanyl exposure among law enforcement. International Journal of Drug Policy, 95, 103303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103303.","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"163_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102951","volume":"86","author":"L Beletsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beletsky, L., Seymour, S., Kang, S., Siegel, Z., Sinha, M. S., Marino, R., \u2026 Freifeld, C. (2020). Fentanyl panic goes viral: The spread of misinformation about overdose risk from casual contact with fentanyl in mainstream and social media. International Journal of Drug Policy, 86, 102951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102951.","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"163_CR3","series-title":"Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","volume-title":"Illicit drugs, Including Fentanyl: Preventing Occupational Exposure to Emergency Responders","author":"CDC","year":"2019","unstructured":"CDC. (2019). Illicit drugs, Including Fentanyl: Preventing Occupational Exposure to Emergency Responders. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 31, 2021 from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/video\/2019-126\/default.html"},{"key":"163_CR4","volume-title":"DEA Warning To Police And Public: Fentanyl Exposure Kills","author":"DEA","year":"2016","unstructured":"DEA. (2016). DEA Warning To Police And Public: Fentanyl Exposure Kills https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/press-releases\/2016\/06\/10\/dea-warning-police-and-public-fentanyl-exposure-kills"},{"issue":"4","key":"163_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2021.1891339","volume":"21","author":"B del Pozo","year":"2021","unstructured":"del Pozo, B., Goulka, J., Beletsky, L., & Kleinig, J. (2021). Beyond decriminalization: Ending the war on drugs requires recasting police discretion through the Lens of a public health ethic. The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(4), 41\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15265161.2021.1891339.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Bioethics"},{"key":"163_CR6","series-title":"The Washington Post","volume-title":"Enforcing vaccine mandates is a new job for bouncers, not police","author":"B del Pozo","year":"2021","unstructured":"del Pozo, B., & Wood, J. D. (2021). Enforcing vaccine mandates is a new job for bouncers, not police. The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/vaccine-mandates-police-private-security\/2021\/08\/13\/4640d678-fb91-11eb-8a67-f14cd1d28e47_story.html"},{"key":"163_CR7","series-title":"The San Diego Union-Tribune","volume-title":"Doctors, sheriff\u2019s officials meet in wake of fentanyl video controversy","author":"T Figueroa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Figueroa, T., & Kucher, K. (2021). Doctors, sheriff\u2019s officials meet in wake of fentanyl video controversy. The San Diego Union-Tribune. https:\/\/www.sandiegouniontribune.com\/news\/public-safety\/story\/2021-08-13\/doctors-sheriffs-officials-meet-in-wake-of-fentanyl-video-controversy"},{"issue":"2","key":"163_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-020-00762-y","volume":"16","author":"PA Herman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herman, P. A., Brenner, D. S., Dandorf, S., Kemp, S., Kroll, B., Trebach, J., \u2026 Stolbach, A. I. (2020). Media reports of unintentional opioid exposure of public safety first responders in North America. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 16(2), 112\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13181-020-00762-y.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Toxicology"},{"key":"163_CR9","volume-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for windows (version 27.0) IBM Corp","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2020","unstructured":"IBM Corp. (2020). IBM SPSS statistics for windows (version 27.0) IBM Corp."},{"issue":"4","key":"163_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1373782","volume":"56","author":"MJ Moss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moss, M. J., Warrick, B. J., Nelson, L. S., McKay, C. A., Dub\u00e9, P.-A., Gosselin, S., \u2026 Stolbach, A. I. (2018). ACMT and AACT position statement: Preventing occupational fentanyl and fentanyl analog exposure to emergency responders. Clinical Toxicology, 56(4), 297\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15563650.2017.1373782.","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology"},{"issue":"5","key":"163_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2017.1394300","volume":"29","author":"J Nix","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nix, J., Pickett, J. T., Baek, H., & Alpert, G. P. (2019). Police research, officer surveys, and response rates. Policing and Society, 29(5), 530\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10439463.2017.1394300.","journal-title":"Policing and Society"},{"key":"163_CR12","series-title":"National Police Foundation","volume-title":"DEA Officer Safety Alert: Fentanyl Can Kill You","author":"NPF","year":"2016","unstructured":"NPF. (2016). DEA Officer Safety Alert: Fentanyl Can Kill You. National Police Foundation. Retrieved September 10 from https:\/\/www.policefoundation.org\/dea-officer-safety-alert-fentanyl-can-kill-you\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"163_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2019.95","volume":"14","author":"E Persaud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Persaud, E., & Jennings, C. R. (2020). Pilot study on risk perceptions and knowledge of fentanyl exposure among New York state first responders. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(4), 437\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2019.95.","journal-title":"Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"},{"key":"163_CR14","series-title":"ABC 10 news san Deigo","volume-title":"\u2018It\u2019s an invisible killer\u2019: San Diego Sheriff\u2019s release body cam of deputy\u2019s exposure to fentanyl","author":"M Saunders","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saunders, M. (2021). \u2018It\u2019s an invisible killer\u2019: San Diego Sheriff\u2019s release body cam of deputy\u2019s exposure to fentanyl. ABC 10 news san Deigo. https:\/\/www.10news.com\/news\/local-news\/its-an-invisible-killer-san-diego-sheriffs-release-body-cam-of-deputys-exposure-to-fentanyl"},{"key":"163_CR15","volume-title":"Safety & Health Integration in the Enforcement of Laws & Drugs Northeastern University School of Law Health in Justice Action Lab","author":"SHIELD","year":"2021","unstructured":"SHIELD. (2021). Safety & Health Integration in the Enforcement of Laws & Drugs Northeastern University School of Law Health in Justice Action Lab. Retrieved May 12 from https:\/\/www.shieldtraining.org\/"},{"key":"163_CR16","series-title":"United States Department of Justice","volume-title":"Roll call video warns about dangers of fentanyl exposure","author":"USDOJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"USDOJ. (2017). Roll call video warns about dangers of fentanyl exposure. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved September 10 from https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/video\/roll-call-video-warns-about-dangers-fentanyl-exposure"},{"issue":"1","key":"163_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00402-2","volume":"17","author":"RP Winograd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winograd, R. P., Phillips, S., Wood, C. A., Green, L., Costerison, B., Goulka, J., & Beletsky, L. (2020). Training to reduce emergency responders\u2019 perceived overdose risk from contact with fentanyl: Early evidence of success. Harm Reduction Journal, 17(1), 58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-020-00402-2.","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-021-00163-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-021-00163-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-021-00163-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T16:04:44Z","timestamp":1637769884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/healthandjusticejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40352-021-00163-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-021-00163-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved exempt by the Wayne State University IRB as a training evaluation with minimal risk (#2020037).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"34"}}