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In addition to a variety of items and scales, respondents were screened for TBI and were asked whether they had received a current diagnosis of PTSD. Data were merged with arrest data that provided measures of past criminal involvement and indicators of post-release recidivism (arrest). Arrests were coded as \u201cgeneral\u201d for any arrest charge and \u201cviolent\u201d for any violent offense charge.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Survival analyses indicate that neither TBI nor PTSD predicts time to general recidivism. PTSD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and age at first arrest (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) are significant predictors for violent recidivism and TBI is non-significant at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.09. Results from the negative binomial models indicate that TBI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and PTSD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) are significantly associated with more post-release violent arrests, but not general arrests.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>TBI and PTSD were found to predict violent offending but not general criminal behavior. These findings demonstrate the need for prison officials to identify individuals with a history of TBI and PTSD and to develop appropriate interventions that could be provided during incarceration to reduce the post-release likelihood of violence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-022-00169-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T10:14:59Z","timestamp":1645092899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Association of Traumatic Brain Injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and criminal recidivism"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9870-8258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela K.","family":"Lattimore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela L.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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