{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:58:37Z","timestamp":1778630317831,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["890-2011-0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["890-2011-0027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>People who experience incarceration have poorer health than the general population. Yet, we know little about the health and health service utilization of people during the critical period prior to their incarceration, relative to during incarceration and post-release. In this study, we conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 39,498 adults in Ontario, Canada between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2011 using linked administrative health and correctional data to describe mental illness, substance use, injury, sexually transmitted infections and health service utilization of men and women in federal prisons in the 3\u00a0years prior to their incarceration, compared to a matched group.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found that, in the 3-year period prior to their incarceration, men (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096,134) and women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009449) experiencing their first federal sentence had poorer health across all indicators examined (e.g., psychosis, drug\/alcohol use, and self-harm) and higher outpatient psychiatric and emergency department visits, compared with the matched group. Women in the pre-incarceration group exhibited a higher prevalence of self-harm and substance use, relative to women in the matched comparison group and higher relative prevalence to that of men in the pre-incarceration group, compared to their matched counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Disparities in health and health service utilization are gendered and exist prior to incarceration. The gendered nature of these findings, specifically the significantly higher prevalence of poor health among women across several indicators, necessitates a focus on the social and systemic factors that contribute to these disparities. Gender-responsive and trauma-informed primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies, alongside transformative approaches to justice should be considered in addressing the health needs of men and women who experience incarceration.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-023-00218-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T05:50:27Z","timestamp":1680501027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sex differences in pre-incarceration mental illness, substance use, injury and sexually transmitted infections and health service utilization: a longitudinal linkage study of people serving federal sentences in Ontario"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tenzin","family":"Butsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"McLuhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Keown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinwah","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora I.","family":"Matheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"218_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-018-0334-0","volume":"16","author":"RM Baumann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baumann, R. M., Hamilton-Wright, S., Riley, D. L., Brown, K., Hunt, C., Michalak, A., & Matheson, F. I. (2019). Experiences of violence and head injury among women and transgender women sex workers. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16(3), 278\u2013288.","journal-title":"Sexuality Research and Social Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"218_CR2","first-page":"147","volume":"49","author":"KD Bertakis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bertakis, K. D., Azari, R., Helms, L. J., Callahan, E. J., & Robbins, J. A. (2000). Gender differences in the utilization of health care services. Journal of Family Practice, 49(2), 147\u2013147.","journal-title":"Journal of Family Practice"},{"key":"218_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Binswanger, I. A., Krueger, P. M., & Steiner, J. F. (2009). Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population. Journal of epidemiology and community health (1979), 63(11), 912\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2009.090662","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.090662"},{"issue":"3","key":"218_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2018.304855","volume":"109","author":"C Bodkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bodkin, C., Pivnick, L., Bondy, S. J., Ziegler, C., Martin, R. E., Jernigan, C., & Kouyoumdjian, F. (2019). History of Childhood Abuse in Populations Incarcerated in Canada: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 109(3), e1\u2013e11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2018.304855","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"218_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boppre, B. (2019). Improving Correctional Strategies for Women at the Margins: Recommendations for an Intersectionally-Responsive Approach. Corrections: policy, practice and research.,4;(3), 195\u2013221.","DOI":"10.1080\/23774657.2019.1588807"},{"key":"218_CR6","first-page":"45","volume":"33","author":"D Bylington","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bylington, D. (1997). Applying relational theory to addiction treatment. Gender and Addictions: Men and Women in Treatment, 33, 45.","journal-title":"Gender and Addictions: Men and Women in Treatment"},{"key":"218_CR7","unstructured":"Canada Health Act, Revised Statutes of Canada (1985, c. C-6). Retrieved from the Justice Laws website: https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/c-6\/page-1.html"},{"key":"218_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capon, A., McGowan, L., & Bowman, J. (2020). Prisoners\u2019 experience and perceptions of health care in Australian prisons: a qualitative study. International journal of prisoner health, 16(3), 249\u2013262. https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mcb\/ijph\/2020\/00000016\/00000003\/art00003;jsessionid=10mkelmp6n70x.x-ic-live-01.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-11-2019-0062"},{"key":"218_CR9","unstructured":"Cardoso, T. (2020). Bias behind bars: A Globe investigation finds a prison system stacked against Black and Indigenous inmates. The Globe and Mail. https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/canada\/article-investigation-racial-bias-in-canadian-prison-risk-assessments\/"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"218_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/15588740801938035","volume":"7","author":"RA Cnaan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cnaan, R. A., Draine, J., Frazier, B., & Sinha, J. W. (2008). Ex-Prisoners\u2019 Re-Entry: An Emerging Frontier and a Social Work Challenge. Journal of Policy Practice, 7(2\u20133), 178\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15588740801938035","journal-title":"Journal of Policy Practice"},{"key":"218_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Conklin, T. J., Lincoln, T., & Tuthill, R. W. (2000). Self-reported health and prior health behaviors of newly admitted correctional inmates. American journal of public health (1971), 90(12), 1939\u20131941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.90.12.1939","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.12.1939"},{"issue":"10","key":"218_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00390-1","volume":"50","author":"WH Courtenay","year":"2000","unstructured":"Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men\u2019s well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine, 50(10), 1385\u20131401.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"218_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1300\/J015v29n03_02","volume":"29","author":"SS Covington","year":"2007","unstructured":"Covington, S. S., & Bloom, B. E. (2007). Gender Responsive Treatment and Services in Correctional Settings. Women & Therapy, 29(3\u20134), 9\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J015v29n03_02","journal-title":"Women & Therapy"},{"key":"218_CR14","unstructured":"Covington, S. S. (2007). The relational theory of women's psychological development: Implications for the criminal justice system. In Zaplin, R. (Ed.), Female offenders: Critical perspectives and effective interventions (pp. 113-131). Jones and Bartlett Publishers."},{"key":"218_CR15","unstructured":"Daggett, D. M. (2014). Pathways to prison and subsequent effects on misconduct and recidivism: Gendered reality? [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. Digital Repository at the University of Maryland. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1903\/15130"},{"issue":"1","key":"218_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2007.00474.x","volume":"29","author":"N De Viggiani","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Viggiani, N. (2007). Unhealthy prisons: Exploring structural determinants of prison health. Sociology of Health & Illness, 29(1), 115\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2007.00474.x","journal-title":"Sociology of Health & Illness"},{"issue":"9769","key":"218_CR17","first-page":"956","volume":"377","author":"SD Fazel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fazel, S. D., & Baillargeon, J. P. (2011). The Health of Prisoners. the Lancet (british Edition), 377(9769), 956\u2013965.","journal-title":"The Health of Prisoners. the Lancet (british Edition)"},{"issue":"1","key":"218_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2194-7899-2-6","volume":"2","author":"JW Frank","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frank, J. W., Wang, E. A., Nunez-Smith, M., Lee, H., & Comfort, M. (2014). Discrimination based on criminal record and healthcare utilization among men recently released from prison: A descriptive study. Health & Justice, 2(1), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Health & Justice"},{"key":"218_CR19","unstructured":"Galdas, P. M. (2009). Men, masculinity and help-seeking behaviour. In Broom, A. & Tovey, P. (Eds.), Men\u2019s health: body, identity and social context (pp. 63\u201382). Wiley."},{"key":"218_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674037618","volume-title":"In a different voice: Psychological theory and women\u2019s development","author":"C Gilligan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women\u2019s development. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"218_CR21","unstructured":"Government of Australia. (2020). The health and welfare of women in Australia\u2019s prisons. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/getmedia\/32d3a8dc-eb84-4a3b-90dc-79a1aba0efc6\/aihw-phe-281.pdf.aspx?inline=true"},{"key":"218_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00136408","volume":"32","author":"A Hackshaw","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hackshaw, A. (2008). Small studies: strengths and limitations. Eur Respiratory Soc., 32, 1141\u20131143.","journal-title":"Eur Respiratory Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"218_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405900807","volume":"59","author":"M Horn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Horn, M., Potvin, S., Allaire, J.-F., C\u00f4t\u00e9, G., Gobbi, G., Benkirane, K., Vachon, J., & Dumais, A. (2014). Male Inmate Profiles and Their Biological Correlates. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(8), 441\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674371405900807","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"218_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu, C., Jurgutis, J., Edwards, D., O'Shea, T., Regenstreif, L., Bodkin, C., Amster, E., & Kouyoumdjian, F. G. (2020). \"When you first walk out the gates\u2026where do [you] go?\": Barriers and opportunities to achieving continuity of health care at the time of release from a provincial jail in Ontario. PLoS One, 15(4), e0231211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231211","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231211"},{"issue":"8","key":"218_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2011.631542","volume":"27","author":"M Jeffries","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeffries, M., & Grogan, S. (2012). \u2018Oh, I\u2019m just, you know, a little bit weak because I\u2019m going to the doctor\u2019s\u2019: Young men\u2019s talk of self-referral to primary healthcare services. Psychology & Health, 27(8), 898\u2013915.","journal-title":"Psychology & Health"},{"key":"218_CR26","unstructured":"Jordan, J. V., Kaplan, A. G., Stiver, I. P., Surrey, J. L., & Miller, J. B. (1991). Women's growth in connection: Writings from the Stone Center. Guilford Press."},{"key":"218_CR27","unstructured":"Kajstura, A. (2019, October 29). Women\u2019s Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2019. Prison Policy Initiative. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2019women.html."},{"issue":"8","key":"218_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201592","volume":"13","author":"FG Kouyoumdjian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kouyoumdjian, F. G., Cheng, S. Y., Fung, K., Orkin, A. M., McIsaac, K. E., Kendall, C., Kiefer, L., Matheson, F. I., Green, S. E., & Hwang, S. W. (2018). The health care utilization of people in prison and after prison release: A population-based cohort study in Ontario. Canada. Plos One, 13(8), e0201592.","journal-title":"Canada. Plos One"},{"key":"218_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kouyoumdjian, F. G., Schuler, A., Hwang, S. W., & Matheson, F. I. (2015). Research on the health of people who experience detention or incarceration in Canada: a scoping review. BMC Public Health, 15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1758-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1758-6"},{"key":"218_CR30","unstructured":"Kouyoumdjian, F., Schuler, A., Matheson, F. I., & Hwang, S. W. (2016). Health status of prisoners in Canada: Narrative review. Canadian family physician, 62(3), 215\u2013222."},{"issue":"4","key":"218_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2010.512229","volume":"20","author":"ME Leigey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leigey, M. E., & Reed, K. L. (2010). A woman\u2019s life before serving life: Examining the negative pre-incarceration life events of female life-sentenced inmates. Women & Criminal Justice, 20(4), 302\u2013322.","journal-title":"Women & Criminal Justice"},{"key":"218_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.04.055","volume":"185","author":"SL Linton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Linton, S. L., Haley, D. F., Hunter-Jones, J., Ross, Z., & Cooper, H. L. F. (2017). Social causation and neighborhood selection underlie associations of neighborhood factors with illicit drug-using social networks and illicit drug use among adults relocated from public housing. Social Science and Medicine, 185, 81\u201390.","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"218_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Massoglia, M., & Remster, B. (2019). Linkages Between Incarceration and Health. Public health reports (1974), 134(1_suppl), 8S-14S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354919826563","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919826563"},{"key":"218_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McIsaac, K. E., Farrell MacDonald, S., Chong, N., Moser, A., Moineddin, R., Colantonio, A., Nathens, A., & Matheson, F. I. (2016). Creating a Powerful Platform to Explore Health in a Correctional Population: A Record Linkage Study. PloS one, 11(8), e0161173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0161173.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161173"},{"key":"218_CR35","unstructured":"Miller, J. B. (1976). Toward a new psychology of women. Beacon Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"218_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-021-00140-y","volume":"9","author":"K Moore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moore, K., Siebert, S., Brown, G., Felton, J., & Johnson, J. (2021). Stressful life events among incarcerated women and men: Association with depression, loneliness, hopelessness, and suicidality. Health and Justice, 9(1), 22.","journal-title":"Health and Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"218_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02290.x","volume":"64","author":"RM Pinkhasov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pinkhasov, R. M., Wong, J., Kashanian, J., Lee, M., Samadi, D. B., Pinkhasov, M. M., & Shabsigh, R. (2010). Are men shortchanged on health? Perspective on health care utilization and health risk behavior in men and women in the United States. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 64(4), 475\u2013487.","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"218_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2021.306170","volume":"111","author":"J Pont","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pont, J., Enggist, S., St\u00f6ver, H., Baggio, S., G\u00e9taz, L., & Wolff, H. (2021). COVID-19\u2014The Case for Rethinking Health and Human Rights in Prisons. American Journal of Public Health, 111(6), 1081\u20131085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2021.306170","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"218_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345815588663","volume":"21","author":"M Ramaswamy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramaswamy, M., Diaz, F., Pankey, T., Hunt, S. L., Park, A., & Kelly, P. J. (2015). Correlates of Preincarceration Health Care Use Among Women and Men in Jail [Article]. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 21(3), 286\u2013297.","journal-title":"Journal of Correctional Health Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"218_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.87","volume":"13","author":"V Regitz-Zagrosek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (2012). Sex and gender differences in health. EMBO Reports, 13(7), 596\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/embor.2012.87","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"key":"218_CR41","unstructured":"Sapers, H. (2015). Annual Report of the Office of the Correctional Investigator 2014\u20132015. https:\/\/www.oci-bec.gc.ca\/cnt\/rpt\/annrpt\/annrpt20142015-eng.aspx#s10"},{"key":"218_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sariaslan, A., Langstrom, N., D'Onofrio, B., Hallqvist, J., Franck, J., & Lichtenstein, P. (2013). The impact of neighbourhood deprivation on adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse: a longitudinal, quasi-experimental study of the total Swedish population. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(4), 1057\u20131066. http:\/\/ovidsp.ovid.com\/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=medc&AN=24062294","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt066"},{"issue":"3","key":"218_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.182410","volume":"61","author":"MS Setia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Setia, M. S. (2016). Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61(3), 261.","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"218_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/00050060210001706876","volume":"37","author":"L Sorbello","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sorbello, L., Eccleston, L., Ward, T., & Jones, R. (2002). Treatment needs of female offenders: A review. Australian Psychologist, 37(3), 198\u2013205.","journal-title":"Australian Psychologist"},{"key":"218_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.22.1.459","volume":"22","author":"D Steffensmeier","year":"1996","unstructured":"Steffensmeier, D., & Allan, E. (1996). Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered Theory of Female Offending. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 459.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"218_CR46","unstructured":"Syal, R. (2021). Self-harm among women and children in UK prisons rises to record levels. The Guardian."},{"issue":"4","key":"218_CR47","first-page":"222","volume":"46","author":"J Ties Boerma","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ties Boerma, J., & Sommerfelt, A. E. (1993). Demographic and health surveys (DHS: contributions and limitations. World health statistics quarterly, 46;(4), 222\u2013226.","journal-title":"World health statistics quarterly"},{"key":"218_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Ingen, T., & Matheson, F. I. (2022). The 2011 and 2016 iterations of the Ontario Marginalization Index: updates, consistency and a cross-sectional study of health outcome associations. Canadian journal of public health, 113(2), 260\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17269\/s41997-021-00552-1","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-021-00552-1"},{"key":"218_CR49","volume-title":"World female imprisonment list","author":"R Walmsley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Walmsley, R. (2006). World female imprisonment list. International centre for prison Studies."},{"key":"218_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilper, A. P., Woolhandler, S., Boyd, J. W., Lasser, K. E., McCormick, D., Bor, D. H., & Himmelstein, D. U. (2009). The Health and Health Care of US Prisoners: Results of a Nationwide Survey. American journal of public health (1971), 99(4), 666\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144279","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144279"},{"issue":"5","key":"218_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9051908","volume":"9","author":"N Wolff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wolff, N., & Shi, J. (2012). Childhood and Adult Trauma Experiences of Incarcerated Persons and Their Relationship to Adult Behavioral Health Problems and Treatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(5), 1908\u20131926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph9051908","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"218_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-014-9871-x","volume":"91","author":"N Wolff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wolff, N., Huening, J., Shi, J., & Frueh, B. C. (2014). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among incarcerated men. Journal of Urban Health, 91(4), 707\u2013719.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"key":"218_CR53","volume-title":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10th ed.). https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en#\/.","edition":"10"}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-023-00218-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-023-00218-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-023-00218-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T05:58:21Z","timestamp":1680501501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/healthandjusticejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40352-023-00218-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-023-00218-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This project was been approved by the Institutional Review Board at ICES and the Research Ethics Board [REB # 12\u2013012] at St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Participants included in this study provided informed consent to participate. Under the Privacy Act, paragraph 8(2)(j), the CSC is permitted to compile personal health data for statistical use as long as the presentation of the information guarantees confidentiality and the information is used in a manner consistent with the purpose for which the data were collected.ICES is a prescribed entity under Ontario\u2019s Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA). Section\u00a045 of PHIPA authorizes ICES to collect personal health information, without consent, for the purpose of analysis or compiling statistical information with respect to the management of, evaluation or monitoring of, the allocation of resources to or planning for all or part of the health system. Projects that use data collected by ICES under Sect.\u00a045 of PHIPA, and use no other data, are exempt from REB review.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Leslie A. Keown is an employee of Correctional Service Canada. There are no other competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}