{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:46:54Z","timestamp":1787921214562,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A growing body of research has called attention to limitations to reproductive autonomy in both women who are socially disadvantaged and in those who have had contact with the criminal legal (CL) system. However, it is unclear whether CL system contact influences contraceptive use patterns and how these processes unfold. We utilize a mixed-methods approach to investigate whether history of arrest is associated with receipt of contraceptive counseling, use of long-term contraception, sterilization, and subsequent desire for reversal of sterilization. We further consider how agents in and around the CL system may influence women\u2019s reproductive decisions and outcomes (856 survey respondents; 10 interviewees).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We observe that women who have been arrested more commonly report receipt of contraceptive counseling and sterilization. They are also significantly more likely to want their sterilization reversed. Our in-depth interviews suggest that women with CL contact experience considerable shame, and in some cases, coercion to limit fertility from various agents in and outside the criminal legal system including medical providers, Parole\/Probation Officers (POs), guards, and family members.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings suggest the need for ongoing attention to how exposure to this system may promote uneven use of certain forms of contraception and dissatisfaction, i.e., desire for reversal of sterilization, among these women. Findings further suggest that de-emphasizing the CL system as a means through which to address reproductive needs should be considered.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-024-00259-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T10:02:49Z","timestamp":1708077769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Judgment, shame, and coercion: the criminal legal system and reproductive autonomy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5147-2812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginny","family":"Garcia-Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"259_CR1","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). (2018). Guide to Improving Patient Safety in Primary Care Settings by Engaging Patients and Families. https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/patient-safety\/reports\/engage\/beprepared.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"259_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.15845\/jper.v3i1.982","volume":"3","author":"B Aiello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aiello, B., & McQueeney, K. (2016). How can you live without your kids?\u201d: Distancing from and embracing the stigma of \u201cincarcerated mother. Journal of Prison Education & Reentry,3(1), 32\u201349.","journal-title":"Journal of Prison Education & Reentry"},{"key":"259_CR3","unstructured":"American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (2017). Norplant: A new contraceptive with the potential for abuse. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/other\/norplant-new-contraceptive-potential-abuse."},{"key":"259_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. (2021). Reproductive Health Care for Incarcerated Pregnant, Postpartum, and Nonpregnant Individuals: ACOG Committee Opinion, Number 830. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 138(1), e24-e34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004429","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004429"},{"key":"259_CR5","unstructured":"American College of Physicians (ACP). (2023). Caring with Compassion. https:\/\/caringwithcompassion.org\/"},{"key":"259_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Becker, D., & Tsui, A. O. (2008). Reproductive Health Service Preferences And Perceptions of Quality Among Low-Income Women: Racial, Ethnic and Language Group Differences. Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health, 40(4), 202-211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1363\/4020208","DOI":"10.1363\/4020208"},{"key":"259_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1108\/S0275-4959(2009)0000027008","volume-title":"Social Sources of Disparities in Health and Health Care and Linkages to Policy, Population Concerns and Providers of Care","author":"AM Bertotti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bertotti, A. M. (2009). Racial and socioeconomic disparities in use of long-lasting contraception. In J. J. Kronenfeld (Ed.), Social Sources of Disparities in Health and Health Care and Linkages to Policy, Population Concerns and Providers of Care (pp. 109\u2013134). Emerald Group Publishing Limited."},{"issue":"1","key":"259_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9614-1","volume":"89","author":"IA Binswanger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Binswanger, I. A., Redmond, N., Steiner, J. F., & Hicks, L. S. (2011). Health Disparities and the Criminal Justice System: An agenda for further research and action. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine,89(1), 98\u2013107.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"key":"259_CR9","unstructured":"Burke, S. (2015). Nashville prosecutors require sterilizations as part of plea deals. Boston Globe. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/news\/nation\/2015\/03\/28\/attorneys-say-sterilizations-were-part-plea-deal-talks\/oArBniU59sFIcImHpfqFUN\/story.html"},{"key":"259_CR10","unstructured":"Cowan, Beryl Ann. (2019). Incarcerated women: Poverty, trauma and unmet need. The SES Indicator, American Psychological Association, https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/ses\/resources\/indicator\/2019\/04\/incarcerated-women"},{"issue":"10","key":"259_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.092585","volume":"97","author":"RA Downing","year":"2007","unstructured":"Downing, R. A., LaVeist, T. A., & Bullock, H. E. (2007). Intersections of ethnicity and social class in provider advice regarding reproductive health. American Journal of Public Health,97(10), 1803\u20131807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2006.092585","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"259_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/0891241602238937","volume":"32","author":"KJ Ferraro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ferraro, K. J., & Moe, A. M. (2003). Mothering, crime, and incarceration. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,32(1), 9\u201340.","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Ethnography"},{"key":"259_CR13","volume-title":"Our Bodies, Our Crimes: The Policing of Women\u2019s Reproduction in America","author":"J Flavin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flavin, J. (2008). Our Bodies, Our Crimes: The Policing of Women\u2019s Reproduction in America. NYU Press."},{"key":"259_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021420","volume":"37","author":"N Freudenberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freudenberg, N., & Heller, D. (2016). A review of opportunities to improve the health of people involved in the criminal justice system in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health,37, 313\u2013333.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"259_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.7157","volume":"28","author":"G Garcia-Alexander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcia-Alexander, G., Gonzales, K. L., Ferguson, L. E., & Hauck, E. (2019). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Desire for Reversal of Sterilization Among US Women. Journal of Women\u2019s Health,28(6), 812\u2013819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2018.7157","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"259_CR16","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice","author":"R Gartner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gartner, R. (2011). Sex, Gender, and Crime. In Michael Tonry (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"259_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X04270552","volume":"49","author":"B Geiger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geiger, B., & Fischer, M. (2005). Naming oneself criminal: Gender differences in offenders\u2019 identity negotiation. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology,49(2), 194\u2013209.","journal-title":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"},{"issue":"11","key":"259_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2016.303393","volume":"106","author":"JA Higgins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Higgins, J. A., Kramer, R. D., & Ryder, K. M. (2016). Provider bias in long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) promotion and removal: Perceptions of young adult women. American Journal of Public Health,106(11), 1932\u20131937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2016.303393","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"259_CR19","unstructured":"Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). (2023). Ask Me 3: Good Questions for Your Good Health. https:\/\/www.ihi.org\/resources\/tools\/ask-me-3-good-questions-your-good-health"},{"key":"259_CR20","volume-title":"Fit to Be Tied Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950\u20131980","author":"RM Kluchin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kluchin, R. M. (2009). Fit to Be Tied Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950\u20131980. Rutgers University Press."},{"issue":"9","key":"259_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00377-9","volume":"50","author":"J Malat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Malat, J. (2000). Racial differences in Norplant use in the United States. Social Science & Medicine,50(9), 1297\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00377-9","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"259_CR22","unstructured":"McGreevy P., & Willon P. (2013). Female inmate surgery broke law. Los Angeles Times. 2013. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2013-jul-13-la-me-prison-sterilization-20130714story.html#:~:text=Dozens%20of%20women%20in%20California,are%20calling%20for%20an%20investigation"},{"key":"259_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2021.08.005","volume":"104","author":"Y Pan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Beal, L., Espino, K., & Sufrin, C. (2021). Female permanent contraception policies and occurrence at a sample of U.S. prisons and jails. Contraception,104, 618\u2013622.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"259_CR24","unstructured":"Perry, D.M. (2017). Our long, troubling history of sterilizing the incarcerated. The Marshall Project. https:\/\/www.themarshallproject.org\/2017\/07\/26\/our-long-troubling-history-of-sterilizing-the-incarcerated#.OTZpBRFXq."},{"key":"259_CR25","unstructured":"Project Prevention. (2018). http:\/\/www.projectprevention.org\/."},{"issue":"6","key":"259_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2010.06.007","volume":"20","author":"SL Pruitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pruitt, S. L., von Sternberg, K., Velasquez, M. M., & Mullen, P. D. (2010). Condom use among sterilized and nonsterilized women in county jail and residential treatment centers. Women\u2019s Health Issues,20(6), 386\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2010.06.007","journal-title":"Women's Health Issues"},{"key":"259_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-773","volume":"14","author":"M Ramaswamy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramaswamy, M., & Kelly, P. (2014). Factors associated with sterilization use among women leaving a U.S. jail: A mixed methods study. BMC Public Health,14, 773\u2013779.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"259_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rich, J. D., Chandler, R., Williams, B. A., Dumont, D., Wang, E. A., Taxman, F. S., . . . Western, B. (2014). How health care reform can transform the health of criminal justice-involved individuals. Health Affairs, 33(3), 462\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.1133","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.1133"},{"key":"259_CR29","first-page":"769","volume-title":"Handbook of Qualitative Research","author":"GW Ryan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2000). Data management and analysis methods. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (pp. 769\u2013802). Sage."},{"key":"259_CR30","volume-title":"Choice & Coercion: Birth Control, Sterilization, and Abortion in Public Health and Welfare","author":"J Schoen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schoen, J. (2005). Choice & Coercion: Birth Control, Sterilization, and Abortion in Public Health and Welfare. University of North Carolina Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"259_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0611-1","volume":"54","author":"SKS Shannon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shannon, S. K. S., Uggen, C., Schnittker, J., Thompson, M., Wakefield, S., & Massoglia, M. (2017). The growth, scope, and spatial distribution of people with felony records in the United States, 1948\u20132010. Demography,54(5), 1795\u20131818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13524-017-0611-1","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"259_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2014.10.010","volume":"50","author":"KM Shreffler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shreffler, K. M., McQuillan, J., Greil, A. L., & Johnson, D. R. (2015). Surgical sterilization, regret, and race: Contemporary patterns. Social Science Research,50, 31\u201345.","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"key":"259_CR33","volume-title":"Pregnancy and Power: A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America","author":"R Solinger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Solinger, R. (2005). Pregnancy and Power: A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America. NYU Press."},{"key":"259_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-081715-074226","volume":"42","author":"K Spencer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spencer, K., & Grace, M. (2016). Social foundations of health care inequality and treatment bias. Annual Review of Sociology,42, 101\u2013120.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"5","key":"259_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/0735648X.2018.1516155","volume":"41","author":"E Spinney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spinney, E., Cohen, M., Feyerherm, W., Stephenson, R., Yeide, M., & Shreve, T. (2018). Disproportionate minority contact in the US juvenile justice system: A review of the DMC literature\u00a02001\u20132014, Part I. Journal of Crime and Justice.,41(5), 573\u2013595.","journal-title":"Journal of Crime and Justice."},{"key":"259_CR36","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 17","author":"StataCorp.","year":"2021","unstructured":"StataCorp. (2021). Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. StataCorp LLC."},{"issue":"4","key":"259_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1363\/47e5915","volume":"47","author":"C Sufrin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sufrin, C., Kolbi-Molinas, A., & Roth, R. (2015). Reproductive justice, health disparities and incarcerated women in the United States. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health.,47(4), 203\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1363\/47e5915","journal-title":"Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health."},{"key":"259_CR38","unstructured":"The Sentencing Project. (2021). Fact Sheet: Trends in U.S. Corrections. https:\/\/www.sentencingproject.org\/publications\/trends-in-u-s-corrections\/"},{"key":"259_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780367365127","volume-title":"Motherhood After Incarceration: Community Reintegration for Mothers in the Criminal Legal System","author":"M Thompson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thompson, M., & Newell, S. (2021). Motherhood After Incarceration: Community Reintegration for Mothers in the Criminal Legal System. Routledge."},{"key":"259_CR40","unstructured":"Uniform Crime Reporting program (UCR). (2022). 2019 Crime in the United States, Table 42. https:\/\/ucr.fbi.gov\/crime-in-the-u.s\/2019\/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019\/topic-pages\/persons-arrested"},{"issue":"1","key":"259_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716206286898","volume":"605","author":"C Uggen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Uggen, C., Manza, J., & Thompson, M. (2006). Citizenship, Democracy, and the Civic Reintegration of Criminal Offenders. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,605(1), 281\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002716206286898","journal-title":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"259_CR42","volume-title":"Punishment and Inequality in America","author":"B Western","year":"2006","unstructured":"Western, B. (2006). Punishment and Inequality in America. Russell Sage."},{"issue":"2","key":"259_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109919882320","volume":"35","author":"DJ Winters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winters, D. J., & McLaughlin, A. R. (2019). Soft Sterilization: Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives in the Carceral State. Affilia,35(2), 218\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886109919882320","journal-title":"Affilia"},{"issue":"4","key":"259_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2011.0144","volume":"22","author":"LM Yee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yee, L. M., & Simon, M. A. (2011). Perceptions of coercion, discrimination, and other negative experiences in postpartum contraceptive counseling for low-income minority women. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved,22(4), 1387\u20132140.","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved"},{"key":"259_CR45","unstructured":"YWCA of Greater Portland. (2024). Family Preservation Project (FPP). https:\/\/www.ywcapdx.org\/family-preservation-project"}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-024-00259-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-024-00259-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-024-00259-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T10:06:41Z","timestamp":1708078001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/healthandjusticejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40352-024-00259-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-024-00259-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Survey research was based on secondary data that was collected with approval from two institutional review boards. It is considered exempt by the UTSA Institutional Review Board. Interview research was reviewed and approved by one university\u2019s institutional review board and informed consent was obtained from all interviewees.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6"}}