{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T04:11:16Z","timestamp":1778040676366,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Recent studies have demonstrated that parental imprisonment (PI) is associated with cardiometabolic risk later in life. However, underlying risk factors for these associations have not previously been explored. Using a life course framework, the present study explores how early childhood emotional and behavioral dysregulation and PI may be associated with progressive cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence and young adulthood among male and female respondents in an Australian birth cohort.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study follows a subset of 7,223 live, singleton births from 1981 to 1984 in Brisbane, Australia where data was collected on parental imprisonment at ages 5 &amp; 14 and behaviors from the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) at age 5. Our sample examines 1,884 males and 1,758 females whose mothers completed prenatal, age 5, and age 14 interviews and respondents completed one or more interviews at a health clinic at ages 14, 21, and 30. Multivariate regression was used to examine cross-sectional results, while individual growth models examined longitudinal patterns.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Dividing the analysis by sex, we examined how parental imprisonment was potentially mediated or moderated by CBCL subscale measures for aggression, social-attention-thought (SAT) disorders, internalizing, and depression. No associations were found among male respondents. Among female respondents, controlling for these behaviors, there was a significant association between parental imprisonment and higher systolic blood pressure at age 30, while all CBCL measures were found to moderate waist circumference at age 30 and BMI at ages 14, 21, and\/or 30. Using individual growth curve modelling, we observed the increased CBCL aggression and SAT scores were increasingly associated with higher BMI as respondents aged in adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using prospective cohort data, our results suggest that PI and emotional and behavioral dysregulation are associated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference in females, along with potentially increasing levels of cardiometabolic risk, as measured by increased BMI, from age 14 through age 30. The result is suggestive of the importance of examining early emotional\/behavioral problems and PI as joint risk factors for developing cardiometabolic risk factors that may progress into cardiometabolic diseases at later stages in the life course.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-025-00329-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T03:37:10Z","timestamp":1745984230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Parental imprisonment, childhood behavioral problems, and adolescent and young adult cardiometabolic risk: results from a prospective Australian birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8253-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Roettger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4968-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolene","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2157-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Houle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake M.","family":"Najman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara","family":"McGee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"329_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3275\/8943","volume":"36","author":"MC Amato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amato, M. C., Guarnotta, V., & Giordano, C. (2013). 2013\/07\/01). Body composition assessment for the definition of cardiometabolic risk. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 36(7), 537\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3275\/8943","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12117","volume":"14","author":"JA Arditti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arditti, J. A. (2015). Family process perspective on the heterogeneous effects of maternal incarceration on child wellbeing. Criminology & Public Policy, 14(1), 169\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9133.12117","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"key":"329_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin, M. K., White, I. I., & Kim, A. W. (2022). Parental incarceration and child physical health outcomes from infancy to adulthood: A critical review and multilevel model of potential pathways. American Journal of Human Biology, 34(5), e23691.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23691"},{"key":"329_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.104802","volume":"110","author":"A Axelson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Axelson, A., Kelleher, K., Chisolm, D., & Boch, S. (2020). How do I help this kid adjust to what real life is for them? Youth service providers experiences on supporting children with incarcerated parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 104802.","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.2.285","volume":"31","author":"Y Ben-Shlomo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ben-Shlomo, Y., & Kuh, D. (2002). A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(2), 285\u2013293.","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"329_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beresford, S., Loucks, N., & Raikes, B. (2020). The health impact on children affected by parental imprisonment. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 4(1).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2018-000275"},{"key":"329_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002143","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1002143","volume":"13","author":"S Bertele","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bertele, S., Heitland, I., Fraccarollo, D., Stapel, B., Bauersachs, J., Westhoff-Bleck, M., & Kahl, K. G. (2022). Behavioral pathway to a broken heart: The link between adverse childhood experiences, depression, physical exercise and cardiovascular health. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1002143.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"329_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besemer, K. L., & Dennison, S. (2019). Intergenerational social exclusion in prisoners\u2019 families. The Palgrave handbook of prison and the family, 479\u2013501.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12744-2_23"},{"key":"329_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besemer, K. L., Dennison, S. M., Bijleveld, C. C., & Murray, J. (2019). Effects of parental incarceration on children: Lessons from international research. Handbook on Children With Incarcerated Parents: Research Policy and Practice, 65\u201381.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16707-3_6"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800414564011","volume":"17","author":"SJ Boch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boch, S. J., & Ford, J. L. (2014). 2015\/10\/01). C-Reactive protein levels among U.S. Adults exposed to parental incarceration. Biological Research for Nursing, 17(5), 574\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1099800414564011","journal-title":"Biological Research for Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/jfn.0000000000000201","volume":"14","author":"SJ Boch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boch, S. J., & Ford, J. L. (2018). Apr\/Jun). Health outcomes of youth in the united States exposed to parental incarceration: An integrative review. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 14(2), 61\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jfn.0000000000000201","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146520936208","volume":"61","author":"CE Boen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boen, C. E. (2020). 2020\/09\/01). Criminal justice contacts and Psychophysiological functioning in early adulthood: Health inequality in the carceral state. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 61(3), 290\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022146520936208","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-11057546","volume":"60","author":"CE Boen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boen, C. E., Yang, Y. C., Aiello, A. E., Dennis, A. C., Harris, K. M., Kwon, D., & Belsky, D. W. (2023). Patterns and life course determinants of Black\u2013White disparities in biological age acceleration: A decomposition analysis. Demography, 60(6), 1815\u20131841. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10842850\/pdf\/nihms-1951229.pdf","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919854448","volume":"134","author":"AR Branigan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Branigan, A. R., & Wildeman, C. (2019). Parental incarceration and child overweight: Results from a sample of disadvantaged children in the united States. Public Health Reports, 134(4), 363\u2013370. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6598142\/pdf\/10.1177_0033354919854448.pdf","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02738-1","volume":"30","author":"C Carcel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carcel, C., Haupt, S., Arnott, C., Yap, M. L., Henry, A., Hirst, J. E., Woodward, M., & Norton, R. (2024). 2024\/01\/01). A life-course approach to tackling noncommunicable diseases in women. Nature Medicine, 30(1), 51\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-023-02738-1","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"329_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10237-6","volume":"21","author":"J Coleman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coleman, J., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Ning, H., Allen, N. B., Kiefe, C. I., Wang, E. A., & Huffman, M. D. (2021). Association between incarceration and incident cardiovascular disease events: Results from the CARDIA cohort study. BMC Public Health, 21, 1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"329_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm400","volume":"28","author":"D Conen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Conen, D., Ridker, P. M., Mora, S., Buring, J. E., & Glynn, R. J. (2007). Blood pressure and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: The women\u2019s health study. European Heart Journal, 28(23), 2937\u20132943.","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.02.005","volume":"37","author":"PJ Connelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Connelly, P. J., Azizi, Z., Alipour, P., Delles, C., Pilote, L., & Raparelli, V. (2021). The importance of gender to understand sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 37(5), 699\u2013710.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Cardiology"},{"issue":"S1","key":"329_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305397","volume":"110","author":"K Connors","year":"2020","unstructured":"Connors, K., Flores-Torres, M. H., Stern, D., Valdimarsd\u00f3ttir, U., Rider, J. R., Lopez-Ridaura, R., Kirschbaum, C., Cant\u00fa-Brito, C., Catzin-Kuhlmann, A., & Rodriguez, B. L. (2020). Family member incarceration, psychological stress, and subclinical cardiovascular disease in Mexican women (2012\u20132016). American Journal of Public Health, 110(S1), S71\u2013S77.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"329_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darsini, D., Hamidah, H., Notobroto, H. B., & Cahyono, E. A. (2020). Health risks associated with high waist circumference: A systematic review. Journal of Public Health Research, 9(2). jphr.2020.1811","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2020.1811"},{"key":"329_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.001","volume":"311","author":"SK Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das, S. K., McIntyre, H. D., & Al Mamun, A. (2020). Early life predictors of development of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: Evidence from a 30-year longitudinal birth cohort study. Atherosclerosis, 311, 91\u201397.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000888","volume":"38","author":"E Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis, E., Higgins, M. K., Wood, K. A., Cimiotti, J., Gary, R. A., & Dunbar, S. B. (2023). Sex differences in cardiac risk factors in young adults: A secondary analysis and surveillance study. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 38(2), 168.","journal-title":"The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.005","volume":"61","author":"J Del Toro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Del Toro, J., Fine, A., Wang, M. T., Thomas, A., Schneper, L. M., Mitchell, C., Mincy, R. B., McLanahan, S., & Notterman, D. A. (2022). The longitudinal associations between paternal incarceration and family well-being: Implications for Ethnic\/racial disparities in health. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(3), 423\u2013433.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"329_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Del Toro, J., Roettger, M., Jackson, D. B., & Wilson, S. (in press). Family criminal legal system exposure and early adolescents\u2019 pubertal development: The mediating role of family strain. American Journal of Epidemiology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwae457","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae457"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1839-4655.2013.tb00286.x","volume":"48","author":"S Dennison","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dennison, S., Stewart, A., & Freiberg, K. (2013). A prevalence study of children with imprisoned fathers: Annual and lifetime estimates. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 48(3), 339\u2013362.","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Social Issues"},{"issue":"10","key":"329_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019013","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019013","volume":"10","author":"SS Desch\u00eanes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Desch\u00eanes, S. S., Kivimaki, M., & Schmitz, N. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood: Examining potential psychological, biological, and behavioral mediators in the Whitehall II cohort study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(10), e019013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.019013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"key":"329_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237802311982933","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023119829332","volume":"5","author":"P Enns","year":"2019","unstructured":"Enns, P., Yi, Y., Comfort, M., Goldman, A., Lee, H., Muller, C., Wakefield, S., Wang, E., & Wildeman, C. (2019). 2019\/01\/01). What percentage of Americans have ever had a family member incarcerated?? Evidence from the family history of incarceration survey (FamHIS). Socius, 5, 2378023119829332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2378023119829332","journal-title":"Socius"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2007.54.4.399","volume":"54","author":"H Foster","year":"2007","unstructured":"Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2007). Incarceration and intergenerational social exclusion. Social Problems, 54(4), 399\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/sp.2007.54.4.399","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2013.01.008","volume":"42","author":"H Foster","year":"2013","unstructured":"Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2013). 2013\/05\/01\/). Maternal and paternal imprisonment in the stress process. Social Science Research, 42(3), 650\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2013.01.008","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"key":"329_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112437","volume":"41","author":"H Foster","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2015). Punishment regimes and the multilevel effects of parental incarceration: Intergenerational, intersectional, and interinstitutional models of social inequality and systemic exclusion. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 135\u2013158.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"329_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.01.018","volume":"99","author":"H Foster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2017). Maternal imprisonment, economic marginality, and unmet health needs in early adulthood. Preventive Medicine, 99, 43\u201348.","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"329_CR32","unstructured":"Gifford, E. J., Kozecke, L. E., Golonka, M., Hill, S. N., Costello, E. J., Shanahan, L., & Copeland, W. E. (2019). Association of parental incarceration with psychiatric and functional outcomes of young adults. JAMA network open, 2(8), e1910005-e1910005. https:\/\/watermark.silverchair.com\/gifford_2019_oi_190395.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA0AwggM8BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggMtMIIDKQIBADCCAyIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMSR8KagU2zvCmhX8_AgEQgIIC83EksvKpv3SwFSH_G5Uw5Ldf7DEyTh1Ofj94XJO6B0vO05kTPBm24skVSQUAXqYtM2xC0qido9E7w6WXaXmm3GJumPoSD7upes6nPF6xv06UwtTnbiv-psXO5UdCVO6ImFqY2kZlXvkk8Tnw0SjnmC5-QhuQtWgx4rTK7f1Amwkumnz-GScetMtfcTnQvIGmkf2x_SQXE68e8lodtWQox_FkHgf0l961DoOQMMZYlVtR3VOziGudP3NCfrlAIB70PpqXswSU2fc-PEMo_AUyo2NdSHzf8UsW8xd_l3Yahzwinf2skesZzxIaV7ecg4oHxQQ6NvUwB_6lL9A_MH810TkFX-L1mhxuwXomAZgeDCl7nB0jP8WcUymNUgmYvq8CHUYhLpAozhPmpHLl6KRyxvIyYwyhaCpo4PxDxzmVZ3CVYA4UrhZ9wDauEWKgdIGf9diVrT1Rmiv5CBYULY3NufIbsyKex6bKF6tTqNtLB0l60ojCU3ZW6tSWvBJSiJo2AZeFDQAN8bbrksDJMyxH5ud0xq7pW_Wj2f1OqfhH01MkC51AhSBfvYYkCuzVCA4D1SrvXG3W0vSVb2SgaHhZP5XRTMPH5D-Na0TTpS6Ahr5H_6P0h9xNpm9IjLyftnmUrfj4X2wFNbKc5o74gaM_smwc_pDAhiH5ArbnUAol38nG0ANXvzyW3czNouNwx0NVkAFOqSDgRX_8WXvwb4WajBorWLI8zPBOxTqjBPQ3YbasYgLVNkSqjZ3C-GQRKLwGLWgVKDEwSU9p383NBBYnBcJtSGDwVKGyuF9OGComzARdIymtgmQtpOx5S9qv7p5Rd5ttlquqLsqhDCbIex2QilMXbykBXaWblKJVysOuoXLfiyk8sAvDPgn7orjAZ8abnY6HVNlLw1_n5V2OL83oTlMClsPx2y2LCI1y0OBGPkXco4_qys7AeLxhM_5Xh-5ztrst8-MZ-USS5DYexGJWWTF1aXQGr0MsMKe2wEhS9fUlLI1A"},{"key":"329_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano, P. C. (2010). Legacies of crime: A follow-up of the children of highly delinquent girls and boys. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511810046"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12118","volume":"14","author":"PC Giordano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giordano, P. C., & Copp, J. E. (2015). Packages of risk. Criminology & Public Policy, 14(1), 157\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9133.12118","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.6050","volume":"6","author":"LC Godoy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Godoy, L. C., Frankfurter, C., Cooper, M., Lay, C., Maunder, R., & Farkouh, M. E. (2021). Association of adverse childhood experiences with cardiovascular disease later in life: A review. JAMA Cardiology, 6(2), 228\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.6050","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiology"},{"key":"329_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-755","volume":"12","author":"A Gonzalez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gonzalez, A., Boyle, M. H., Georgiades, K., Duncan, L., Atkinson, L. R., & MacMillan, H. L. (2012). Childhood and family influences on body mass index in early adulthood: Findings from the Ontario child health study. BMC Public Health, 12, 1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"329_CR37","unstructured":"Graham, J. W. (2012). Missing data: Analysis and design. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513505217","volume":"29","author":"JK Greeson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greeson, J. K., Briggs, E. C., Layne, C. M., Belcher, H. M., Ostrowski, S. A., Kim, S., Lee, R. C., Vivrette, R. L., Pynoos, R. S., & Fairbank, J. A. (2014). Traumatic childhood experiences in the 21st century: Broadening and Building on the ACE studies with data from the National child traumatic stress network. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(3), 536\u2013556.","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20174314","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4314","volume":"142","author":"N Heard-Garris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heard-Garris, N., Winkelman, T. N. A., Choi, H., Miller, A. K., Kan, K., Shlafer, R., & Davis, M. M. (2018). Health care use and health behaviors among young adults with history of parental incarceration. Pediatrics, 142(3), e20174314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-4314","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"329_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.026","volume":"185","author":"DB Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson, D. B., & Vaughn, M. G. (2017). 2017\/06\/01\/). Parental incarceration and child sleep and eating behaviors. The Journal of Pediatrics, 185, 211\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.026","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"329_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, D. B., Testa, A., Semenza, D. C., & Vaughn, M. G. (2021). Parental Incarceration, Child Adversity, and Child Health: A Strategic Comparison Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3384. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/18\/7\/3384","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073384"},{"issue":"18","key":"329_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11710","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811710","volume":"19","author":"DB Jackson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jackson, D. B., Testa, A., Woodward, K. P., Qureshi, F., Ganson, K. T., & Nagata, J. M. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences and cardiovascular risk among young adults: Findings from the 2019 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11710.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"329_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14003","volume":"65","author":"A J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2024","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvinen, A., Lichtenstein, P., D\u2019Onofrio, B. M., Fazel, S., Kuja-Halkola, R., & Latvala, A. (2024). Health, behavior, and social outcomes among offspring of parents with criminal convictions: A register-based study from Sweden. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 65(12), 1590\u20131600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.14003","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-080921-081447","volume":"19","author":"EI Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson, E. I., & Arditti, J. A. (2023). Risk and resilience among children with incarcerated parents: A review and critical reframing. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 437\u2013460.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2015.05.005","volume":"15","author":"BD Kerker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kerker, B. D., Zhang, J., Nadeem, E., Stein, R. E., Hurlburt, M. S., Heneghan, A., Landsverk, J., & Horwitz, S. M. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health, chronic medical conditions, and development in young children. Academic Pediatrics, 15(5), 510\u2013517.","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"key":"329_CR46","unstructured":"Kincaid, S., Roberts, M., & Kane, E. (2019). Children of prisoners: Fixing a broken system. Crest. Available at: https:\/\/www.crestadvisory.com\/post\/children-of-prisoners-fixing-a-broken-system"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00746-8","volume":"19","author":"M Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kivim\u00e4ki, M., Bartolomucci, A., & Kawachi, I. (2023). The multiple roles of life stress in metabolic disorders. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 19(1), 10\u201327.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"329_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12168","volume":"55","author":"DJ Korczak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Korczak, D. J., Lipman, E., Morrison, K., & Szatmari, P. (2013). Are children and adolescents with psychiatric illness at risk for increased future body weight? A systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55(11), 980\u2013987.","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.09.028","volume":"64","author":"GT Le","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le, G. T., Deardorff, J., Lahiff, M., & Harley, K. G. (2019). Intergenerational associations between parental incarceration and children\u2019s sexual risk taking in young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(3), 398\u2013404.","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1188","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0627","volume":"131","author":"R Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, R., Fang, X., & Luo, F. (2013). The impact of parental incarceration on the physical and mental health of young adults. Pediatrics, 131(4), e1188\u2013e1195.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2013.301504","volume":"104","author":"H Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, H., Wildeman, C., Wang, E. A., Matusko, N., & Jackson, J. S. (2014). A heavy burden: The cardiovascular health consequences of having a family member incarcerated. American Journal of Public Health, 104(3), 421\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2013.301504","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/aehr.12194","volume":"60","author":"A Leigh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leigh, A. (2020a). Estimating Long-Run incarceration rates for Australia, Canada, England and Wales, new Zealand, and the united States. Australian Economic History Review, 60(2), 148\u2013185.","journal-title":"Australian Economic History Review"},{"issue":"313","key":"329_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4932.12536","volume":"96","author":"A Leigh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leigh, A. (2020b). The second convict age: Explaining the return of mass imprisonment in Australia. Economic Record, 96(313), 187\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-4932.12536","journal-title":"Economic Record"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-024-09908-0","volume":"43","author":"Q Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Q., & Colen, C. G. (2024). Racial disparities in the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood obesity. Population Research and Policy Review, 43(4), 62.","journal-title":"Population Research and Policy Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00047.x","volume":"7","author":"S Louise","year":"2012","unstructured":"Louise, S., Warrington, N. M., McCaskie, P., Oddy, W. H., Zubrick, S. R., Hands, B., Mori, T., Briollais, L., Silburn, S., & Palmer, L. (2012a). Associations between aggressive behaviour scores and cardiovascular risk factors in childhood. Pediatric Obesity, 7(4), 319\u2013328.","journal-title":"Pediatric Obesity"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.03.004","volume":"54","author":"S Louise","year":"2012","unstructured":"Louise, S., Warrington, N. M., McCaskie, P. A., Oddy, W. H., Zubrick, S. R., Hands, B., Mori, T. A., Briollais, L., Silburn, S., & Palmer, L. J. (2012b). Associations between anxious-depressed symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors in a longitudinal childhood study. Preventive Medicine, 54(5), 345\u2013350.","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.594","volume":"17","author":"AA Mamun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mamun, A. A., O\u2019Callaghan, M. J., Cramb, S. M., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., & Bor, W. (2009). Childhood behavioral problems predict young adults\u2019 BMI and obesity: Evidence from a birth cohort stud. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 17(4), 761\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2008.594","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"issue":"10250","key":"329_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31561-0","volume":"396","author":"F Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Merz, N. B., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J. J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., & Klein, S. L. (2020). Sex and gender: Modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. The Lancet, 396(10250), 565\u2013582.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"329_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClelland, M. M., Tominey, S. L., Schmitt, S. A., & Duncan, R. (2017). SEL interventions in early childhood. The Future of Children, 33\u201347.","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2017.0002"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-022-00490-1","volume":"16","author":"RE Metcalfe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Metcalfe, R. E., Muentner, L. D., Reino, C., Schweer-Collins, M. L., Kjellstrand, J. M., & Eddy, J. M. (2023). Witnessing parental arrest as a predictor of child internalizing and externalizing symptoms during and after parental incarceration. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 16(2), 329\u2013338.","journal-title":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000138","volume":"20","author":"J Murray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2008). Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys\u2019 internalizing problems through the life course. Development and Psychopathology, 20(1), 273\u2013290.","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"329_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, J., Bijleveld, C. C., Farrington, D. P., & Loeber, R. (2014). Effects of parental incarceration on children: Cross-national comparative studies. American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/14377-000"},{"issue":"10","key":"329_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199710000-00017","volume":"36","author":"JM Najman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Najman, J. M., Behrens, B. C., Andersen, M., Bor, W., O\u2019CALLAGHAN, M., & Williams, G. M. (1997). Impact of family type and family quality on child behavior problems: A longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10), 1357\u20131365.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi119","volume":"34","author":"J Najman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Najman, J., Bor, W., O\u2019Callaghan, M., Williams, G., Aird, R., & Shuttlewood, G. (2005). Cohort profile: The Mater-University of Queensland study of pregnancy (MUSP). International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(5), 992\u2013997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyi119","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu234","volume":"44","author":"JM Najman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Najman, J. M., Alati, R., Bor, W., Clavarino, A., Mamun, A., McGrath, J. J., McIntyre, D., O\u2019Callaghan, M., Scott, J., Shuttlewood, G., Williams, G. M., & Wray, N. (2014). Cohort profile update: The Mater-University of Queensland study of pregnancy (MUSP). International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(1), 78\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyu234","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu234","volume":"44","author":"JM Najman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Najman, J. M., Alati, R., Bor, W., Clavarino, A., Mamun, A., McGrath, J. J., McIntyre, D., O\u2019Callaghan, M., Scott, J., & Shuttlewood, G. (2015). Cohort profile update: The Mater-University of Queensland study of pregnancy (MUSP). International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(1), 78\u201378\u00a0f.","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"329_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.02.002","volume":"43","author":"MD Ni\u00f1o","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ni\u00f1o, M. D., & Cai, T. (2020). Timing of parental incarceration and allostatic load: A developmental life course approach. Annals of Epidemiology, 43, 18\u201324.","journal-title":"Annals of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"329_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr409","volume":"175","author":"ME Roettger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roettger, M. E., & Boardman, J. D. (2012). Parental imprisonment and gender-based risks for increased BMI: Evidence from a longitudinal study of adolescents and young adults in the US. American Journal of Epidemiology, 175(7), 636\u2013644.","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"329_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764218796995","volume":"62","author":"ME Roettger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roettger, M. E., & Dennison, S. (2018). Interrupting intergenerational offending in the context of America\u2019s social disaster of mass imprisonment. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(11), 1545\u20131561.","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e038445","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038445","volume":"11","author":"M Roettger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roettger, M., & Houle, B. (2021). Assessing the relationship between parental imprisonment in childhood and risk of sexually transmitted infections: A cohort study of US adults in early adulthood. BMJ Open, 11(4), e038445. https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/bmjopen\/11\/4\/e038445.full.pdf","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03110.x","volume":"106","author":"ME Roettger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roettger, M. E., Swisher, R. R., Kuhl, D. C., & Chavez, J. (2011). Paternal incarceration and trajectories of marijuana and other illegal drug use from adolescence into young adulthood: Evidence from longitudinal panels of males and females in the united States. Addiction, 106(1), 121\u2013132.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"329_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101107","volume":"18","author":"ME Roettger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roettger, M. E., Houle, B., Najman, J., & McGee, T. R. (2022). 2022\/06\/01\/). Parental imprisonment as a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adolescent and adult offspring: A prospective Australian birth cohort study. SSM - Population Health, 18, 101107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101107","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"key":"329_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101425","volume":"22","author":"ME Roettger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roettger, M. E., Houle, B., & Boardman, J. D. (2023). 2023\/06\/01\/). Parental imprisonment, delinquent behavior, and BMI gain in a U.S. Nationally representative cohort study of adolescents and adults ages 12\u201332. SSM - Population Health, 22, 101425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101425","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"329_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.121855","volume":"98","author":"DL Rosen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosen, D. L., Schoenbach, V. J., & Wohl, D. A. (2008). All-cause and cause-specific mortality among men released from state prison, 1980\u20132005. American Journal of Public Health, 98(12), 2278\u20132284.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys223","volume":"42","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rothman, K. J., Gallacher, J. E., & Hatch, E. E. (2013). Why representativeness should be avoided. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(4), 1012\u20131014.","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i04","volume":"45","author":"P Royston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Royston, P., & White, I. R. (2011). Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(4), 1\u201320.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"329_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, J. E., McCabe, S. E., DiDonato, S., Boyd, C. J., Voepel-Lewis, T., Ploutz-Snyder, R. J., & Veliz, P. T. (2023). Racial\/Ethnic disparities in mental healthcare in youth with incarcerated parents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.03.008"},{"key":"329_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.12.022","volume":"110","author":"N Saiepour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saiepour, N., Najman, J., Ware, R., Baker, P., Clavarino, A., & Williams, G. (2019). Does attrition affect estimates of association: A longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 110, 127\u2013142.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12111","volume":"21","author":"A Shehadeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shehadeh, A., Loots, G., Vanderfaeillie, J., & Derluyn, I. (2016). The association between parental imprisonment and the mental health of Palestinian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 21(3), 154\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/camh.12111","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988316630953","volume":"12","author":"DT Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith, D. T., Mouzon, D. M., & Elliott, M. (2018). Reviewing the assumptions about Men\u2019s mental health: An exploration of the gender binary. American Journal of Men\u2019s Health, 12(1), 78\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988316630953","journal-title":"American Journal of Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"329_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.12.063","volume":"219","author":"SF Suglia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suglia, S. F., Campo, R. A., Brown, A. G., Stoney, C., Boyce, C. A., Appleton, A. A., Bleil, M. E., Boynton-Jarrett, R., Dube, S. R., & Dunn, E. C. (2020). Social determinants of cardiovascular health: Early life adversity as a contributor to disparities in cardiovascular diseases. The Journal of Pediatrics, 219, 267\u2013273.","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2012.00810.x","volume":"22","author":"RR Swisher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swisher, R. R., & Roettger, M. E. (2012). Father\u2019s incarceration and youth delinquency and depression: Examining differences by race and ethnicity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(4), 597\u2013603.","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716214526345","volume":"654","author":"BL Sykes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sykes, B. L., & Pettit, B. (2014). Mass incarceration, family complexity, and the reproduction of childhood disadvantage. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 654(1), 127\u2013149.","journal-title":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"329_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, A., Ertel, K. A., Keen, R., Beyer, L., Eckert, N., Mita, C., Pintro, K., Okuzono, S. S., Yazawa, A., & Slopen, N. (2023). Parent-child separation and cardiometabolic outcomes and risk factors in adulthood: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 106084.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2023.106084"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854810391632","volume":"38","author":"M Tasca","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tasca, M., Rodriguez, N., & Zatz, M. S. (2011). Family and residential instability in the context of paternal and maternal incarceration. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(3), 231\u2013247.","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2009.00153.x","volume":"47","author":"TP Thornberry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thornberry, T. P. (2009). The Apple doesn\u2019t fall Far from the tree (or does it?): Intergenerational patterns of antisocial behavior\u2014the American society of criminology 2008 Sutherland address. Criminology, 47(2), 297\u2013325.","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"329_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-020-00150-8","volume":"6","author":"TP Thornberry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thornberry, T. P. (2020). Intergenerational patterns in offending: Lessons from the Rochester intergenerational study\u2014ASC division of developmental and life course criminology David P. Farrington lecture, 2019. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 6, 381\u2013397. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10038314\/pdf\/nihms-1625986.pdf","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-022-09371-w","volume":"17","author":"MH Ting","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ting, M. H., Xu, X., Chu, C. M., Lai, P., & Li, D. (2022). Understanding the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice involvement: A Multi-birth-Cohort study in Singapore. Asian Journal of Criminology, 17(4), 449\u2013473.","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Criminology"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013065","volume":"44","author":"JM Tither","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tither, J. M., & Ellis, B. J. (2008). Impact of fathers on daughters\u2019 age at menarche: A genetically and environmentally controlled sibling study. Developmental Psychology, 44(5), 1409.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"329_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tung, E. L., Wroblewski, K. E., Makelarski, J. A., Glasser, N. J., & Lindau, S. T. (2023). Childhood Parental Incarceration and Adult-Onset Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk. JAMA cardiology.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.2672"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514544173","volume":"55","author":"K Turney","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turney, K. (2014). Stress proliferation across generations? Examining the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 55(3), 302\u2013319.","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1086\/681704","volume":"89","author":"K Turney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turney, K. (2015). Paternal incarceration and children\u2019s food insecurity: A consideration of variation and mechanisms. Social Service Review, 89(2), 335\u2013367.","journal-title":"Social Service Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-017-0078-1","volume":"4","author":"SG Van De Weijer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van De Weijer, S. G., Smallbone, H. S., & Bouwman, V. (2018). Parental imprisonment and premature mortality in adulthood. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 4(2), 148\u2013161.","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology"},{"key":"329_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van de Weijer, S. G., Besemer, K. L., & Dennison, S. M. (2021). Family member incarceration and physical health problems: A longitudinal study among Australian households. SSM-Population Health, 100810.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100810"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2011.00740.x","volume":"10","author":"S Wakefield","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wakefield, S., & Wildeman, C. (2011). Mass imprisonment and Racial disparities in childhood behavioral problems. Criminology & Public Policy, 10(3), 793\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2011.00740.x","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"key":"329_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2015.12.006","volume":"44","author":"BA White","year":"2016","unstructured":"White, B. A., Cordie-Garcia, L., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2016). Incarceration of a family member during childhood is associated with later heart attack: Findings from two large, population-based studies. Journal of Criminal Justice, 44, 89\u201398.","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2010.0055","volume":"89","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wildeman, C. (2010). Paternal incarceration and children\u2019s physically aggressive behaviors: Evidence from the fragile families and child wellbeing study. Social Forces, 89(1), 285\u2013309.","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12124","volume":"55","author":"Wildeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wildeman, & Andersen, S. H. (2017). Paternal incarceration and children\u2019s risk of being charged by early adulthood: Evidence from a Danish policy shock. Criminology, 55(1), 32\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9125.12124","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"329_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-081320-113303","volume":"47","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wildeman, C., & Lee, H. (2021). Women\u2019s health in the era of mass incarceration. Annual Review of Sociology, 47, 543\u2013565.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122411436234","volume":"77","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wildeman, C., Schnittker, J., & Turney, K. (2012). Despair by association? The mental health of mothers with children by recently incarcerated fathers. American Sociological Review, 77(2), 216\u2013243.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx013","volume":"40","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wildeman, C., Goldman, A. W., & Turney, K. (2018). Parental incarceration and child health in the united States. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 146\u2013156.","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.e11","volume":"102","author":"GM Williams","year":"1998","unstructured":"Williams, G. M., O\u2019Callaghan, M., Najman, J. M., Bor, W., Andersen, F., Richards, J. M., David, A., & BSc, C. U. (1998). Maternal cigarette smoking and child psychiatric morbidity: A longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 102(1), e11\u2013e11.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsn137","volume":"34","author":"DK Wilson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilson, D. K. (2009). New perspectives on health disparities and obesity interventions in youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(3), 231\u2013244.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511085112","volume":"113","author":"YC Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, Y. C., Boen, C., Gerken, K., Li, T., Schorpp, K., & Harris, K. M. (2016). Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 578\u2013583. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4725506\/pdf\/pnas.201511085.pdf","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"17","key":"329_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020167118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020167118","volume":"118","author":"YC Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, Y. C., Walsh, C. E., Johnson, M. P., Belsky, D. W., Reason, M., Curran, P., Aiello, A. E., Chanti-Ketterl, M., & Harris, K. M. (2021). Life-course trajectories of body mass index from adolescence to old age: Racial and educational disparities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(17), e2020167118.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12144","volume":"77","author":"R Young","year":"2015","unstructured":"Young, R., & Johnson, D. R. (2015). Handling missing values in longitudinal panel data with multiple imputation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(1), 277\u2013294.","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00329-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00329-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00329-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:03:38Z","timestamp":1745989418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/healthandjusticejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00329-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00329-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All stages of the MUSP project (development, screening, intervention, follow-up) were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethics approval was received from relevant committees at The University of Queensland and the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and\/or their legal guardian(s). The present study uses de-identified secondary data analysis and is exempt from human ethics research approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent for the manuscript to be published in Health & Justice. The manuscript is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The Authors declare no competing interests, financial or personal.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}