{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:58:47Z","timestamp":1772639927905,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults in the criminal justice system are disproportionately more likely to use alcohol and drugs compared to the general population. Legally mandated alcohol and drug treatment orders have been proposed as an alternative to prison. However, little is known about how treatment orders affect the health and well-being of this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched 14 electronic databases (last searched November 2023) for studies comparing adults in legally mandated non-custodial drug and alcohol treatment orders to those receiving mandatory treatment orders or usual care.\u00a0Global functioning, quality of life, drug or alcohol use measures, dependence severity, depression\/anxiety outcomes, family member\/significant other outcomes, and adverse events were selected based on a minimum core outcome set.\u00a0We performed a meta-analysis using mean\u00a0differences and risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE.\u00a0Equity-related factors were mapped to the PROGRESS-plus framework. People with lived experience provided input throughout the review process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 6917 records, 11 studies involving 4643 individuals (70% men; seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs)) met the eligibility criteria. All studies were conducted in high-income countries and involved drug and alcohol courts.\u00a0The main outcomes of global functioning and quality of life were not reported. Poor reporting limited the meta-analysis. There were no\u00a0differences between the groups receiving the intervention and those in the control group regarding number of positive drug screenings (MD -0.80, 95% CI -3.60 to 2.00, 10 participants,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.58); depression (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.10, 1533 participants,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.38); or serious adverse events (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.02 to 6.65, 10 participants,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.47). We judged the evidence as very-low.\u00a0The equity criteria most frequently reported were age, sex and race\/ethnicity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evidence is insufficient to draw judgements about the effectiveness of treatment orders for health and well-being. We found no evidence relating to global functioning, quality of life, anxiety, and outcomes specific to family members or significant others. High-quality RCTs are urgently needed.\u00a0Future studies should involve\u00a0people with lived experience in the design and conduct of new trials.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Study protocol registration.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The protocol for this study was registered on PROSPERO: CRD42023484923.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-025-00354-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:44:10Z","timestamp":1769492650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of legally mandated non-custodial drug and alcohol treatment orders for improved health, well-being, global functioning and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pauline","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Cowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candida","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Todhunter-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Bissozo Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Hoyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Carver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catriona","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Dumbrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosie","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Blacklaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIHR Evidence Synthesis Scotland InitiativE (NESSIE)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma. 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