{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:14:18Z","timestamp":1762521258294,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIDA","award":["R25 DA037190","R25 DA037190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25 DA037190","R25 DA037190"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-025-00379-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:06:06Z","timestamp":1762520766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A legal quagmire: the need for a public health approach to the competency crisis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Erin","family":"McCauley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaire","family":"Cullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"LeMasters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"379_CR1","unstructured":"Sawyer, W., Wagner, P. M., & Incarceration The Whole Pie 2024. Prison Policy Initiative. March 14, 2024. Accessed September 14, 2024. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2024.html"},{"issue":"32","key":"379_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6732a3","volume":"67","author":"CA Okoro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okoro, C. A., Hollis, N. D., Cyrus, A. C., & Griffin-Blake, S. (2018). Prevalence of disabilities and health care access by disability status and type among adults - United States, 2016. MMWR. Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report, 67(32), 882\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6732a3","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"379_CR3","unstructured":"Bronson, J., Berzofsky, M., & U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice. (2015). Disabilities Among Prison and Jail Inmates, 2011\u201312. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/dpji1112.pdf.\u00a0Accessed 28 Jul 2025."},{"issue":"6","key":"379_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/00943061211050046a","volume":"50","author":"M Nagel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagel, M. (2021). Decarcerating disability: Deinstitutionalization and prison abolition. Contemporary Sociology, 50(6), 474\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00943061211050046a","journal-title":"Contemporary Sociology"},{"key":"379_CR5","unstructured":"Quandt, K., Jones, A., Research, & Roundup (2021). Incarceration can cause lasting damage to mental health. The Prison Policy Initiative. https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/2021\/05\/13\/mentalhealthimpacts\/.\u00a0Accesssed 14 Oct 2025."},{"issue":"10077","key":"379_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","volume":"389","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wildeman, C., & Wang, E. A. (2017). Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1464\u20131474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"379_CR7","unstructured":"Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960). 362, 402 (U.S. Supreme Court (1960)."},{"key":"379_CR8","unstructured":"Roesch, R., Zapf, P. A., Golding, S. L., & Skeem, J. L. (1999). Defining and assessing competency to stand trial. The handbook of forensic psychology (2nd Ed., pp. 327\u2013349). John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"379_CR9","unstructured":"Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972).(U.S. Supreme Court 1972). https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/406\/715\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"379_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000512","volume":"19","author":"SJ Hill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hill, S. J., Homsy, S., Woofter, C., & McDermott, B. E. (2022). Persistent, poor quality competency to stand trial reports: Does training matter? Psychological Services, 19(2), 206\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000512","journal-title":"Psychological Services"},{"issue":"5","key":"379_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.00306","volume":"24","author":"S Timmermans","year":"2002","unstructured":"Timmermans, S., Gabe, J., & Introduction (2002). Connecting criminology and sociology of health and illness. Sociology of Health & Illness, 24(5), 501\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.00306","journal-title":"Sociology of Health & Illness"},{"issue":"5","key":"379_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2620","volume":"41","author":"DC Murrie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murrie, D. C., Gowensmith, W. N., Kois, L. E., & Packer, I. K. (2023). Evaluations of competence to stand trial are evolving amid a National competency crisis. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 41(5), 310\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.2620","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law"},{"key":"#cr-split#-379_CR13.1","unstructured":"Silver, S., & Hancq, E. S. (2024). Prevention Over Punishment: Finding the Right Balance of Civil and Forensic State Psychiatric Hospital Beds. Treatment Advocacy Center"},{"key":"#cr-split#-379_CR13.2","unstructured":"Accessed November 8, 2024. https:\/\/www.tac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Prevention-Over-Punishment-Full-Report.pdf"},{"key":"379_CR14","unstructured":"Bronson, J., & Berzofsky, M. (2017). Indicators of Mental Health Problems Reported by Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2011-12.; https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/imhprpji1112.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"379_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211070341","volume":"26","author":"DS Cooper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cooper, D. S., Uppal, D., Railey, K. S., et al. (2022). Policy gaps and opportunities: A systematic review of autism spectrum disorder and criminal justice intersections. Autism, 26(5), 1014\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211070341","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"379_CR16","unstructured":"The Arc\u2019s National Center on Criminal Justice and Disability (NCCJD). (2017). Competency of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the criminal justice system: A call to action for the criminal justice community. The Arc."},{"issue":"6","key":"379_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12231","volume":"22","author":"A Goomany","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goomany, A., & Dickinson, T. (2015). The influence of prison climate on the mental health of adult prisoners: A literature review. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(6), 413\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpm.12231","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"379_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.29158\/JAAPL.210124-21","volume":"49","author":"KA Obikoya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obikoya, K. A. (2021). Jail diversion for misdemeanors can be a first step to improve the competency to stand trial process. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 49(4), 473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29158\/JAAPL.210124-21","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"379_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"JAAPL","DOI":"10.29158\/JAAPL.003893-20","volume":"21","author":"P Ash","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ash, P., Roberts, V. C., Egan, G. J., Coffman, K. L., Schwenke, T. J., & Bailey, K. (2019). A Jail-Based competency restoration unit as a component of a continuum of restoration services. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law Published Online November, 21, JAAPL. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29158\/JAAPL.003893-20","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law Published Online November"},{"key":"379_CR20","unstructured":"Drummond, T. (2024). Dozens of mentally ill people have died in California jails. American Civil Liberties Union."},{"key":"379_CR21","unstructured":"ACLU of Northern California v. CA Dept of State Hospitals.(SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO) https:\/\/www.aclunc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024.04.15%20DSH%20PRA.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"379_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000581","volume":"48","author":"DR Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller, D. R., & LaDuke, C. (2024). Dementia and competency to stand trial in the United States: A case law review. Law and Human Behavior, 48(4), 315\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/lhb0000581","journal-title":"Law and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"379_CR23","first-page":"252","volume":"30","author":"R Frierson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frierson, R., Shea, S., & Shea, M. (2002). Competence-to-stand-trial evaluations of geriatric defendants. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 30(2), 252.","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"379_CR24","unstructured":"Thompson, C. (2023). The Never-Ending murder case: How mental competency laws can trap people with dementia. The Marshall Project. https:\/\/www.themarshallproject.org\/2023\/06\/28\/massachusetts-murder-courts-dementia"},{"key":"379_CR25","unstructured":"Persons Living with Dementia in the Criminal Legal System. American Bar Association Commission on Law and Aging (2022). Accessed December 6, 2024. https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/content\/dam\/aba\/administrative\/law_aging\/2022-dementia-crim-just-rpt.pdf"},{"issue":"10","key":"379_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00499","volume":"41","author":"M Mitra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitra, M., Long-Bellil, L., Moura, I., Miles, A., & Kaye, H. S. (2022). Advancing health equity and reducing health disparities for people with disabilities in the United States. Health Affairs, 41(10), 1379\u20131386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00499","journal-title":"Health Affairs"}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00379-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00379-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00379-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:06:10Z","timestamp":1762520770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/healthandjusticejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00379-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-025-00379-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"65"}}