{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:51:33Z","timestamp":1777870293471,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-026-00408-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T07:06:40Z","timestamp":1776323200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Racial discrimination and perceptions of police among US adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Madalyn","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jemar R.","family":"Bather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adolfo G.","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Rouhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"408_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101361","volume":"22","author":"S Alang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alang, S., McAlpine, D., McClain, M., & Hardeman, R. (2021). Police brutality, medical mistrust and unmet need for medical care. Preventive Medicine Reports, 22, 101361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101361","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"408_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303691","volume":"107","author":"S Alang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alang, S., McAlpine, D., McCreedy, E., & Hardeman, R. (2017). Police brutality and black health: Setting the agenda for public health scholars. American Journal of Public Health, 107(5), 662\u2013665.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-024-00264-x","volume":"12","author":"JR Bather","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bather, J. R., McSorley, A.-M.M., Rhodes-Bratton, B., Cuevas, A. G., Rouhani, S., Nafiu, R. T., Harris, A., & Goodman, M. S. (2024a). Love after lockup: Examining the role of marriage, social status, and financial stress among formerly incarcerated individuals. Health & Justice, 12(1), 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-024-00264-x","journal-title":"Health & Justice"},{"issue":"6","key":"408_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001777","volume":"35","author":"JR Bather","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bather, J. R., Robinson, T. J., & Goodman, M. S. (2024b). Bayesian kernel machine regression for social epidemiologic research. Epidemiology, 35(6), 735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001777","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"408_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414530398","volume":"79","author":"S Brayne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brayne, S. (2014). Surveillance and system avoidance: Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Attachment. American Sociological Review, 79(3), 367\u2013391.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"408_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/00317217221082810","volume":"103","author":"PD Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown, P. D. (2022). White educators working with Black parents: Resistance and trust. Phi Delta Kappan, 103(6), 46\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00317217221082810. (Original work published 2022).","journal-title":"Phi Delta Kappan"},{"issue":"3","key":"408_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12448","volume":"18","author":"RK Brunson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brunson, R. K., & Wade, B. A. (2019). Oh hell no, we don\u2019t talk to police: Insights on the lack of cooperation in police investigations of urban gun violence. Criminology & Public Policy, 18(3), 623\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9133.12448","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"key":"408_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104559","volume":"132","author":"H Byles","year":"2024","unstructured":"Byles, H., Sedaghat, N., Rider, N., Rioux, W., Loverock, A., Seo, B., Dhanoa, A., Orr, T., Dunnewold, N., Tjosvold, L., & Ghosh, S. (2024). Barriers to calling emergency services amongst people who use substances in the event of overdose: A scoping review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 132, 104559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104559","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"408_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2017.1396460","volume":"20","author":"L Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao, L., & Wu, Y. (2019). Confidence in the police by race: Taking stock and charting new directions. Police Practice and Research, 20, 3\u201317.","journal-title":"Police Practice and Research"},{"key":"408_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101092","volume":"40","author":"T Chantarat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chantarat, T., Van Riper, D. C., & Hardeman, R. R. (2021). The intricacy of structural racism measurement: A pilot development of a latent-class multidimensional measure. EClinicalMedicine, 40, 101092.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"408_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21533687241231622","author":"JE Cobbina-Dungy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cobbina-Dungy, J. E., & Bailey, C. (2024). Black women perceptions matter: The role that gender plays in the assessments of law enforcement in Ferguson and Baltimore. Race and Justice. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21533687241231622","journal-title":"Race and Justice"},{"issue":"654","key":"408_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/uead035","volume":"133","author":"G DeAngelo","year":"2023","unstructured":"DeAngelo, G., Toger, M., & Weisburd, S. (2023). Police response time and injury outcomes. The Economic Journal, 133(654), 2147\u20132177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ej\/uead035","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"key":"408_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"del Pozo, B., Rouhani, S., & Clark, M. H. (2024). Understaffed and beleaguered: A national survey of US chiefs of police about the post-George Floyd era.\u00a0CrimRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/cb6ab371.076db121","DOI":"10.21428\/cb6ab371.076db121"},{"issue":"3","key":"408_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000445","volume":"45","author":"AD Fine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fine, A. D., Amemiya, J., Frick, P., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2021). Perceptions of police legitimacy and bias from ages 13 to 22 among Black, Latino, and White justice-involved males. Law and Human Behavior, 45(3), 243\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/lhb0000445","journal-title":"Law and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"408_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/00914509221136913","volume":"50","author":"KH Footer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Footer, K. H., Urquhart, G. J., Silberzahn, B., Rouhani, S., Weicker, N. P., Owczarzak, J., & Sherman, S. G. (2023). PWUD experiences of criminal justice reform: Enduring tensions between policing and harm reduction in Baltimore, MD. Contemporary Drug Problems, 50(2), 176\u2013189.","journal-title":"Contemporary Drug Problems"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.7758\/RSF.2019.5.1.02","volume":"5","author":"A Geller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geller, A., & Fagan, J. (2019). Police contact and the legal socialization of Urban teens. RSF: THe Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 5(1), 26\u201349.","journal-title":"RSF: THe Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"408_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749","volume":"96","author":"AT Geronimus","year":"2006","unstructured":"Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006). \u201cWeathering\u201d and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 96(5), 826\u2013833.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"408_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1767252","volume":"15","author":"A Graham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graham, A., Haner, M., Sloan, M. M., Cullen, F. T., Kulig, T. C., & Jonson, C. L. (2020). Race and worrying about police brutality: The hidden injuries of minority status in America. Victims & Offenders, 15(5), 549\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15564886.2020.1767252","journal-title":"Victims & Offenders"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000510696","volume":"90","author":"J Guidi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guidi, J., Lucente, M., Sonino, N., & Fava, G. A. (2020). Allostatic load and its impact on health: A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 90(1), 11\u201327.","journal-title":"Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4148\/1944-9771.1216","volume":"11","author":"W Heo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heo, W., Cho, S. H., & Lee, P. (2020). APR financial stress scale: Development and validation of a multidimensional measurement. Journal of Financial Therapy, 11(1), 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4148\/1944-9771.1216","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-criminol-060520-033306","volume":"4","author":"E Hinton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hinton, E., & Cook, D. (2021). The mass criminalization of Black Americans: A historical overview. Annual Review of Criminology, 4(1), 261\u2013286.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Criminology"},{"key":"408_CR22","unstructured":"Justice Department finds Civil Rights Violations by the Louisville Metro Police Department and Louisville\/Jefferson County Metro Government. Office of Public Affairs | Justice Department Finds Civil Rights Violations by the Louisville Metro Police Department and Louisville\/Jefferson County Metro Government | United States Department of Justice. (2023a). https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/archives\/opa\/pr\/justice-department-finds-civil-rights-violations-louisville-metro-police-department-and"},{"key":"408_CR23","unstructured":"Justice Department finds Civil Rights Violations by the Minneapolis Police Department and the City of Minneapolis. Office of Public Affairs | Justice Department Finds Civil Rights Violations by the Minneapolis Police Department and the City of Minneapolis | United States Department of Justice. (2023b). https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/archives\/opa\/pr\/justice-department-finds-civil-rights-violations-minneapolis-police-department-and-city"},{"issue":"3","key":"408_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01132.x","volume":"31","author":"JH Laub","year":"1993","unstructured":"Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1993). TURNING POINTS IN THE LIFE COURSE: WHY CHANGE MATTERS TO THE STUDY OF CRIME. Criminology, 31(3), 301\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01132.x","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"2","key":"408_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1162\/daed_a_01848","volume":"150","author":"C Menj\u00edvar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Menj\u00edvar, C. (2021). The racialization of \u201cIllegality.\u201d Daedalus (Cambridge, Mass.), 150(2), 91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/daed_a_01848","journal-title":"Daedalus (Cambridge, Mass.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03061-x","volume":"11","author":"Chelsea R. Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller, C. R., Crockett, K. B., Cropsey, K.L., Gajos, J.M. (2024). The association between criminal legal attitudes and healthcare utilization among adolescents: differences by gender and race. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 549","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications."},{"issue":"2","key":"408_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15640\/jpbs.v3n2a1","volume":"3","author":"KL Nadal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nadal, K. L., & Davidoff, K. C. (2015). Perceptions of police scale (pops): Measuring attitudes towards law enforcement and beliefs about police bias. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science, 3(2), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15640\/jpbs.v3n2a1","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"408_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spaa069","volume":"68","author":"C Patler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patler, C., & Gonzalez, G. (2021). Compounded vulnerability: The consequences of immigration detention for institutional attachment and system avoidance in mixed-immigration-status families. Social Problems, 68(4), 886\u2013902.","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-102510-105445","volume":"7","author":"DM Provine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Provine, D. M. (2011). Race and inequality in the war on drugs. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 7(1), 41\u201360.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Law and Social Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/1478601X.2021.1981891","volume":"35","author":"DK Pryce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pryce, D. K., & Gainey, R. (2021). Race differences in public satisfaction with and trust in the local police in the context of George Floyd protests: An analysis of residents\u2019 experiences and attitudes. Criminal Justice Studies, 35(1), 74\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1478601X.2021.1981891","journal-title":"Criminal Justice Studies"},{"issue":"14","key":"408_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2025.2537836","volume":"60","author":"S Rouhani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rouhani, S., Bather, J. R., Cuevas, A. G., Omari, I., Harris, A., McSorley, A. M., Rhodes-Bratton, B., & Goodman, M. S. (2025). Racial discrimination and substance use: Results from a 2023 survey of racism and public health in the United States. Substance Use & Misuse, 60(14), 2225\u20132234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2025.2537836","journal-title":"Substance Use & Misuse"},{"key":"408_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2025.100679","volume":"9","author":"Saba Rouhani","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rouhani, S., Silberzahn, B. E., Sisson, L. N., Winiker, A. K., Kim, J., Zhang, L., et al. (2026) Experiences of a drug decriminalization policy among police and people who use drugs in Baltimore City: a post-structural policy analysis. SSM - Qualitative Research in Health, 9, 100679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2025.100679.","journal-title":"SSM - Qualitative Research in Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"408_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09627-y","volume":"40","author":"D Sabater Minarim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sabater Minarim, D., Morgan, K. M., Buckley, K., et al. (2025). Racial and ethnic disparities in perceived healthcare discrimination and health outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 40(11), 2548\u20132557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-025-09627-y","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci10010016","volume":"10","author":"DM Shields","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shields, D. M. (2021). Stonewalling in the Brick City: Perceptions of and experiences with seeking police assistance among LGBTQ citizens. Social Sciences, 10(1), 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci10010016","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"408_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab344","volume":"77","author":"SL Szanton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Szanton, S. L., LaFave, S. E., & Thorpe, R. J., Jr. (2022). Structural racial discrimination and structural resilience: Measurement precedes change. Journals of Gerontology. Series a, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 77(2), 402\u2013404.","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology. Series a, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"408_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/jels.12086","volume":"12","author":"TR Tyler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tyler, T. R., Jackson, J., & Mentovich, A. (2015). The consequences of being an object of suspicion: Potential pitfalls of proactive police contact. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 12(4), 602\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jels.12086","journal-title":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies"},{"key":"408_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750","volume":"40","author":"DR Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019). Racism and health: Evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40, 105\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"key":"408_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Perceived discrimination scale. SPARQtools. https:\/\/sparqtools.org\/mobility-measure\/perceived-discrimination-scale\/.","DOI":"10.1037\/t16921-000"},{"issue":"5","key":"408_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2020.1741489","volume":"31","author":"I Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson, I., Antin, T. M. J., & Hunt, G. (2020). \u2018Some are good, some are bad\u2019: Perceptions of the police from Black and Latina women living in the San Francisco Bay Area. Women & Criminal Justice, 31(5), 360\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08974454.2020.1741489","journal-title":"Women & Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"2","key":"408_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2013.784288","volume":"24","author":"Y Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, Y. (2013). Race\/ethnicity and perceptions of the police: A comparison of White, Black, Asian and Hispanic Americans. Policing and Society, 24(2), 135\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10439463.2013.784288","journal-title":"Policing and Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"408_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/10439862231190212","volume":"40","author":"M Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie, M., Ortiz Solis, V., & Chauhan, P. (2024). Declining trends in crime reporting and victims\u2019 trust of police in the United States and Major Metropolitan Areas in the 21st century. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 40(1), 138\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10439862231190212","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"6","key":"408_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-02-2022-0020","volume":"45","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan, Y., Wu, Y., & Melde, C. (2022). Does racial discrimination matter: Explaining perceived police bias across four racial\/ethnic groups. Policing: An International Journal, 45(6), 989\u20131007.","journal-title":"Policing: An International Journal"},{"key":"408_CR43","unstructured":"Zhao, G., & Kirtland, K. (2023). Statistical Brief on the Reactions to Race Module, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2022. cdc.gov. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/brfss\/data_documentation\/pdf\/R2R-Statistical-Brief-508c.pdf."}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00408-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00408-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00408-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:49:32Z","timestamp":1777564172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00408-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00408-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained prior to survey participation, and the study protocol was approved by the New York University Institutional Review Board (IRB-FY2023-7408).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}