{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:18:45Z","timestamp":1786112325930,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10480012140003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10480012140003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10480012140003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10480012140003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10480012140003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10480012140003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10480012140003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10480012140003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10480012140003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10480012140003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improving the quality of care for people detained in police custody requires careful measurement and monitoring. However, a standardized and endorsed set of quality indicators for healthcare in police custody settings is lacking. This study aimed to develop a core set of quality indicators to monitor and evaluate police custody healthcare in the Netherlands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A four-phase modified Delphi process was conducted between February 2024 and September 2025: (1) identification of candidate quality indicators ethrough expert brainstorming; (2) rating of indicators on relevance and measurability in a self-administered questionnaire; (3) an in-person group consultation meeting to refine and prioritize the indicators; and (4) content validation of the core set by an advisory committee. A multidisciplinary pool of professionals from healthcare, police, justice, and adjacent sectors participated throughout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brainstorming sessions with 14 experts yielded 185 candidate indicators, which were rated by 19 experts in the questionnaire. The group consultation meeting with 15 participants refined the list, and feedback from 8 advisory committee members informed the final selection. The resulting core set comprised 15 structure, 9\u201312 process (7 fixed and 2\u20135 variable), and 17 outcome indicators, covering all key domains of police custody healthcare quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The first evidence-based set of indicators provides a foundation for the systematic assessment and continuous learning in police custody healthcare. Routine healthcare data may serve as a valuable measurement source, though their usefulness depends on data quality, accessibility, and system readiness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-026-00415-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T14:49:48Z","timestamp":1785941388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring healthcare quality in police custody: the development of quality indicators through expert consultations in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nienke D.","family":"Zinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionne S.","family":"Kringos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Verheij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vina N.","family":"Slev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"415_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1163\/15718093-12341251","volume":"20","author":"HR Abbing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abbing, H. R. (2013). Prisoners Right to Healthcare, a European Perspective. European Journal of Health Law, 20(1), 5\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/15718093-12341251","journal-title":"European Journal of Health Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"415_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac020","volume":"32","author":"F Alves da Costa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alves da Costa, F., Verschuuren, M., Andersen, Y., St\u00fcrup-Toft, S., Lopez-Acu\u00f1a, D., & Ferreira-Borges, C. (2022). The WHO Prison Health Framework: a framework for assessment of prison health system performance. Eur J Public Health, 32(4), 565\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac020","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"415_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2020-011247","volume":"30","author":"E Barbazza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barbazza, E., Klazinga, N. S., & Kringos, D. S. (2021). Exploring the actionability of healthcare performance indicators for quality of care: a qualitative analysis of the literature, expert opinion and user experience. BMJ Quality & Safety, 30(12), 1010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjqs-2020-011247","journal-title":"BMJ Quality & Safety"},{"issue":"1","key":"415_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-022-00175-9","volume":"10","author":"S Bellass","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bellass, S., Canvin, K., McLintock, K., Wright, N., Farragher, T., Foy, R., & Sheard, L. (2022). Quality indicators and performance measures for prison healthcare: a scoping review. Health & Justice, 10(1), 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-022-00175-9","journal-title":"Health & Justice"},{"issue":"6","key":"415_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20476","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020476","volume":"6","author":"R Boulkedid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boulkedid, R., Abdoul, H., Loustau, M., Sibony, O., & Alberti, C. (2011). Using and Reporting the Delphi Method for Selecting Healthcare Quality Indicators: A Systematic Review. PLOS ONE, 6(6), e20476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0020476","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"415_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2015-004278","volume":"24","author":"SR Deeny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deeny, S. R., & Steventon, A. (2015). Making sense of the shadows: priorities for creating a learning healthcare system based on routinely collected data. BMJ Quality & Safety, 24(8), 505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjqs-2015-004278","journal-title":"BMJ Quality & Safety"},{"issue":"3","key":"415_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2307\/3348969","volume":"44","author":"A Donabedian","year":"1966","unstructured":"Donabedian, A. (1966). Evaluating the quality of medical care. The Milbank memorial fund quarterly, 44(3), 166\u2013206.","journal-title":"The Milbank memorial fund quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"415_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06215-8","volume":"21","author":"J Enticott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Enticott, J., Johnson, A., & Teede, H. (2021). Learning health systems using data to drive healthcare improvement and impact: a systematic review. Bmc Health Services Research, 21(1), 200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-06215-8","journal-title":"Bmc Health Services Research"},{"key":"415_CR9","unstructured":"Fitch, K., Bernstein, S. J., Aguilar, M. D., Burnand, B., & LaCalle, J. R. (2001). The RAND\/UCLA appropriateness method user\u2019s manual."},{"issue":"4","key":"415_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10025","DOI":"10.1002\/lrh2.10025","volume":"1","author":"TJ Foley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foley, T. J., & Vale, L. (2017). What role for learning health systems in quality improvement within healthcare providers? Learn Health Syst, 1(4), e10025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lrh2.10025","journal-title":"Learn Health Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"415_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10315","DOI":"10.1002\/lrh2.10315","volume":"7","author":"T Foley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foley, T., & Vale, L. (2023). A framework for understanding, designing, developing and evaluating learning health systems. Learn Health Syst, 7(1), e10315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lrh2.10315","journal-title":"Learn Health Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"415_CR12","first-page":"e75","volume":"6","author":"AJ Forster","year":"2012","unstructured":"Forster, A. J., & van Walraven, C. (2012). The use of quality indicators to promote accountability in health care: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Open Medicine, 6(2), e75\u201379.","journal-title":"Open Medicine"},{"key":"415_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.01.022","volume":"57","author":"S Heide","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heide, S., Chariot, P., Green, P., Fabian, J., & Payne-James, J. (2018). Healthcare and forensic medical aspects of police detainees, suspects and complainants in Europe. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 57, 58\u201365.","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"key":"415_CR14","unstructured":"International Committee of the Red Cross (2018). Health systems and needs assessment in prisons - practical guide and toolkit. Geneva, Switzerland: ICRC. https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/publication\/health-systems-and-needs-assessment-prisons-practical-guide-and-toolkit"},{"issue":"3","key":"415_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024221136721","volume":"63","author":"KM Kennedy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kennedy, K. M., Payne-James, G. J., Payne-James, J. J., & Green, P. G. (2023). Provision of forensic healthcare services for police custodial settings in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: Current practice and implications for other services? Medicine, Science And The Law, 63(3), 203\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258024221136721","journal-title":"Medicine, Science And The Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"415_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-7-21","volume":"7","author":"T K\u00f6tter","year":"2012","unstructured":"K\u00f6tter, T., Blozik, E., & Scherer, M. (2012). Methods for the guideline-based development of quality indicators\u2013a systematic review. Implementation Science, 7(1), 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-7-21","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"415_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05665-w","volume":"20","author":"MW Langendam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langendam, M. W., Piggott, T., Nothacker, M., Agarwal, A., Armstrong, D., Baldeh, T., Braithwaite, J., Castro Martins, C., Darzi, A., Etxeandia, I., Florez, I., Hoving, J., Karam, S. G., K\u00f6tter, T., Meerpohl, J. J., Mustafa, R. A., Muti-Sch\u00fcnemann, G. E. U., van der Wees, P. J., Follmann, M., & Sch\u00fcnemann, H. J. (2020). Approaches of integrating the development of guidelines and quality indicators: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-020-05665-w","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"415_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10232","DOI":"10.1002\/lrh2.10232","volume":"5","author":"C Lannon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lannon, C., Schuler, C. L., Seid, M., Provost, L. P., Fuller, S., Purcell, D., Forrest, C. B., & Margolis, P. A. (2021). A maturity grid assessment tool for learning networks. Learning Health Systems, 5(2), e10232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lrh2.10232","journal-title":"Learning Health Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"415_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad120","volume":"30","author":"AE Lewis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lewis, A. E., Weiskopf, N., Abrams, Z. B., Foraker, R., Lai, A. M., Payne, P. R. O., & Gupta, A. (2023). Electronic health record data quality assessment and tools: a systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 30(10), 1730\u20131740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocad120","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"415_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2006.021170","volume":"17","author":"S Mattke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mattke, S. (2008). When should measures be updated? Development of a conceptual framework for maintenance of quality-of-care measures. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 17(3), 182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/qshc.2006.021170","journal-title":"Quality and Safety in Health Care"},{"issue":"null","key":"415_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S61536","volume":"9","author":"IG McKinnon","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKinnon, I. G., Thomas, S. D. M., Noga, H. L., & Senior, J. (2016). Police custody health care: a review of health morbidity, models of care and innovations within police custody in the UK, with international comparisons. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 9(null), 213\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RMHP.S61536","journal-title":"Risk Management and Healthcare Policy"},{"key":"415_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263266632413115","DOI":"10.1177\/26326663241311554","volume":"6","author":"P Nyvoll","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nyvoll, P. (2025). Patient or prisoner? Perceptions of prison healthcare services in Norway and the conflict between care and control. Incarceration, 6, 26326663241311554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26326663241311554","journal-title":"Incarceration"},{"key":"415_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/frcij.2018.06.00184","author":"A O'Hagan","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Hagan, A. (2018). Mental health a policing challenge for the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal, 6(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15406\/frcij.2018.06.00184","journal-title":"Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"415_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.17-1-6","volume":"17","author":"J Payne-James","year":"2017","unstructured":"Payne-James, J. (2017). Healthcare and forensic medical services in police custody - to degrade or to improve? Clin Med (Lond), 17(1), 6\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmedicine.17-1-6","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"415_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2017.304248","volume":"108","author":"J Pont","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pont, J., Enggist, S., St\u00f6ver, H., Williams, B., Greifinger, R., & Wolff, H. (2018). Prison Health Care Governance: Guaranteeing Clinical Independence. American Journal of Public Health, 108(4), 472\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2017.304248","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"415_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2014.08.004","volume":"27","author":"T Rekrut-Lapa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rekrut-Lapa, T., & Lapa, A. (2014). Health needs of detainees in police custody in England and Wales. Literature review. Journal Of Forensic And Legal Medicine, 27, 69\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2014.08.004","journal-title":"Journal Of Forensic And Legal Medicine"},{"key":"415_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schang, L., Blotenberg, I., & Boywitt, D. (2021). What makes a good quality indicator set? A systematic review of criteria. International Journal For Quality In Health Care, 33(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzab107","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzab107"},{"key":"415_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2017.07.012","volume":"57","author":"A Sondhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sondhi, A., & Williams, E. (2018). Health needs and co-morbidity among detainees in contact with healthcare professionals within police custody across the London Metropolitan Police Service area. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 57, 96\u2013100.","journal-title":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"415_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.05.017","volume":"66","author":"HT Stelfox","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stelfox, H. T., & Straus, S. E. (2013a). Measuring quality of care: considering conceptual approaches to quality indicator development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(12), 1328\u20131337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.05.017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"415_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.05.018","volume":"66","author":"HT Stelfox","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stelfox, H. T., & Straus, S. E. (2013b). Measuring quality of care: considering measurement frameworks and needs assessment to guide quality indicator development. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(12), 1320\u20131327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.05.018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"415_CR31","unstructured":"Thoonen, E. (2017). Death in State Custody: Obligations to prevent premature death of detainees and to investigate deaths of detainees pursuant to the European Convention on Human Rights. Maklu."},{"issue":"5","key":"415_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01162-7","volume":"271","author":"SMH Verheesen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verheesen, S. M. H., ten Doesschate, F., van Schijndel, M. A., van der Gaag, R. J., Cahn, W., & van Waarde, J. A. (2021). Intoxicated persons showing challenging behavior demand complexity interventions: a pilot study at the interface of the ER and the complexity intervention unit. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 271(5), 903\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-020-01162-7","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"415_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9134","volume":"20","author":"RA Verheij","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verheij, R. A., Curcin, V., Delaney, B. C., & McGilchrist, M. M. (2018). Possible Sources of Bias in Primary Care Electronic Health Record Data Use and Reuse. Journal Of Medical Internet Research, 20(5), e185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.9134","journal-title":"Journal Of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"415_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102198","volume":"81","author":"R Wardrop","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wardrop, R., Ranse, J., Chaboyer, W., & Crilly, J. (2021). Structures, processes and outcomes of health care for people detained in short-term police custody settings: A scoping review. Journal Of Forensic And Legal Medicine, 81, 102198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102198","journal-title":"Journal Of Forensic And Legal Medicine"},{"key":"415_CR35","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Smith, Peter, C., Mossialos, E., & Papanicolas, I. (2008). Performance measurement for health system improvement: experiences, challenges and prospects: background document 2. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/350328"},{"key":"415_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zinger, N. D., Slev, V. V. N., Verheij, R. A., Ramerman, L., Bos, I., & Kringos, D. S. (2026). Defining quality of healthcare in Dutch police custody: the development of a conceptual framework for monitoring care quality through a scoping review and expert consultations. BMC Public Health, 26, 2128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-27949-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-27949-2"}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00415-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00415-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00415-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T14:49:54Z","timestamp":1785941394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00415-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00415-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved as exempt from the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of Amsterdam University Medical Centers (reference number: W22_437 #22.515).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"34"}}