{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:44:33Z","timestamp":1792788273415,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":83,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deakin University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02czsnj07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Barwon Health","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00my0hg66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There is increasing evidence to suggest that Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is implicated in increased incarceration for violence. TBI is commonly experienced by vulnerable populations who are at greater risk of violent offending due to health and social comorbidities. However, the impact of comorbid risk on outcomes of incarceration for violence is underexplored.\u00a0Through retrospective data linkage, the current study aimed to identify the rate of incarceration for violence post-TBI and explore the impact of key risk factors in a cohort of 5899 survivors of TBI identified through hospital emergency department (in Victoria, Australia) presentations for TBI (age:\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200921.60,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.29; sex: males\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094130, 70.01%, females\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091769, 29.99%; Indigenous status: Indigenous Australian\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009136, 2.31%, non-Indigenous Australian\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095763, 97.69%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The incidence rate for incarceration for violence was 409.31 per 100,000 person-years with incarceration occurring, on average, 2.63 (\n                      <jats:italic>IQR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094.56) years post-TBI. Risk of incarceration was almost four times higher for individuals who reported pre-TBI incarceration for violence (HR\u2009=\u20093.80, 95% CI [1.89\u20137.69]) but was not impacted by pre-TBI incarceration for non-violent crimes. Post-TBI incarceration for non-violent crimes demonstrated an increased risk that ranged from 11 (one incarceration, 95% CI [6.66\u201319.43]) to almost 25 times higher (four or more incarcerations 95% CI [9.42\u201364.39]) compared to individuals who were not incarcerated. Pre-and-post-TBI substance and substance use treatment demonstrated an increased risk for incarceration for violence that was 17 (pre-TBI: HR\u2009=\u200917.27 95% CI [11.44\u201326.06]), 19 (post-TBI: HR\u2009=\u200919.32, 95% CI [13.32\u201328.02]), and almost three (substance use treatment: HR\u2009=\u20092.46\u20134.67, 95% CI [1.55\u201318.53]) times higher than those without indicators of substance use or substance use treatment.. Comparatively, only pre-TBI mental health (HR\u2009=\u20094.16, 95% CI [2.62\u20136.57]) and mental health treatment (HR\u2009=\u20092.68\u20135.3, 95% CI [1.11\u201328.03]) significantly increased risk by four and almost three times respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest TBI is a key risk factor for incarceration for violence that is exacerbated by health and social vulnerabilities experienced pre-TBI and post-TBI. There may be key opportunities prior to prison contact and after release from prison to provide appropriate intervention that accommodates for TBI-related changes and effectively addresses needs before they manifest into violent offending outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-026-00429-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T13:10:51Z","timestamp":1782911451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The incidence and risk factors for incarceration for violence after traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3927-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahnee","family":"Guala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Harries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Langbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Tonner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlee","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"429_CR1","first-page":"343","volume":"5","author":"D Admire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Admire, D., & Mitchell, A. (2010). Brain Abnormalities in the Criminal Justice System: Uniting Public Policy and Scientific Knowledge. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(2), 343\u2013355.\u00a0https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edb&AN=66384328&authtype=sso&custid=deakin&site=eds-live&scope=site","journal-title":"International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"429_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128705281756","volume":"52","author":"DA Andrews","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and\/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 7\u201327.","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"429_CR3","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). Australian and New Zealand Standard Offence Classification. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/classifications\/australian-and-new-zealand-standard-offence-classification-anzsoc\/2011"},{"key":"429_CR4","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2024) The Health and Wellbeing of First Nations People. Australian Government. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/prisoners\/the-health-and-wellbeing-of-first-nations-people-i\/summary"},{"issue":"1","key":"429_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200601000-00005","volume":"21","author":"IJ Baguley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baguley, I. J., Cooper, J., & Felmingham, K. (2006). Aggressive behavior following traumatic brain injury: How common is common? The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 21(1), 45\u201356.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001199-200601000-00005.","journal-title":"The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"429_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E51","DOI":"10.1097\/htr.0000000000000341","volume":"33","author":"S Beaulieu-Bonneau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., St-Onge, F., Blackburn, M.-C., Banville, A., Paradis-Giroux, A.-A., & Ouellet, M.-C. (2018). Alcohol and drug use before and during the first year after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(3), E51\u2013E60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/htr.0000000000000341","journal-title":"The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"429_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2013.5","volume":"14","author":"J Bogner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bogner, J., & Corrigan, J. D. (2013). Interventions for substance misuse following TBI: A systematic review. Brain Impairment, 14(1), 77\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/BrImp.2013.5","journal-title":"Brain Impairment"},{"issue":"1","key":"429_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-480","volume":"12","author":"JH Boyd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boyd, J. H., Ferrante, A. M., O\u2019Keefe, C. M., Bass, A. J., Randall, S. M., & Semmens, J. B. (2012). Data linkage infrastructure for cross-jurisdictional health-related research in Australia. BioMed Central Health Services Research, 12(1), 480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-12-480","journal-title":"BioMed Central Health Services Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"429_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2015.1090459","volume":"27","author":"CE Brett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brett, C. E., Sykes, C., & Pires-Yfantouda, R. (2017). Interventions to increase engagement with rehabilitation in adults with acquired brain injury: A systematic review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 27(6), 959\u2013982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09602011.2015.1090459","journal-title":"Neuropsychological Rehabilitation"},{"key":"429_CR10","first-page":"483","volume":"22","author":"CB Clark","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clark, C. B., Martinez, K. A., Moroney, K., & Schroeder, R. W. (2020). The Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury on Criminal Justice Involvement. North American Journal of Psychology, 22, 483.\u00a0https:\/\/link.gale.com\/apps\/doc\/A637227336\/AONE?u=anon~94a8572d&sid=googleScholar&xid=67b128d0","journal-title":"North American Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"17","key":"429_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1635214","volume":"42","author":"B Clasby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clasby, B., Bennett, M., Hughes, N., Hodges, E., Meadham, H., Hinder, D., Williams, H., & Mewse, A. (2020). The consequences of traumatic brain injury from the classroom to the courtroom: Understanding pathways through structural equation modelling. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(17), 2412\u20132421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2019.1635214","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"429_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345814541529","volume":"20","author":"A Colantonio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colantonio, A., Kim, H., Allen, S., Asbridge, M., Petgrave, J., & Brochu, S. (2014). Traumatic brain injury and early life experiences among men and women in a prison population. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 20(4), 271\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1078345814541529","journal-title":"Journal of Correctional Health Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"429_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2021.1873204","volume":"28","author":"A Curtis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Curtis, A., Gooden, J. R., Cox, C. A., Harries, T., Peterson, V., Enticott, P. G., Sanfilippo, P. G., Miller, P. G., Lubman, D. I., & Manning, V. (2021). Neurocognitive functioning among people accessing an addiction neuropsychology clinic with and without a history of offending behaviour. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 28(6), 854\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13218719.2021.1873204","journal-title":"Psychiatry, Psychology and Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"429_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2334","volume":"34","author":"EQ de Geus","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Geus, E. Q., Milders, M. V., van Horn, J. E., Jonker, F. A., Fassaert, T., Hutten, J. C., Kuipers, F., Grimbergen, C., & Noordermeer, S. D. S. (2024). A literature review of outcome and treatment options after acquired brain injury: Suggestions for adult offenders using knowledge from the general population. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 34(3), 311\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.2334","journal-title":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health"},{"key":"429_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Geus EQ, Milders MV, Van Horn JE, Jonker FA, Fassaert T, Hutten JC, Kuipers F, Grimbergen C, Noordermeer SDS. (2021). Acquired brain injury and interventions in the offender population. Frontier Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.658328","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.658328"},{"key":"429_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eriksson, A., Saunders, B., Lansdell, G., & Bunn, R. (2019). \u2018Short fuse and no filter\u2019: Acquired brain injury \u2013 How a medical disability transforms into a social and criminal justice concern. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2019.03.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2019.03.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"429_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0783-y","volume":"49","author":"O Falk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Falk, O., Wallinius, M., Lundstr\u00f6m, S., Frisell, T., Anckars\u00e4ter, H., & Kerekes, N. (2014). The 1% of the population accountable for 63% of all violent crime convictions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(4), 559\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-013-0783-y","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"429_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001150","volume":"8","author":"S Fazel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fazel, S., Lichtenstein, P., Grann, M., & L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m, N. (2011). Risk of violent crime in individuals with epilepsy and traumatic brain injury: A 35-year Swedish population study. PLOS Medicine, 8(12), e1001150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001150","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"429_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31824e5f47","volume":"27","author":"PL Ferguson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ferguson, P. L., Pickelsimer, E. E., Corrigan, J. D., Bogner, J. A., & Wald, M. (2012). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury among prisoners in South Carolina. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27(3), E11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31824e5f47","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"key":"429_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gertler, P., Tate, R. L., & Cameron, I. D. (2015). Non\u2010pharmacological interventions for depression in adults and children with traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009871.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009871.pub2"},{"key":"429_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goldman, L., Siddiqui, E. M., Khan, A., Jahan, S., Rehman, M. U., Mehan, S., Sharma, R., Budkin, S., Kumar, S. N., Sahu, A., Kumar, M., & Vaibhav, K. (2022). Understanding Acquired Brain Injury: A Review. Biomedicines, 10(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10092167","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092167"},{"issue":"11","key":"429_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.04.022","volume":"39","author":"JE Grant","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grant, J. E., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2014). Impulsive action and impulsive choice across substance and behavioral addictions: Cause or consequence? Addictive Behaviors, 39(11), 1632\u20131639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.04.022","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"429_CR23","unstructured":"Greaves, A. (2023). Correctional Services for People with Intellectual Disability or an Acquired Brain Injury Parliament of Victoria."},{"key":"429_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guala, T., Harries, T., Button, K., de Andrade, D., Miller, P., Tonner, L., Hill, H., Langbein, A., & Curtis, A. (2025). Evaluating social rehabilitation of aggression for persons with Acquired Brain Injury: a systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2024.2380475","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2380475"},{"key":"429_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guala, T., Harries, T., de Andrade, D., Miller, P., Langbein, A., Hill, H., & Curtis, A. (2026). \u201cYou can\u2019t change the ABI\u201d: practitioner insight into the rehabilitation of health and social needs associated with aggression after acquired brain injury.\u00a0Disability and Rehabilitation, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2025.2594617","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2025.2594617"},{"issue":"3","key":"429_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00150-7","volume":"24","author":"GH Gudjonsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gudjonsson, G. H., & Sigurdsson, J. F. (2000). Differences and similarities between violent offenders and sex offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(3), 363\u2013372.","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"429_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/sar.S143251","volume":"9","author":"A H\u00e5kansson","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00e5kansson, A., & Jesionowska, V. (2018). Associations between substance use and type of crime in prisoners with substance use problems - a focus on violence and fatal violence. Subst Abuse Rehabil, 9, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/sar.S143251","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil"},{"key":"429_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.09.011","volume":"25","author":"KS Henwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henwood, K. S., Chou, S., & Browne, K. D. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of CBT informed anger management. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25, 280\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2015.09.011","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"429_CR29","first-page":"71","volume":"12","author":"ML Horn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horn, M. L., & Lutz, D. J. (2016). Traumatic brain injury in the criminal justice system: Identification and response to neurological trauma. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 12(2), 71\u201386.","journal-title":"Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice"},{"key":"429_CR30","unstructured":"Jackson, M., Hardy, G., Persson, P., & Holland, S. (2011). Acquired Brain injury in the Victorian Prison System."},{"issue":"5","key":"429_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/24732850.2020.1755923","volume":"20","author":"J Jansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jansen, J. (2020). Traumatic brain injury and its relationship to previous convictions, aggression, and psychological functioning in Dutch detainees. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 20(5), 395\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24732850.2020.1755923","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"429_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.580315","volume":"25","author":"K Kerr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kerr, K., Oram, J., Tinson, H., & Shum, D. (2011). The correlates of aggression in people with acquired brain injury: A preliminary retrospective study. Brain Injury, 25(7\u20138), 729\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02699052.2011.580315","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"429_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2023.133020","volume":"13","author":"T Kyriazos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kyriazos, T., & Poga, M. (2023). Dealing with multicollinearity in factor analysis: The problem, detections, and solutions. Open Journal of Statistics, 13(3), 404\u2013424.","journal-title":"Open Journal of Statistics"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"429_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1374468","volume":"31","author":"A Lakhani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lakhani, A., Townsend, C., & Bishara, J. (2017). Traumatic brain injury amongst indigenous people: A systematic review. Brain Injury, 31(13\u201314), 1718\u20131730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699052.2017.1374468","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"429_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13289","volume":"62","author":"KS Lane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lane, K. S., St Pierre, M. E., Lauterbach, M. D., & Koliatsos, V. E. (2017). Patient profiles of criminal behavior in the context of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 62(2), 545\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13289","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"429_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2018.1474818","volume":"25","author":"G Lansdell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lansdell, G., Saunders, B., Eriksson, A., Bunn, R., & Baidawi, S. (2018). \u2018I am not drunk, I have an ABI\u2019: Findings from a qualitative study into systematic challenges in responding to people with acquired brain injuries in the justice system. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 25, 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13218719.2018.1474818","journal-title":"Psychiatry, Psychology and Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"429_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1071\/MA22002","volume":"43","author":"I Macreadie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Macreadie, I. (2022). Reflections from Melbourne, the world\u2019s most locked-down city, through the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Microbiology Australia, 43(1), 3\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/MA22002","journal-title":"Microbiology Australia"},{"key":"429_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matei, V. P., Rosca, A. E., Pavel, A. N., Paun, R. M., Gmel, G., Daeppen, J.-B., & Studer, J. (2022). Risk factors and consequences of traumatic brain injury in a Swiss male population cohort. British Medical Journal Open, 12(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055986","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055986"},{"issue":"4","key":"429_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E746","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20160072","volume":"4","author":"KE McIsaac","year":"2016","unstructured":"McIsaac, K. E., Moser, A., Moineddin, R., Keown, L. A., Wilton, G., Stewart, L. A., Colantonio, A., Nathens, A. B., & Matheson, F. I. (2016). Association between traumatic brain injury and incarceration: A population-based cohort study. CMAJ Open, 4(4), E746-e753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9778\/cmajo.20160072","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"429_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cnc25","DOI":"10.2217\/cnc-2016-0011","volume":"1","author":"A McKinlay","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKinlay, A., & Albicini, M. (2016). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury and mental health problems among individuals within the criminal justice system. Concussion, 1(4), Cnc25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/cnc-2016-0011","journal-title":"Concussion"},{"issue":"2","key":"429_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050801888824","volume":"22","author":"A McKinlay","year":"2008","unstructured":"McKinlay, A., Grace, R. C., Horwood, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., Ridder, E. M., & MacFarlane, M. R. (2008). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury among children, adolescents and young adults: Prospective evidence from a birth cohort. Brain Injury, 22(2), 175\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699050801888824","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"7","key":"429_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0287312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287312","volume":"18","author":"TM McMillan","year":"2023","unstructured":"McMillan, T. M., McVean, J., Aslam, H., & Barry, S. J. E. (2023). Associations between significant head injury in male juveniles in prison in Scotland UK and cognitive function, disability and crime: A cross sectional study. PLoS ONE, 18(7), e0287312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0287312","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"429_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000479520","volume":"48","author":"T Mitchell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mitchell, T., Theadom, A., & du Preez, E. (2017). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in a male adult prison population and its association with the offence type. Neuroepidemiology, 48(3\u20134), 164\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000479520","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"429_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-023-01297-0","volume":"41","author":"K Mukherjee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mukherjee, K., Gunsoy, N. B., Kristy, R. M., Cappelleri, J. C., Roydhouse, J., Stephenson, J. J., Vanness, D. J., Ramachandran, S., Onwudiwe, N. C., Pentakota, S. R., Karcher, H., & Di Tanna, G. L. (2023). Handling Missing Data in Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR): A systematic review and practical recommendations. PharmacoEconomics, 41(12), 1589\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40273-023-01297-0","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"429_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X09356683","volume":"55","author":"E Mulder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mulder, E., Brand, E., Bullens, R., & Van Marle, H. (2011). Risk factors for overall recidivism and severity of recidivism in serious juvenile offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(1), 118\u2013135.","journal-title":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"},{"issue":"8","key":"429_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/10509674.2018.1549178","volume":"57","author":"D Nagele","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nagele, D., Vaccaro, M., Schmidt, M. J., & Keating, D. (2018). Brain injury in an offender population: Implications for reentry and community transition. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 57(8), 562\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10509674.2018.1549178","journal-title":"Journal of Offender Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"429_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/htr.0000000000000261","volume":"32","author":"D Neumann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neumann, D., Malec, J. F., & Hammond, F. M. (2017). The relations of self-reported aggression to alexithymia, depression, and anxiety after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 32(3), 205\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/htr.0000000000000261","journal-title":"The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"429_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2043465","volume":"45","author":"A Norman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Norman, A., Curro, V., Holloway, M., Percuklievska, N., & Ferrario, H. (2023). Experiences of individuals with acquired brain injury and their families interacting with community services: A systematic scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 45(4), 739\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2022.2043465","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"429_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1323238X.2022.2093462","volume":"28","author":"MT O\u2019Brien","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, M. T. (2022). Brain injury and prison: Over-representation, prevention and reform. Australian Journal of Human Rights, 28(1), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1323238X.2022.2093462","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Human Rights"},{"issue":"10","key":"429_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1288274","volume":"40","author":"C O\u2019Rourke","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Rourke, C., Linden, M. A., & Lohan, M. (2017). Misconceptions about traumatic brain injury among probation services. Disability and Rehabilitation, 40(10), 1119\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2017.1288274","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"429_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.07.006","volume":"25","author":"M da O'Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan, M., Glorney, E., Sterr, A., Oddy, M., & da Silva Ramos, S. (2015). Traumatic brain injury and violent behavior in females: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25, 54\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2015.07.006","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"429_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x17708351","volume":"62","author":"SDS Ramos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramos, S. D. S., Oddy, M., Liddement, J., & Fortescue, D. (2018). Brain Injury and Offending: The Development and Field Testing of a Linkworker Intervention. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(7), 1854\u20131868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x17708351","journal-title":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"},{"issue":"5","key":"429_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155221139023","volume":"37","author":"AE Rose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rose, A. E., Cullen, B., Crawford, S., & Evans, J. J. (2023). A systematic review of mood and depression measures in people with severe cognitive and communication impairments following acquired brain injury. Clinical Rehabilitation, 37(5), 679\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02692155221139023","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"429_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16050088","volume":"29","author":"D Roy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roy, D., Vaishnavi, S., Han, D., & Rao, V. (2017). Correlates and prevalence of aggression at six months and one year after first-time traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 29(4), 334\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16050088","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"429_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saunders, B., Lansdell, G., & Eriksson, A. (2025). Supporting people with an acquired brain injury (ABI) involved in the criminal justice system: justice and allied health professionals\u2019 insights. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13218719.2024.2416637","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2024.2416637"},{"key":"429_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schofield, P. W., Malacova, E., Preen, D. B., D\u2019este, C., Tate, R., Reekie, J., Wand, H., & Butler, T. (2015). Does Traumatic Brain Injury Lead to Criminality? A Whole-Population Retrospective Cohort Study Using Linked Data. PLos One, 10(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132558"},{"key":"429_CR57","unstructured":"Sentencing Advisory Council. (2025). Victoria's Prison Population. https:\/\/www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au\/sentencing-statistics\/victorias-prison-population"},{"key":"429_CR58","unstructured":"Sentencing Advisory Council. (2025). Released Prisoners Returning to Prison. https:\/\/www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au\/sentencing-statistics\/released-prisoners-returning-to-prison"},{"issue":"3","key":"429_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21886","volume":"46","author":"IA Silver","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silver, I. A., & Nedelec, J. L. (2020). Traumatic brain injury and adverse psychological effects: Examining a potential pathway to aggressive offending. Aggressive Behaviour, 46(3), 254\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21886","journal-title":"Aggressive Behaviour"},{"issue":"7","key":"429_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.02.013","volume":"94","author":"F Stalder-L\u00fcthy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stalder-L\u00fcthy, F., Messerli-B\u00fcrgy, N., Hofer, H., Frischknecht, E., Znoj, H., & Barth, J. (2013). Effect of psychological interventions on depressive symptoms in long-term rehabilitation after an acquired brain injury: A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94(7), 1386\u20131397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.02.013","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"429_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9926-4","volume":"42","author":"G Sweeten","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sweeten, G., Piquero, A. R., & Steinberg, L. (2013). Age and the explanation of crime, revisited. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(6), 921\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-013-9926-4","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"429_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.2.155","volume":"15","author":"A Tateno","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tateno, A., Jorge, R. E., & Robinson, R. G. (2003). Clinical correlates of aggressive behavior after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15(2), 155\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.15.2.155","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"429_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/0269905021000010122","volume":"17","author":"L Turkstra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turkstra, L., Jones, D., & Toler, H. L. (2003). Brain injury and violent crime. Brain Injury, 17(1), 39\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0269905021000010122","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"429_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.07.023","volume":"91","author":"CN Weis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weis, C. N., Webb, E. K., deRoon-Cassini, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2022). Emotion dysregulation following trauma: Shared neurocircuitry of traumatic brain injury and trauma-related psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 91(5), 470\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.07.023","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"429_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-2011-0671","volume":"29","author":"SL West","year":"2011","unstructured":"West, S. L. (2011). Substance use among persons with traumatic brain injury: A review. NeuroRehabilitation, 29(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-2011-0671","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"429_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2010.519613","volume":"20","author":"W Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams, W., Cordan, G., Mewse, A. J., Tonks, J., & Burgess, C. N. W. (2010). Self-reported traumatic brain injury in male young offenders: A risk factor for re-offending, poor mental health and violence? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20(6), 801\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09602011.2010.519613","journal-title":"Neuropsychological Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"10","key":"429_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(18)30062-2","volume":"5","author":"WH Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams, W. H., Chitsabesan, P., Fazel, S., McMillan, T., Hughes, N., Parsonage, M., & Tonks, J. (2018). Traumatic brain injury: A potential cause of violent crime? Lancet Psychiatry, 5(10), 836\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2215-0366(18)30062-2","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"429_CR68","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. (2019). International Classification of Disease 10th Revision https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en#S05"},{"issue":"14","key":"429_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1177\/10497323241242046","volume":"34","author":"M Zarzycki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zarzycki, M., Seddon, D., Petrovic, M., & Morrison, V. (2024). Supporting individuals with an acquired brain injury: An interpretative phenomenological study exploring the everyday lives of caregivers. Qualitative Health Research, 34(14), 1412\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10497323241242046","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00429-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00429-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00429-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:48:30Z","timestamp":1790030910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00429-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00429-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A waiver of consent was obtained to access de-identified administrative data for this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"NA as a waiver of consent was obtained and data was de-identified.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"44"}}