{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:44:33Z","timestamp":1792788273242,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":90,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Department of Defense","award":["W81XWH-08-2-0100\/W81XWH-08-2-0102 and W81XWH-12-2-0117\/ W81XWH-12-2-0121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-08-2-0100\/W81XWH-08-2-0102 and W81XWH-12-2-0117\/ W81XWH-12-2-0121"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0447fe631","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Veterans are overrepresented in the United States criminal justice system, yet limited research has examined how mental health, substance use, and psychosocial factors intersect to shape involvement in the justice system\u2014particularly across gender. As the population of women veterans grows, understanding gender-based differences in criminal justice involvement is critical to developing targeted, patient-centered interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed data from 1,360 post-9\/11 veterans (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200937.49; 51.3% women) to examine gender-specific associations between individual and co-occurring factors and criminal justice involvement. Justice involvement was defined as being arrested and charged with a crime after deployment, which was measured through self-report.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 15.0% of veterans reported post-deployment justice involvement (11.3% of women and 18.7% of men). Several factors were related to higher likelihood of post-deployment justice involvement in both groups (i.e., younger age, provisional alcohol use disorder diagnosis) while others were only related in one group (e.g., problematic anger among women; history of homelessness among men).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings underscore the importance of integrated, gender-responsive approaches to reduce justice involvement among veterans. Public health and criminal justice system interventions should address overlapping domains of need, including mental health, housing instability, and substance use, while tailoring strategies to gender-specific risk profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-026-00432-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:17:28Z","timestamp":1782289048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender differences in criminal justice system involvement and associations with post-deployment factors among Post-9\/11 veterans"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2108-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Naganuma-Carreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Collazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Kearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Sager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"432_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2223236","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.23236","volume":"5","author":"AB Adler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adler, A. B., LeardMann, C. A., Villalobos, J., Jacobson, I. G., Forbes, D., Millennium Cohort Study Team. (2022). Association of problematic anger with long-term adjustment following the military-to-civilian transition. JAMA Network Open, 5(7), e2223236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.23236","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"432_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.003","volume":"95","author":"RL Bachrach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bachrach, R. L., Blosnich, J. R., & Williams, E. C. (2018). Alcohol screening and brief intervention in a representative sample of veterans receiving primary care services. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 95, 18\u201325.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"432_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2016.10.007","volume":"49","author":"A Backhaus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Backhaus, A., Gholizadeh, S., Godfrey, K. M., Pittman, J., & Afari, N. (2016). The many wounds of war: The association of service-related and clinical characteristics with problems with the law in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 49(Pt B), 205\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2016.10.007","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry"},{"key":"432_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxu003","volume":"37","author":"JC Blodgett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blodgett, J. C., Avoundjian, T., Finlay, A. K., Rosenthal, J., Asch, S. M., Maisel, N. C., & Midboe, A. M. (2015). Prevalence of mental health disorders among justice-involved veterans. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37, 163\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/epirev\/mxu003","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000220","volume":"15","author":"MJ Bovin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bovin, M. J., Black, S. K., Rodriguez, P., Lunney, C. A., Kleiman, S. E., Weathers, F. W., Schnurr, P. P., Spira, J., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018). Development and validation of a measure of PTSD-related psychosocial functional impairment: The Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning. Psychological Services, 15(2), 216\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000220","journal-title":"Psychological Services"},{"key":"432_CR6","unstructured":"Bronson, J., Carson, A. C., & Noonan, M. (2015). Veterans in prison and jail, 2011\u201312. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics."},{"key":"432_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.1040","volume":"22","author":"AW Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown, A. W., Malec, J. F., McClelland, R. L., Diehl, N. N., Englander, J., & Cifu, D. X. (2005). Clinical elements that predict outcome after traumatic brain injury: A prospective multicenter recursive partitioning (decision-tree) analysis. Journal of Neurotrauma, 22, 1040\u20131051.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/swt001","volume":"58","author":"BE Carlson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carlson, B. E., Stromwall, L. K., & Lietz, C. A. (2013). Mental health issues in recently returning women veterans: Implications for practice. Social Work, 58(2), 105\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sw\/swt001","journal-title":"Social Work"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR9","first-page":"184","volume":"54","author":"S Carr\u00e9re","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carr\u00e9re, S., Mittmann, A., Woodin, E., Tabares, A., & Yoshimoto, D. (2005). Anger dysregulation, depressive symptoms, and health in married women and men. Nursing Research, 54(3), 184\u2013192.","journal-title":"Nursing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR10","first-page":"4","volume":"81","author":"Department of Health, Education, and Welfare [DHEW], & National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research","year":"2014","unstructured":"Department of Health, Education, and Welfare [DHEW], & National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (2014). The Belmont Report. Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 81(3), 4\u201313.","journal-title":"The Journal of the American College of Dentists"},{"key":"432_CR11","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention (OMHSP). 2023 National Veteran Suicide Prevention Annual Report. Washington, DC: US Dept of Veterans Affairs; 2024."},{"key":"432_CR12","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Women\u2019s Health. Facts and Statistics About Women Veterans. Washington, DC: US Dept of Veterans Affairs; 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-018-9633-8","volume":"46","author":"KJ Derefinko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Derefinko, K. J., Hallsell, T. A., Isaacs, M. B., Colvin, L. W., Salgado Garcia, F. I., & Bursac, Z. (2019). Perceived needs of veterans transitioning from the military to civilian life. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 46(3), 384\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-018-9633-8","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000511","volume":"47","author":"A Desai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Desai, A., Holliday, R., & Borges, L. M. (2023). Racial, ethnic, and sex differences in psychiatric diagnosis, mental health sequelae, and VHA service utilization among justice-involved veterans. Law and Human Behavior, 47(1), 260\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/lhb0000511","journal-title":"Law and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"432_CR15","first-page":"222","volume":"39","author":"AM Eakman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eakman, A. M., Kinney, A. R., & Reinhardt, R. (2019). Participation, meaningful activity, and social support among US student service members\/veterans. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 39(4), 222\u2013231.","journal-title":"OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"432_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/07340168231160862","volume":"49","author":"ER Edwards","year":"2023","unstructured":"Edwards, E. R., Epshteyn, G., Connelly, B., Redden, C., Moussa, C. E. H., Blonigen, D. M., Stimmel, M., Holliday, R., & Osterberg, T. (2023). Understanding criminogenic risk factors among united states military veterans: An updated literature review. Criminal Justice Review, 49(4), 495\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07340168231160862","journal-title":"Criminal Justice Review"},{"key":"432_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102533","volume":"115","author":"ER Edwards","year":"2025","unstructured":"Edwards, E. R., Fortuna, A., Holliday, R., Addison, H., & Tsai, J. (2025). Prevalence of mental health conditions, substance use disorders, suicidal ideation and attempts, and experiences of homelessness among Veterans with criminal-legal involvement: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 115, 102533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102533","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029967","volume":"80","author":"EB Elbogen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elbogen, E. B., Johnson, S. C., Newton, V. M., Straits-Troster, K., Vasterling, J. J., Wagner, H. R., & Beckham, J. C. (2012). Criminal justice involvement, trauma, and negative affect in Iraq and Afghanistan war era veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(6), 1097\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029967","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 1","key":"432_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000271","volume":"53","author":"AK Finlay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Finlay, A. K., Binswanger, I. A., Smelson, D., Sawh, L., McGuire, J., Rosenthal, J., Blue-Howells, J., Timko, C., Blodgett, J. C., Harris, A. H., Asch, S. M., & Frayne, S. (2015). Sex differences in mental health and substance use disorders and treatment entry among justice-involved Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration. Medical Care, 53(4 Suppl 1), S105\u2013S111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000271","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"432_CR20","unstructured":"First, M. B., Williams, J. B., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders. Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV)."},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000029268.22161.bd","volume":"17","author":"D Forbes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Forbes, D., Hawthorne, G., Elliott, P., McHugh, T., Biddle, D., Creamer, M., & Novaco, R. W. (2004). A concise measure of anger in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(3), 249\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000029268.22161.bd","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/15325020490255313","volume":"9","author":"MJ Gray","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gray, M. J., & Lombardo, T. W. (2004). Life event attributions as a potential source of vulnerability following exposure to a traumatic event. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 9(1), 59\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15325020490255313","journal-title":"Journal of Loss and Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"432_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22667","volume":"34","author":"JD Green","year":"2017","unstructured":"Green, J. D., Annunziata, A., Kleiman, S. E., Bovin, M. J., Harwell, A. M., Fox, A. M. L., Black, S. K., Schnurr, P. P., Holowka, D. W., Rosen, R. C., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2017). Examining the diagnostic utility of the DSM-5 PTSD symptoms among male and female returning veterans. Depression and Anxiety, 34(8), 752\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22667","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"4","key":"432_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0283633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283633","volume":"18","author":"K Gujral","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gujral, K., Bahraini, N., Brenner, L. A., Van Campen, J., Zulman, D. M., Illarmo, S., & Wagner, T. H. (2023). VA\u2019s implementation of universal screening and evaluation for the suicide risk identification program in November 2020 -Implications for Veterans with prior mental health needs. PLoS ONE, 18(4), e0283633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0283633","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/10509674.2023.2295863","volume":"63","author":"RD Hartley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hartley, R. D., & Baldwin, J. M. (2024). A multisite examination of women veterans in veterans treatment courts: A gendered comparison of demography, criminal history, program requirements, and substance use and mental health issues. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 63(2), 112\u2013130. NCJ 308336.","journal-title":"Journal of Offender Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0986-y","volume":"41","author":"G Hawthorne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hawthorne, G., Mouthaan, J., Forbes, D., & Novaco, R. W. (2006). Response categories and anger measurement: Do fewer categories result in poorer measurement?: Development of the DAR5. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(2), 164\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-005-0986-y","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"432_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001038","volume":"13","author":"R Holliday","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holliday, R., Hoffmire, C. A., Martin, W. B., Hoff, R. A., & Monteith, L. L. (2021). Associations between justice involvement and PTSD and depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt among post-9\/11 veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 13(7), 730\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001038","journal-title":"Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"432_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22110","volume":"29","author":"CE Jackson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jackson, C. E., Green, J. D., Bovin, M. J., Vasterling, J. J., Holowka, D. W., Ranganathan, G., Rosen, R. C., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2016). Mild traumatic brain injury, PTSD, and psychosocial functioning among male and female U.S. OEF\/OIF veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(4), 309\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22110","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"11","key":"432_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8739","volume":"30","author":"P Kaway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaway, P., Wada, K., Yamakawa, M., Koda, S., Uji, T., Oba, S., & Nagata, C. (2021). Association between anger and mortality in women and men: A prospective cohort study in a Japanese community. Journal of Women\u2019s Health, 30(11), 1597\u20131603. https:\/\/doi-org.ezproxy.bu.edu\/10.1089\/jwh.2020.8739.","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"432_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kelton K, Yu M, Singh K, et al. Risk of homelessness among veterans with and without criminal legal system involvement. Psychol Serv. Published online August 28, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000993","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000993"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2022.2141049","volume":"2022","author":"K Kelton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelton, K., Van Voorhees, E. E., Elbogen, E. B., Mid-Atlantic, V. A., Workgroup, M. I. R. E. C. C., & Dillon, K. H. (2022). Correlates of incarceration history among military veterans. Military Psychology, 2022(6), 577\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08995605.2022.2141049","journal-title":"Military Psychology"},{"key":"432_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327876mp1802_1","volume":"18","author":"LA King","year":"2006","unstructured":"King, L. A., King, D. W., Vogt, D. S., Knight, J., & Samper, R. E. (2006). Deployment risk and resilience inventory: A collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans. Military Psychology, 18, 89\u2013120.","journal-title":"Military Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22987","volume":"37","author":"AB Klein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klein, A. B., Schnurr, P. P., Bovin, M. J., Friedman, M. J., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2024). An empirical investigation of definitions of subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 37(1), 113\u2013125.","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000384","volume":"11","author":"SE Larsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larsen, S. E., Fleming, C. J. E., & Resick, P. A. (2019). Residual symptoms following empirically supported treatment for PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(2), 207\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000384","journal-title":"Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"432_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Lecrubier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., & Dunbar, G. C. (1997). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): A short diagnostic structured interview: Reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry, 12(5), 224\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"432_CR36","volume-title":"The Justice Gap: The Unmet Civil Legal Needs of Low-Income Americans","author":"Legal Services Corporation","year":"2022","unstructured":"Legal Services Corporation. (2022). The Justice Gap: The Unmet Civil Legal Needs of Low-Income Americans. Legal Services Corporation."},{"issue":"5","key":"432_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.913","volume":"12","author":"HS Levin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levin, H. S. (1995). Prediction of recovery from traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 12(5), 913\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.1995.12.913","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"key":"432_CR38","volume-title":"Survey of prison inmates, 2016: Veterans in prison","author":"LM Maruschak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maruschak, L. M., Bronson, J., & Alper, M. (2021). Survey of prison inmates, 2016: Veterans in prison. Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice."},{"key":"432_CR39","unstructured":"Marx, B. P., Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C., Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., & Keane, T. M. (2020). The Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning (IPF). [Measurement instrument]. Available from https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov."},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2017.10.009","volume":"28","author":"JD McCall","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCall, J. D., & Tsai, J. (2017). Characteristics and health needs of veterans in jails and prisons: What we know and do not know about incarcerated women veterans. Women\u2019s Health Issues: Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women\u2019s Health, 28(2), 172\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2017.10.009","journal-title":"Women's Health Issues: Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716221995161","volume":"693","author":"AE Montgomery","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montgomery, A. E. (2021). Understanding the dynamics of homelessness among veterans receiving outpatient care: Lessons learned from universal screening. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 693(1), 230\u2013243.","journal-title":"The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"432_CR44","unstructured":"Morland, L., Elbogen, E., & Dillon, K. (2020). Anger and PTSD. PTSD Research Quarterly, 31(3), 1\u20139. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/publications\/rq_docs\/V31N3.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.3.309","volume":"19","author":"MK Nock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nock, M. K., Holmberg, E. B., Photos, V. I., & Michel, B. D. (2007). Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors interview: Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 309\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.19.3.309","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"432_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Novaco, R. W., Swanson, R. D., Gonzalez, O. I., Gahm, G. A., & Reger, M. D. (2012). Anger and postcombat mental health: validation of a brief anger measure with U.S. soldiers postdeployed from Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 661\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0026636","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026636"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2011.05.011","volume":"34","author":"PR Puri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Puri, P. R., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2011). Health care utilization and poor reassurance: Potential predictors of somatoform disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 34(3), 525\u2013544.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"15","key":"432_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.15.1681","volume":"159","author":"MC Reid","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reid, M. C., Fiellin, D. A., & O\u2019Connor, P. G. (1999). Hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in primary care. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(15), 1681\u20131689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.159.15.1681","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.355","volume":"21","author":"RC Rosen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosen, R. C., Marx, B. P., Maserejian, N. N., Holowka, D. W., Gates, M. A., Sleeper, L. A., Vasterling, J. J., Kang, H. K., & Keane, T. M. (2012). Project VALOR: Design and methods of a longitudinal registry of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat-exposed veterans in the Afghanistan and Iraqi military theaters of operations. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(1), 5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.355","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"432_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","volume":"88","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1993","unstructured":"Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption\u2013II. Addiction, 88(6), 791\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"432_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22871","volume":"36","author":"PP Schnurr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schnurr, P. P., & Lunney, C. A. (2019). Residual symptoms following prolonged exposure and present-centered therapy for PTSD in female veterans and soldiers. Depression and Anxiety, 36(2), 162\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22871","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"432_CR52","first-page":"22","volume":"59 Suppl 20","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 59 Suppl 20, 22\u201357.","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"432_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1342-8","volume":"52","author":"DL Snowden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Snowden, D. L., Oh, S., Salas-Wright, C. P., Vaughn, M. G., & King, E. (2017). Military service and crime: New evidence. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(5), 605\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-017-1342-8","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"18","key":"432_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","volume":"282","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary care evaluation of mental disorders. Patient health questionnaire. JAMA, 282(18), 1737\u20131744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400442","volume":"67","author":"K Stainbrook","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stainbrook, K., Hartwell, S., & James, A. (2016). Female veterans in jail diversion programs: Differences from and similarities to their male peers. Psychiatric Services, 67(1), 133\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201400442","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"7","key":"432_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911221143979","volume":"30","author":"IH Stanley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stanley, I. H., Marx, B. P., Fina, B. A., Young-McCaughan, S., Tyler, H. C., Sloan, D. M., Blankenship, A. E., Dondanville, K. A., Walker, J. L., Boffa, J. W., Bryan, C. J., Brown, L. A., Straud, C. L., Mintz, J., Abdallah, C. G., Back, S. E., Blount, T. H., DeBeer, B. B., Flanagan, J., \u2026 Peterson, A. L. (2023). Psychometric properties of the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview-Short Form among U.S. active duty military service members and veterans. Assessment, 30(7), 2332\u20132346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911221143979","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"432_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2439","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad019","volume":"188","author":"KC Stryczek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stryczek, K. C., Honsberger, M., Ball, S. L., Barnard, J. G., Young, J. P., Felker, B., & Sayre, G. G. (2023). VA outreach is an essential area for improving veterans\u2019 health care accessibility. Military Medicine, 188(7\u20138), e2439\u2013e2447.","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"key":"432_CR58","unstructured":"Sussman, J. S. (2021). Veterans Health Administration: Gender-specific health care services for women veterans (CRS In Focus No. IF11082). Congressional Research Service."},{"issue":"5","key":"432_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22526","volume":"33","author":"EN Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor, E. N., Timko, C., Nash, A., Owens, M. D., Harris, A. H. S., & Finlay, A. K. (2020). posttraumatic stress disorder and justice involvement among military veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(5), 804\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22526","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000537","volume":"19","author":"J Tsai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsai, J., Edwards, E., Cao, X., & Finlay, A. K. (2022). Disentangling associations between military service, race, and incarceration in the U.S. population. Psychological Services, 19(3), 431\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000537","journal-title":"Psychological Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2013.09.007","volume":"24","author":"J Tsai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsai, J., Kasprow, W. J., Kane, V., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2014). National comparison of literally homeless male and female VA service users: Entry characteristics, clinical needs, and service patterns. Women\u2019s Health Issues\u202f: Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women\u2019s Health, 24(1), e29\u2013e35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2013.09.007","journal-title":"Women's Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000557","volume":"20","author":"J Tsai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsai, J., Mitchell, L., Nakashima, J., & Blue-Howells, J. (2023). Unmet needs of homeless U.S. veterans by gender and race\/ethnicity: Data from five annual surveys. Psychological services, 20(1), 149\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ser0000557","journal-title":"Psychological services"},{"issue":"8","key":"432_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201700482open_in_new","volume":"69","author":"J Tsai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsai, J., Trevisan, L., Huang, M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2018). Addressing veteran homelessness to prevent veteran suicides. Psychiatric Services, 69(8), 841\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.201700482open_in_new","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"432_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12724","volume":"56","author":"N Van Doren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Doren, N., & Soto, J. A. (2021). Paying the price for anger: Do women bear greater costs? International Journal of Psychology: Journal International de Psychologie, 56(3), 331\u2013337. https:\/\/doi-org.ezproxy.bu.edu\/10.1002\/ijop.12724.","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology: Journal International de Psychologie"},{"key":"432_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.04.004","volume":"151","author":"T Varker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varker, T., Cowlishaw, S., Baur, J., McGuire, A., Metcalf, O., McFarlane, A., & Phelps, A. (2022). Problem anger in veterans and military personnel: Prevalence, predictors, and associated harms of suicide and violence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 151, 57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.04.004","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"432_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079916682524","volume":"65","author":"DL Waszak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Waszak, D. L., & Holmes, A. M. (2017). The unique health needs of post-9\/11 US veterans. Workplace Health & Safety, 65(9), 430\u2013444.","journal-title":"Workplace Health & Safety"},{"issue":"1","key":"432_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.11.052","volume":"148","author":"TS Wells","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wells, T. S., Horton, J. L., LeardMann, C. A., Jacobson, I. G., & Boyko, E. J. (2013). A comparison of the PRIME-MD PHQ-9 and PHQ-8 in a large military prospective study, the Millennium Cohort Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148(1), 77\u201383.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"432_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050600744079","volume":"20","author":"EA Wilde","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilde, E. A., Bigler, E. D., Pedroza, C., & Ryser, D. K. (2006). Post-traumatic amnesia predicts long-term cerebral atrophy in traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 20, 695\u2013699.","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"432_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.07.009","volume":"81","author":"EC Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams, E. C., Lapham, G. T., Rubinsky, A. D., Chavez, L. J., Berger, D., & Bradley, K. A. (2017). Influence of a targeted performance measure for brief intervention on gender differences in receipt of brief intervention among patients with unhealthy alcohol use in the Veterans Health Administration. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 81, 11\u201316.","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"12","key":"432_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09328","volume":"75","author":"BE Wisco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wisco, B. E., Marx, B. P., Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the US veteran population: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(12), 1338\u20131346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.14m09328","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"432_CR71","unstructured":"Zogas, A. (2017). US military veterans\u2019 difficult transitions back to civilian life and the VA\u2019s response. University of Washington."}],"container-title":["Health &amp; Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00432-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00432-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00432-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:25:32Z","timestamp":1790029532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00432-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00432-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent before beginning any study procedures. All study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at (medical center name omitted for masked review), and the Human Research Protection Office of the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command. All research was conducted in line with the Belmont Report\u2019s framework for ethical principles in human research (DHEW et al.\n                      \n                      ).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"39"}}