{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:13:18Z","timestamp":1789805598356,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Justice"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-026-00435-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:44:06Z","timestamp":1789803846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chemical restraint in custody: national trends, clinical outcomes, and policy implications (2022\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2115-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Emilio","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"435_CR10","unstructured":"American Academy of Emergency Medicine (2024). Clinical Practice Statement on Ketamine."},{"issue":"4","key":"435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.29045\/14784726.2020.12.4.4.34","volume":"4","author":"R Armour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armour, R. (2020). Chemical sedation in prehospital settings. Br Paramed J, 4(4), 34\u201339.","journal-title":"Br Paramed J"},{"issue":"10","key":"435_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2338070","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.38070","volume":"6","author":"DC Brunson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brunson, D. C., Miller, K., Carrillo, E., et al. (2023). Race and ethnicity and prehospital use of opioid or ketamine analgesia. JAMA Netw Open, 6(10), e2338070.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR8","first-page":"234","volume":"68","author":"JL Kwong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kwong, J. L., et al. (2025). Paramedic ketamine use for agitation. Journal Of Emergency Medicine, 68(2), 234\u2013240.","journal-title":"Journal Of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2018.1501445","volume":"23","author":"LM Linder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Linder, L. M., Ross, C. A., & Weant, K. A. (2019). Prehospital ketamine for excited delirium with substance co-ingestion. Prehospital Emergency Care : Official Journal Of The National Association Of Ems Physicians And The National Association Of State Ems Directors, 23(2), 201\u2013209.","journal-title":"Prehospital Emergency Care : Official Journal Of The National Association Of Ems Physicians And The National Association Of State Ems Directors"},{"issue":"1","key":"435_CR5","first-page":"123","volume":"48","author":"B Mearkle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mearkle, B., et al. (2025). National analysis of prehospital agitation protocols. Journal Of Emergency Medicine, 48(1), 123\u2013130.","journal-title":"Journal Of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"435_CR6","first-page":"456","volume":"85","author":"MM Muldowney","year":"2025","unstructured":"Muldowney, M. M., et al. (2025). Ketamine vs midazolam for behavioral disturbance. Annals Of Emergency Medicine, 85(4), 456\u2013463.","journal-title":"Annals Of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"435_CR7","first-page":"123","volume":"42","author":"MC O\u2019Brien","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, M. C., et al. (2024). Fixed-dose ketamine for severe agitation. American Journal Of Emergency Medicine, 42, 123\u2013129.","journal-title":"American Journal Of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"435_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.07.017","volume":"55","author":"BM Roberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts, B. M., Mankowitz, S. L., Regenberg, P., et al. (2018). Ketamine for rapid sedation: a meta-analysis. Journal Of Emergency Medicine, 55(5), 670\u2013681.","journal-title":"Journal Of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2022.10.56478","volume":"24","author":"BM Walsh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walsh, B. M., Agboola, I. K., Coupet, E. Jr, et al. (2023). Revisiting Excited Delirium. West J Emerg Med, 24(2), 152\u2013159.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"}],"container-title":["Health & Justice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00435-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00435-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00435-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:44:08Z","timestamp":1789803848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00435-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40352-026-00435-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was not required as this study used publicly available data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"38"}}