{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T23:04:01Z","timestamp":1777331041976,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation of Global Life Learning Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The demands of daily life often cause mothers high levels of distress and other negative emotions. Anger, including harsh verbal discipline, has been linked to child maltreatment, with long-term adverse effects on a child\u2019s well-being. It is critically important to teach mothers stress management and emotion regulation in addition to parenting skills, but this is yet to be conducted in a formalized manner. Strengthening the multiple protective factors that constitute resilience helps reduce distress. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a resilience-enhancement program for mothers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We designed a two-arm, parallel, randomized trial with an active control. Mothers and their partners with children between three and six years old will be recruited. Following an online baseline survey, 140 mothers will be randomly allocated to either an intervention or control group. Self-report assessment will be conducted online post-intervention and at a two-month follow-up. The control group will participate in a serious of group discussions. The intervention group will participate in four bi-weekly 120-min sessions of a Cognitive Behavior Therapy-based program designed to enhance resilience, focusing on emotion regulation through cognitive reappraisal. Participants will be encouraged to apply and share the skills they acquire with their partner and children at home. Partners will also be assessed to explore their indirect influence from the mothers. Intention-to-treat analysis will be conducted and the two groups will be compared, applying covariate analysis. The primary outcome of the intervention is improved resilience. Secondary outcomes include improved anger control, self-esteem, cognition of children\u2019s misbehavior, and reduced parental stress.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this study will evaluate the first resilience-enhancement program focused on emotion regulation for mothers in Japan. It will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on building emotional resilience. If the program is found to be effective, it will provide an alternative means to enhance mothers\u2019 resilience against stress and improve their ability to regulate emotion. In so doing, it will offer a way to prevent child maltreatment and protect the mental health of children and families.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/upload.umin.ac.jp\/cgi-open-bin\/ctr\/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000031158\">UMIN000027232<\/jats:ext-link>, May 3, 2017.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-019-0344-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T15:03:40Z","timestamp":1573052620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The efficacy of a resilience-enhancement program for mothers in Japan based on emotion regulation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3605-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromi","family":"Tobe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Sakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoko","family":"Kamibeppu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)90110-4","volume":"18","author":"YC Chan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chan YC. Parenting stress and social support of mothers who physically abuse their children in Hong Kong. Child Abuse Negl. 1994;18(3):261\u20139.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"4","key":"344_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90025-6","volume":"14","author":"JMC Hillson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hillson JMC, Kuiper NA. A stress and coping model of child maltreatment. Clin Psychol Rev. 1994;14(4):261\u201385.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"344_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.4.558","volume":"56","author":"C Webster-Stratton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Webster-Stratton C, Kolpacoff M, Hollinsworth T. Self-administered videotape therapy for families with conduct-problem children: comparison with two cost-effective treatments and a control group. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(4):558\u201366.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR4","first-page":"85","volume":"8","author":"WB Gudykunst","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gudykunst WB, Nishida T. Closeness in interpersonal relationships in Japan and the United States. Shakai Shinrigaku Kenkyu (Social Psychology Study). 1993;8(2):85\u201397.","journal-title":"Shakai Shinrigaku Kenkyu (Social Psychology Study)"},{"issue":"4","key":"344_CR5","first-page":"372","volume":"44","author":"Y Shimizu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shimizu Y. Parenting stress: focused on stress emotion response. Maternal Health. 2003;44(4):372\u20138 (in Japanese).","journal-title":"Maternal Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3418\/jjam.23.196","volume":"23","author":"E Takeda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Takeda E. Related factors and impact of \"anger-hatred\" of mothers with 18-month child. Journal of Japan Academy of Midwifery. 2009;23(2):196\u2013207 (in Japanese).","journal-title":"Journal of Japan Academy of Midwifery"},{"key":"344_CR7","first-page":"33","volume":"20","author":"Y Shimizu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shimizu Y. Maternal parenting stress and anger. Japanese Ethical Psychology Study. 2006;20:33\u20138 (in Japanese).","journal-title":"Japanese Ethical Psychology Study"},{"issue":"10","key":"344_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.06.001","volume":"35","author":"KL Donovan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Donovan KL, Brassard MR. Trajectories of maternal verbal aggression across the middle school years: associations with negative view of self and social problems. Child Abuse Negl. 2011;35(10):814\u201330.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"344_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2001.19755","volume":"42","author":"JG Johnson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Johnson JG, Cohen P, Smailes EM, Skodol AE, Brown J, Oldham JM. Childhood verbal abuse and risk for personality disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Compr Psychiatry. 2001;42(1):16\u201323.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"344_CR10","first-page":"345","volume":"43","author":"A Tomoda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tomoda A. Preliminary evidence of neurobiological and behavioral consequences of exposure to childhood maltreatment on regional brain development. No to hattatsu (Brain and development). 2011;43(5):345\u201351 (in Japanese).","journal-title":"No to hattatsu (Brain and development)"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12143","volume":"85","author":"M-T Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang M-T, Kenny S. Longitudinal links between fathers' and mothers' harsh verbal discipline and adolescents' conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Child Dev. 2014;85(3):908\u201323.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"344_CR12","unstructured":"Tomoda A: Parents who damage their children's brain. Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc. (in Japanese); 2017."},{"issue":"4","key":"344_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2104_12","volume":"21","author":"RR Abidin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Abidin RR. The determinants of parenting behavior. J Clin Child Psychol. 1992;21(4):407\u201312.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959259810000420","volume":"21","author":"G Windle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Windle G. What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Rev Clin Gerontol. 2011;21(2):152\u201369.","journal-title":"Rev Clin Gerontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/030549899104008","volume":"25","author":"S Howard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Howard S, Dryden J, Johnson B. Childhood resilience: review and critique of literature. Oxf Rev Educ. 1999;25(3):307\u201323.","journal-title":"Oxf Rev Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.3.227","volume":"56","author":"AS Masten","year":"2001","unstructured":"Masten AS. Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Am Psychol. 2001;56(3):227\u201338.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"344_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/1.8.14","volume":"1","author":"N Garmezy","year":"1974","unstructured":"Garmezy N, Streitman S. Children at risk: the search for the antecedents of schizophrenia: I. conceptual models and research methods. Schizophr Bull. 1974;1(8):14\u201390.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"344_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1300\/J005v20n01_11","volume":"20","author":"AE Brodsky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brodsky AE. Vet KAD: \u201cyou have to be real strong\u201d. Prev Interv Community. 2000;20(1\u20132):159\u201378.","journal-title":"Prev Interv Community"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/cp.12053","volume":"19","author":"S Gavidia-Payne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gavidia-Payne S, Denny B, Davis K, Francis A, Jackson M. Parental resilience: a neglected construct in resilience research. Clin Psychol. 2015;19(3):111\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00164","volume":"71","author":"SS Luthar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev. 2000;71(3):543\u201362.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021637011732","volume":"28","author":"M Dumont","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dumont M, Provost MA. Resilience in adolescents: protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. J Youth Adolesc. 1999;28(3):343\u201363.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"5","key":"344_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.5.1067","volume":"70","author":"EC Klohnen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Klohnen EC. Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70(5):1067.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"344_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2307\/1129832","volume":"55","author":"LA Sroufe","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sroufe LA, Rutter M. The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Dev. 1984;55(1):17\u201329.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"344_CR24","unstructured":"Glantz MD, Johnson JL: Resilience and development: positive life adaptations: Springer Science & Business Media; 2006."},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2002.00349.x","volume":"64","author":"JM Patterson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Patterson JM. Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. J Marriage Fam. 2002;64(2):349\u201360.","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.36.3.238","volume":"36","author":"MK Alvord","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alvord MK, Grados JJ. Enhancing resilience in children: a proactive approach. Prof Psychol Res Pract. 2005;36(3):238.","journal-title":"Prof Psychol Res Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-013-9320-8","volume":"40","author":"J Griffith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Griffith J. West C, research: master resilience training and its relationship to individual well-being and stress buffering among Army National Guard soldiers. J Behav Health Ser R. 2013;40(2):140\u201355.","journal-title":"J Behav Health Ser R"},{"key":"344_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357","volume":"26","author":"S Fergus","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fergus S, Zimmerman MA. Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. J Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:399\u2013419.","journal-title":"J Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"344_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.07.780","volume":"56","author":"J Dray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dray J, Bowman J, Campbell E, Freund M, Wolfenden L, Hodder RK, McElwaine K, Tremain D, Bartlem K, Bailey J. Systematic review of universal resilience-focused interventions targeting child and adolescent mental health in the school setting. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(10):813\u201324.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"344_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.56.44.445-454","volume":"56","author":"M Steinhardt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steinhardt M, Dolbier C. Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. J Am Coll Heal. 2008;56(4):445\u201353.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Heal"},{"key":"344_CR31","unstructured":"Gross JJ, Thompson RA: Emotion regulation: conceptual foundations. 2007."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"344_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2307\/1166137","volume":"59","author":"RA Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson RA. Emotion regulation: a theme in search of definition. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59(2\u20133):25\u201352.","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S0048577201393198","volume":"39","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology. 2002;39(3):281\u201391.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"344_CR34","unstructured":"Gross JJ, Thompson RA: Emotion Regulation: Conceptual Foundations. In: Handbook of emotion regulation. edn. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 2007: 3\u201324."},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348","volume":"85","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85(2):348.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"344_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.09.003","volume":"42","author":"GJ Haeffel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haeffel GJ, Vargas I. Resilience to depressive symptoms: the buffering effects of enhancing cognitive style and positive life events. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2011;42(1):13\u20138.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"344_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.05.008","volume":"54","author":"J-A Min","year":"2013","unstructured":"Min J-A, Yu JJ, Lee C-U, Chae J-H. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies contributing to resilience in patients with depression and\/or anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(8):1190\u20137.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"344_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120034015","volume":"39","author":"JK Tebes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tebes JK, Irish JT, Puglisi Vasquez MJ, Perkins DV. Cognitive transformation as a marker of resilience. Subst Use Misuse. 2004;39(5):769\u201388.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0118.2007.00016.x","volume":"23","author":"L Baraitser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baraitser L, Noack A. Mother courage: reflections on maternal resilience. Br J Psychother. 2007;23(2):171\u201388.","journal-title":"Br J Psychother"},{"issue":"4","key":"344_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.46.4.382","volume":"46","author":"TV Horton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Horton TV, Wallander JL. Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions. Rehabil Psychol. 2001;46(4):382.","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"344_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111420","volume":"9","author":"AL Leppin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leppin AL, Bora PR, Tilburt JC, Gionfriddo MR, Zeballos-Palacios C, Dulohery MM, Sood A, Erwin PJ, Brito JP, Boehmer KR. The efficacy of resiliency training programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e111420.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"344_CR42","first-page":"57","volume":"35","author":"A Oshio","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oshio A, Nakaya M, Kaneko H, Nagamine S. Development and validation of an adolescent resilience scale. Japanese Journal of Counseling Science. 2002;35:57\u201365 (in Japanese).","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Counseling Science"},{"key":"344_CR43","volume-title":"State-trait anger expression inventory: STAXI professional manual","author":"C Speilberger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Speilberger C. State-trait anger expression inventory: STAXI professional manual. Odessa, Florida: J PAR; 1996."},{"key":"344_CR44","volume-title":"Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES)","author":"M Rosenberg","year":"1965","unstructured":"Rosenberg M. Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES); 1965."},{"key":"344_CR45","unstructured":"Aramaki M, Muto T: Factors related to negative and positive feelings about child-rearing': a survey of mothers of young children. The Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology 2008, 19(2):87\u201397(in Japanese)."},{"issue":"3","key":"344_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5926\/jjep1953.50.3_271","volume":"50","author":"Y Sugiura","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sugiura Y. Problem-focused coping strategies and the uncontrollability of thoughts: mediating role of meta-cognition. Jpn J Educ Psychol. 2002;50(3):271\u201382 (in Japanese).","journal-title":"Jpn J Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"344_CR47","first-page":"1231","volume":"6","author":"S GJJfp","year":"1978","unstructured":"GJJfp S. The family APGAR: a proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians. J fam pract. 1978;6(6):1231\u20139.","journal-title":"J fam pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"344_CR48","first-page":"148","volume":"17","author":"N Nakaya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nakaya N, Nakaya M. The effects of Mothers' hostile Attributionsion on child Maltreaiment. Jpn J Dev Psychol. 2006;17(2):148\u201358 (in Japanese).","journal-title":"Jpn J Dev Psychol"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-019-0344-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-019-0344-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-019-0344-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:49:22Z","timestamp":1604537362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-019-0344-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-019-0344-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Tokyo (Approval Number: 11444). Prior to data collection, all participants will be given information about the study objectives and procedures. Participants will be informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time or choose not to answer any questions. If they agree to participate, they have to complete and sign an informed consent form. Consistent with best practices for ethical research, this protocol was developed using the SPIRIT guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"69"}}