{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T02:52:47Z","timestamp":1791773567852,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K03105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K03105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Recent studies have shown that, among the general population, responses to depression-rating scales follow a common mathematical pattern. However, the mathematical pattern among responses to the items of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) is currently unknown. The present study investigated whether item responses to the GAD-7, when administered to the general population, follow the same mathematical distribution as those of depression-rating scales.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We used data from the 2019 National Health Interview Survey (31,997 individuals), which is a nationwide survey of adults conducted annually in the United States. The patterns of item responses to the GAD-7 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), respectively, were analyzed inductively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For all GAD-7 items, the frequency distribution for each response option (\u201cnot at all,\u201d \u201cseveral days,\u201d \u201cmore than half the days,\u201d and \u201cnearly every day,\u201d respectively) was positively skewed. Line charts representing the responses to each GAD-7 item all crossed at a single point between \u201cnot at all\u201d and \u201cseveral days\u201d and, on a logarithmic scale, showed a parallel pattern from \u201cseveral days\u201d to \u201cnearly every day.\u201d This mathematical pattern among the item responses was identical to that of the PHQ-8. This characteristic pattern of the item responses developed because the values for the \u201cmore than half the days\u201d to \u201cseveral days\u201d ratio were similar across all items, as were the values for the \u201cnearly every day\u201d to \u201cmore than half the days\u201d ratio.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggest that the symptom criteria of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression have a common distribution pattern in the general population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-021-00657-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T15:09:04Z","timestamp":1632409744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The GAD-7 and the PHQ-8 exhibit the same mathematical pattern of item responses in the general population: analysis of data from the National Health Interview Survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Tomitaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki A.","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"657_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707002012","volume":"38","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Gruber M, Hettema JM, Hwang I, Sampson N, Yonkers KA. 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The ethics committees of Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine and Panasonic Health Center do not consider secondary analyses of publicly available data to represent research on human subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"149"}}