{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T07:32:55Z","timestamp":1773991975490,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003484","name":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) personality disorder model comprises, among other elements, five maladaptive personality trait domains (negative affectivity, detachment, dissociality, disinhibition, anankastia). Recently, the personality inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD) has emerged as one of the most widely used measures of these ICD-11 personality trait domains.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The current study contributed to the validation of the PiCD validation by exploring its stability and predictive links with psychological distress over 6 months in a sample of 206 German community adults.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The PiCD trait domain scales displayed strong differential (all <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u2009.80) and absolute stability (all |<jats:italic>d|<\/jats:italic> \u2264 .09). Additionally, PiCD negative affectivity predicted depression, anxiety, and stress, and PiCD detachment predicted depression over 6 months beyond baseline.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In sum, this study demonstrated the stability of the PiCD trait domain scores, supporting their utility for capturing relatively stable traits as described in the ICD-11. Additionally, we provided the first evidence for the predictive validity of some of the PiCD trait domain scores.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00979-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T16:03:52Z","timestamp":1668614632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Six-month stability and predictive validity of the personality inventory for ICD-11"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Stricker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Jakob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Pietrowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"979_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics (Version 02\/2022). 2022. https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en. Accessed 18 Jul 2022."},{"key":"979_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1510","volume":"15","author":"B Bach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bach B, Brown TA, Mulder RT, Newton-Howes G, Simonsen E, Sellbom M. Development and initial evaluation of the ICD-11 personality disorder severity scale: PDS-ICD-11. Pers Ment Health. 2021;15:223\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmh.1510.","journal-title":"Pers Ment Health"},{"key":"979_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.668724","author":"LA Clark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clark LA, Corona-Espinosa A, Khoo S, Kotelnikova Y, Levin-Aspenson HF, Serapio-Garc\u00eda G, Watson D. Preliminary scales for ICD-11 personality disorder: self and interpersonal dysfunction plus five personality disorder trait domains. Front Psychol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.668724.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"979_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000459","volume":"30","author":"JR Oltmanns","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oltmanns JR, Widiger TA. A self-report measure for the ICD-11 dimensional trait model proposal: the personality inventory for ICD-11. Psychol Assess. 2018;30:154\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000459.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"979_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000982","volume":"33","author":"JR Oltmanns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oltmanns JR, Widiger TA. The self- and informant-personality inventories for ICD-11: agreement, structure, and relations with health, social, and satisfaction variables in older adults. Psychol Assess. 2021;33:300\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000982.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"979_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Somma A, Gialdi G, Fossati A. Reliability and construct validity of the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD) in Italian adult participants. Psychol Assess. 2020;32.29\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000766","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000766"},{"key":"979_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1826-1888","author":"F Damovsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Damovsky F, Zettl M, Zimmermann J, Herbold W, Curtius T, B\u00fccker S, Taubner S, Volkert J. Das Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsinventar f\u00fcr ICD-11 (PiCD): Reliabilit\u00e4t und Validit\u00e4t der Deutschen Version in einer klinischen und nicht-klinischen Stichprobe [The Personality Inventory for ICD-11: Reliability and validity of the German version in a clinical and a non-clinical sample]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1826-1888.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"key":"979_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1908-3","author":"B Bach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bach B, First MB. Application of the ICD-11 classification of personality disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1908-3.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"979_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185637","volume":"9","author":"LC Morey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morey LC, Hopwood CJ. Stability and change in personality disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:499\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185637.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"979_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000271","volume":"33","author":"J Zimmermann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zimmermann J, Mayer A, Leising D, Krieger T, Grosse Holtforth M, Pretsch J. Exploring occasion specificity in the assessment of DSM-5 maladaptive personality traits: a latent state-trait analysis. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2017;33:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000271.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"key":"979_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176","volume":"10","author":"MM Antony","year":"1998","unstructured":"Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Swinson RP. Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychol Assess. 1998;10:176\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"979_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000489","volume":"13","author":"J Stricker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stricker J, Pietrowsky R. Incremental validity of the ICD-11 personality disorder model for explaining psychological distress. Personal Disord. 2022;13:97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000489.","journal-title":"Personal Disord"},{"key":"979_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001141","volume":"34","author":"J Stricker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stricker J, Buecker S, Pietrowsky R. Alignment of the personality inventory for ICD-11 with the five-factor model of personality. Psychol Assess. 2022;34:711\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0001141.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"979_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-015-0019-z","volume":"29","author":"P Nilges","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nilges P, Essau C. Die Depressions-Angst-Stress-Skalen: Der DASS-ein Screeningverfahren nicht nur f\u00fcr Schmerzpatienten [Depression, anxiety and stress scales: DASS-A screening procedure not only for pain patients]. Schmerz. 2015;29:649\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00482-015-0019-z.","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"key":"979_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09489-5","author":"C Traunm\u00fcller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Traunm\u00fcller C, Stefitz R, Gaisbachgrabner K, Schwerdtfeger A. Psychological correlates of COVID-19 pandemic in the Austrian population. BMC Public Health. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09489-5.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"979_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000165","volume":"125","author":"AGC Wright","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wright AGC, Hopwood CJ, Skodol AE, Morey LC. Longitudinal validation of general and specific structural features of personality pathology. J Abnorm Psychol. 2016;125:1120\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000165.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"979_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026211056596","volume":"10","author":"MA Waszczuk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waszczuk MA, Hopwood CJ, Luft BJ, Morey LC, Perlman G, Ruggero CJ, Skodol AE, Kotov R. The prognostic utility of personality traits versus past psychiatric diagnoses: predicting future mental health and functioning. Clin Psychol Sci. 2022;10:734\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21677026211056596.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"979_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000295","volume":"9","author":"MJ Roche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roche MJ. Examining the alternative model for personality disorder in daily life: evidence for incremental validity. Personal Disord. 2018;9:574\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000295.","journal-title":"Personal Disord"},{"key":"979_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002927","volume":"50","author":"BL Goldstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldstein BL, Perlman G, Eaton NR, Kotov R, Klein DN. Testing explanatory models of the interplay between depression, neuroticism, and stressful life events: a dynamic trait-stress generation approach. Psychol Med. 2020;50:2780\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291719002927.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"979_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000747","volume":"32","author":"B Bach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bach B, Christensen S, Kongerslev MT, Sellbom M, Simonsen E. Structure of clinician-reported ICD-11 personality disorder trait qualifiers. Psychol Assess. 2020;32:50\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000747.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-022-00979-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-022-00979-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-022-00979-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T16:09:17Z","timestamp":1668614957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-022-00979-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-022-00979-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the responsible ethics committee at the Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf. All participants provided their informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants provided their informed consent to the publication of their anonymized survey responses.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"270"}}