{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:21:05Z","timestamp":1792423265105,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"University of Basel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Health care in prison is a challenging task. The conditions of imprisonment create distinct difficulties for those providing health care in this setting. These particular circumstances have led to a shortage of quality professionals, working for the health of imprisoned people. The aim of this study is to elaborate reasons for healthcare professionals to work in a prison environment. The main research question is: why do healthcare workers choose to work in prisons? Furthermore,  our study identifies\u00a0training needs in various fields. Interview data that comes from a national project carried out in Switzerland and three other relatively wealthy countries were analyzed using content analysis. One-on-one, semi structured interviews were designed and conducted with professionals working in prison context. A total of 105 interviews were carried out and for this work 83 of them were analyzed and coded into themes responding to the study aim. Most participants chose to work in prison either because of practical reasons, as many reported various forms of contact with the studied prison environment  at a\u00a0younger age, or\u00a0because of intrinsic reasons, including among others, having the wish to change the system of healthcare in prisons. Even though the education of the participants varied greatly, a lack of specialist training was expressed by many health care professions as an important factor. This study points out the need for more specific training programs for healthcare workers in prison and provides suggestions to ameliorate the recruitment and education for future prison health care workers.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01076-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T10:02:47Z","timestamp":1684576967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Motivation and training needs of prison healthcare professionals: findings from a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Jeker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lagnaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tenzin","family":"Wangmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernice S.","family":"Elger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1076_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2008.6","volume":"29","author":"BS Elger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elger BS. Towards equivalent health care of prisoners: European soft law and public health policy in Geneva. J Public Health Policy. 2008;29(2):192\u2013206.","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"issue":"141","key":"1076_CR2","first-page":"w13273","volume":"2011","author":"BS Elger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elger BS. Prison medicine, public health policy and ethics: the Geneva experience. Swiss Med Wkly. 2011;2011(141):w13273.","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE200819305","volume":"19","author":"BS Elger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elger BS. Medical ethics in correctional healthcare: an international comparison of guidelines. J Clin Ethics. 2008;19(3):234\u201348.","journal-title":"J Clin Ethics"},{"key":"1076_CR4","unstructured":"Swiss Academy of Medical Science (SAMS). Ethical support in medicine. Swiss Academy of Medical Science; 2012."},{"issue":"4","key":"1076_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2008.00634.x","volume":"22","author":"BS Elger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elger BS. Research involving prisoners: consensus and controversies in international and European regulations. Bioethics. 2008;22(4):224\u201348.","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"key":"1076_CR6","first-page":"35","volume":"276","author":"K Corvest","year":"2011","unstructured":"Corvest K, Royer GR-L, Dugardin T. Training future nurses in providing care for patients who committed criminal acts. Soins Psychiatr. 2011;276:35\u20138.","journal-title":"Soins Psychiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3917\/spub.139.0331","volume":"26","author":"M Amouyal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amouyal M, Lognos B, Lermoyer J, Bourrel G, Jourdan J, OudeEngeberink A. Relevance of prison placements based on the perception of primary care medicine interns. Sant\u00e9 publique Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy Fr. 2014;26(3):331\u20136.","journal-title":"Sant\u00e9 publique Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy Fr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2012.641492","volume":"24","author":"I Min","year":"2012","unstructured":"Min I, Schonberg D, Anderson M. A review of primary care training programs in correctional health for physicians. Teach Learn Med. 2012;24(1):81\u20139.","journal-title":"Teach Learn Med"},{"key":"1076_CR9","unstructured":"Council of Europe. CPT standards\u2014\u201cSubstantive\u201d sections of the CPT\u2019s General Reports. Strasbourg. 2015; 1\u2013114."},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-014-9547-y","volume":"11","author":"W Bretschneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bretschneider W, Elger BS. Expert perspectives on Western European prison health services: do ageing prisoners receive equivalent care? J Bioethics Inq. 2014;11(3):319\u201332.","journal-title":"J Bioethics Inq"},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-014-9548-x","volume":"11","author":"V Handtke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Handtke V, Wangmo T. Ageing prisoners\u2019 views on death and dying: contemplating end-of-life in prison. J Bioethics Inq. 2014;11(3):373\u201386.","journal-title":"J Bioethics Inq"},{"key":"1076_CR12","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Prisons should mirror society: the debate on age-segregated housing for older prisoners","author":"T Wangmo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wangmo T, Handtke V, Bretschneider W, Elger BS. Prisons should mirror society: the debate on age-segregated housing for older prisoners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015. p. 1\u201320."},{"issue":"2","key":"1076_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000363766","volume":"61","author":"T Wangmo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wangmo T, Meyer AH, Bretschneider W, Handtke V, Kressig RW, Gravier B, et al. Ageing prisoners\u2019 disease burden: is being old a better predictor than time served in prison? Gerontology. 2015;61(2):116\u201323.","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264315594137","volume":"28","author":"T Wangmo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wangmo T, Meyer AH, Handtke V, Bretschneider W, Page J, Sommer J, et al. Aging prisoners in Switzerland: an analysis of their health care utilization. J Aging Health. 2016;28(3):481\u2013502.","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1076_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20177","volume":"29","author":"SJ Loeb","year":"2006","unstructured":"Loeb SJ, Abudagga A. Health-related research on older inmates: an integrative review. Res Nurs Health. 2006;29(6):556\u201365.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1076_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234-49-8","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945907302981","volume":"30","author":"SJ Loeb","year":"2008","unstructured":"Loeb SJ, Steffensmeier D, Lawrence F. Comparing incarcerated and community-dwelling older men\u2019s health. West J Nurs Res. 2008;30(2):234-49\u20138.","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1076_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200402000-00005","volume":"79","author":"SA Alemagno","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alemagno SA, Wilkinson M, Levy L. Medical education goes to prison: why? Acad Med. 2004;79(2):123\u20137.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1076_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300704","volume":"102","author":"BA Williams","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams BA, Stern MF, Mellow J, Safer M, Greifinger RB. Aging in correctional custody: setting a policy agenda for older prisoner health care. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(8):1475\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1076_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02687-9","volume":"21","author":"KM Mussie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mussie KM, Pageau F, Merkt H, et al. Challenges in providing ethically competent health care to incarcerated older adults with mental illness: a qualitative study exploring mental health professionals\u2019 perspectives in Canada. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02687-9.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264315594137","volume":"28","author":"T Wangmo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wangmo T, Meyer AH, Handtke V, Bretschneider W, Page J, Sommer J, Stuckelberger A, Aebi MF, Elger BS. Aging prisoners in Switzerland: an analysis of their health care utilization. J Aging Health. 2016;28(3):481\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0898264315594137.","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1076_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000363766","volume":"61","author":"T Wangmo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wangmo T, Meyer AH, Bretschneider W, Handtke V, Kressig RW, Gravier B, B\u00fcla C, Elger BS. Ageing prisoners\u2019 disease burden: is being old a better predictor than time served in prison? Gerontology. 2015;61(2):116\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000363766.","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1076_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885517692805","volume":"97","author":"V Handtke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Handtke V, Wangmo T, Elger B, Bretschneider W. New guidance for an old problem: early release for seriously ill and elderly prisoners in Europe. Prison J. 2017;97(2):224\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0032885517692805.","journal-title":"Prison J"},{"key":"1076_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2015.03.007","volume":"41","author":"BS Elger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elger BS, Handtke V, Wangmo T. Informing patients about limits to confidentiality: a qualitative study in prisons. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2015;41:50\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1076_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2013-101981","volume":"41","author":"BS Elger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elger BS, Handtke V, Wangmo T. Paternalistic breaches of confidentiality in prison: mental health professionals\u2019 attitudes and justifications. J Med Ethics. 2015;41(6):496\u2013500.","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"1076_CR25","unstructured":"Bonnet S, Lacambre M, Schandrin A, Capdevielle D, Courtet P. Insight and psychiatric dangerousness: a review of the literature. Encephale. 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"1076_CR26","first-page":"93","volume":"43","author":"D Mossman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mossman D. From group data to useful probabilities: the relevance of actuarial risk assessment in individual instances. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2015;43(1):93\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"1076_CR27","unstructured":"Guivarch J, Piercecchi-Marti M-D, Glezer D, Chabannes J-M. Differences in psychiatric expertise of responsibility for schizophrenic persons accused of murder: Study with experts of the Court of Appeal of Aix-en-Provence. Encephale. 2015."},{"key":"1076_CR28","unstructured":"Tribunal federal, 6B_648\/2014 Urteil vom 28. Januar 2015, Strafrechtliche Abteilung. www.bger.ch."},{"key":"1076_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassar K, Roe C, Desimone M. Use of telemedicine for management of diabetes in correctional facilities. Telemed J E Health;2016.","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2016.0036"},{"issue":"9","key":"1076_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.9.medu1-1709","volume":"19","author":"J Giftos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giftos J, Mitchell A, MacDonald R. Medicine and mass incarceration: education and advocacy in the New York City Jail system. AMA J Ethics. 2017;19(9):913\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.9.medu1-1709.","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"issue":"15","key":"1076_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2211-6","volume":"2015","author":"K Moschetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moschetti K, Stadelmann P, Wangmo T, Holly A, Bodenmann P, Wasserfallen J-B, et al. Disease profiles of detainees in the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland: gender and age differences in substance abuse, mental health and chronic health conditions. BMC Public Health. 2015;2015(15):872.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"530","key":"1076_CR32","first-page":"724","volume":"56","author":"N Sparrow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sparrow N. Health care in secure environments. Br J Gen Pract. 2006;56(530):724\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"1076_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gns125","volume":"53","author":"T Maschi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maschi T, Viola D, Sun F. The high cost of the international aging prisoner crisis: well-being as the common denominator for action. Gerontologist. 2013;53(4):543\u201354.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"1076_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1080\/14789940802710371","volume":"20","author":"OJ Olumoroti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Olumoroti OJ, Forrester A, Wilson S, Dewhurst J. Mentally ill prisoners in need of urgent hospital transfer: appeal panels should resolve disputes to reduce delays. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol. 2009;20(sup1):S5-10.","journal-title":"J Forens Psychiatry Psychol"},{"key":"1076_CR35","first-page":"3","volume":"2011","author":"P Dodd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dodd P. The Holcroft Inquest: Prisoners deserve more humane prison transportation. Indig Law Bull. 2011;2011:3\u20137.","journal-title":"Indig Law Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"1076_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345815572863","volume":"21","author":"JD Young","year":"2015","unstructured":"Young JD, Patel M. HIV subspecialty care in correctional facilities using telemedicine. J Correct Health Care. 2015;21(2):177\u201385.","journal-title":"J Correct Health Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"1076_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2014.04.001","volume":"60","author":"MC Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel MC, Young JD. Delivering HIV subspecialty care in prisons utilizing telemedicine. Dis Mon. 2014;60(5):196\u2013200.","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"1076_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapata MA, Arcos G, Fonollosa A, Abraldes M, Ole\u00f1ik A, Gutierrez E, et al. Telemedicine for a general screening of retinal disease using nonmydriatic fundus cameras in optometry centers: three-year results. Telemed J E Health;2016.","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2016.0020"},{"issue":"3","key":"1076_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.09.032","volume":"127","author":"RS Weinstein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weinstein RS, Lopez AM, Joseph BA, Erps KA, Holcomb M, Barker GP, et al. Telemedicine, telehealth, and mobile health applications that work: opportunities and barriers. Am J Med. 2014;127(3):183\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1076_CR40","unstructured":"Swift C, Cain SM, Needham M. A primary care telehealth experience in a US Army Correctional Facility in Germany. US Army Med Dep J. 76\u201380."}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-023-01076-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-023-01076-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-023-01076-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T10:08:39Z","timestamp":1684577319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-023-01076-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-023-01076-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This current study followed the usual national ethical guidelines for qualitative research. All subjects participated voluntarily. First and second part ethics committee approval was obtained and approved by the regional ethics committee (Ethikkommission Nordwestschweiz) and by the local ethics committees, written informed consent was obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and informed consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"167"}}