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Previous studies have repeatedly shown that CU traits may be present as early as preschool age, and they have consistently used the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) to assess CU traits in children and adolescents. A three-factor structure for the ICU has been widely endorsed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aim of our study is to compare the three-factor structure of the ICU in different age groups (preschool, middle childhood, early, and late adolescence) and to test for measurement invariance in a German sample of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092368 children and adolescents (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911.76 years; <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093.72).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of our study indicate configural measurement invariance, suggesting that the ICU has the same structure in all age groups but with different meanings, parameters, and mean values in the groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Accordingly, the ICU cannot be applied in the same way to children and adolescents of different age groups, which emphasizes the need for a more differentiated assessment. <\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01789-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T14:04:33Z","timestamp":1716818673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Measurement invariance of the inventory of Callous\u2011Unemotional traits in different age groups from preschool age to late adolescence in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2114-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Rademacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4270-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neele","family":"B\u00e4ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7859-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jule","family":"Eilts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0345-2294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute","family":"von D\u00fcring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2379-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1789_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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