{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:54:25Z","timestamp":1792803265492,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02285-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T01:02:50Z","timestamp":1734656570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of self-care education on self-efficacy of patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Rooddehghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8449-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Saber","family":"Sholehvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0692-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraya","family":"Nejati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1334-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shima","family":"Haghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2601-0202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raoofeh","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2285_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.12.002","volume":"53","author":"KN Prasad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Prasad KN, Mishra AM, Gupta D, Husain N, Husain M, Gupta RK. Analysis of microbial etiology and mortality in patients with brain abscess. J Infect. 2006;53(4):221\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070960","volume":"13","author":"P Ayatollahi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ayatollahi P, Nafissi S, Eshraghian MR, Kaviani H, Tarazi A. Impact of depression and disability on quality of life in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2007;13(2):275\u20137.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"138","key":"2285_CR3","first-page":"555","volume":"29","author":"F Ashtari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ashtari F, Shaygannejad V, Heidari F, Akbari M. Prevalence of familial multiple sclerosis in Isfahan. Iran J Isfahan Med School. 2011;29(138):555\u201361.","journal-title":"Iran J Isfahan Med School"},{"issue":"1","key":"2285_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"N Ghasemi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghasemi N, Razavi S, Nikzad E. Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, symptoms. Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy Cell J. 2017;19(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy Cell J"},{"key":"2285_CR5","unstructured":"Ward N. Book Review McAlpine's Multiple Sclerosis 4th edn Alastair Compston , Ian R Mcdonald , John Noseworthy , Hans Lassmann , David h Miller , Kenneth j Smith , Hartmut Wekerle , Christian Confavreux Churchill Livingston Elsevier , 2006 ISBN: 044307271X \u00a339.99 pp982 + x. Br J Neurosci Nurs. 2006;2:149."},{"issue":"1","key":"2285_CR6","first-page":"20","volume":"9","author":"A Ebrahimi Atri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ebrahimi Atri A, Sarvari F, Saeedi M, Khorshid SM. Relationship between lower extremity muscle strength and dynamic balance in women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). J Res Rehab Sci. 2013;9(1):20\u20137.","journal-title":"J Res Rehab Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.09.017","volume":"1812","author":"IA Hoppenbrouwers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoppenbrouwers IA, Hintzen RQ. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1812(2):194\u2013201.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2285_CR8","first-page":"307","volume":"5","author":"A Bandura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bandura A. Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales (revised). Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents. 2006;5:307\u201337.","journal-title":"Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents"},{"issue":"3","key":"2285_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9563(03)00036-0","volume":"32","author":"S Barnason","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barnason S, Zimmerman L, Nieveen J, Schmaderer M, Carranza B, Reilly S. Impact of a home communication intervention for coronary artery bypass graft patients with ischemic heart failure on self-efficacy, coronary disease risk factor modification, and functioning. Heart Lung. 2003;32(3):147\u201358.","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"1","key":"2285_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms986oa","volume":"10","author":"A Riazi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Riazi A, Thompson AJ, Hobart JC. Self-efficacy predicts self-reported health status in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2004;10(1):61\u20136.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"2285_CR11","first-page":"47","volume":"17","author":"DA Shaker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shaker DA, Aminpoor M. Optimism-pessimism and self-efficacy in the patients with multiple sclerosis. J Health Care. 2015;17(1):47\u201356.","journal-title":"J Health Care."},{"key":"2285_CR12","first-page":"452327","volume":"2012","author":"S Tsang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsang S, Hui E, Law B. Self-efficacy as a positive youth development construct: aconceptual review. Sci World J. 2012;2012:452327.","journal-title":"Sci World J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR13","first-page":"109","volume":"12","author":"F Bastani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bastani F, Heidarian A, Vafaie M, Kazemnejad A, Kashanian M. The effect of relaxation training based on self-efficacy theory on mental health of pregnant women. Iranian J Psychiatr Clin Psychol. 2006;12(2):109\u201316.","journal-title":"Iranian J Psychiatr Clin Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1999.01077.x","volume":"30","author":"JV Bijl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bijl JV, Poelgeest-Eeltink AV, Shortridge-Baggett L. The psychometric properties of the diabetes management self-efficacy scale for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Adv Nurs. 1999;30(2):352\u20139.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"2285_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/00005082-200409000-00008","volume":"19","author":"C Deaton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Deaton C, Grady KL. State of the science for cardiovascular nursing outcomes: heart failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2004;19(5):329\u201338.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"2285_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70059-5","volume":"11","author":"JA Cohen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cohen JA, Reingold SC, Polman CH, Wolinsky JS. Disability outcome measures in multiple sclerosis clinical trials: current status and future prospects. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(5):467\u201376.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2013.07.001","volume":"3","author":"MS Freedman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freedman MS, Comi G, De Stefano N, Barkhof F, Polman CH, Uitdehaag BM, et al. Moving toward earlier treatment of multiple sclerosis: Findings from a decade of clinical trials and implications for clinical practice. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2014;3(2):147\u201355.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2285_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.04.006","volume":"4","author":"G Giovannoni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giovannoni G, Turner B, Gnanapavan S, Offiah C, Schmierer K, Marta M. Is it time to target no evident disease activity (NEDA) in multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4(4):329\u201333.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2285_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03535.x","volume":"19","author":"M Kargarfard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kargarfard M, Eetemadifar M, Mehrabi M, Maghzi AH, Hayatbakhsh MR. Fatigue, depression, and health-related quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis in Isfahan. Iran Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(3):431\u20137.","journal-title":"Iran Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2285_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.067","volume":"372","author":"RE Boeschoten","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boeschoten RE, Braamse AMJ, Beekman ATF, Cuijpers P, van Oppen P, Dekker J, et al. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:331\u201341.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2285_CR21","first-page":"69","volume":"57","author":"LA Howells","year":"2002","unstructured":"Howells LA. Self-efficacy and diabetes: why is emotional \u201ceducation\u201d important and how can it be achieved? Horm Res. 2002;57(Suppl 1):69\u201371.","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2285_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1067\/mhl.2000.108323","volume":"29","author":"T Jaarsma","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jaarsma T, Halfens R, Tan F, Abu-Saad HH, Dracup K, Diederiks J. Self-care and quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure: the effect of a supportive educational intervention. Heart Lung. 2000;29(5):319\u201330.","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"2285_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-8-36","volume":"8","author":"KM Keogh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keogh KM, White P, Smith SM, McGilloway S, O\u2019Dowd T, Gibney J. Changing illness perceptions in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, a randomised controlled trial of a family-based intervention: protocol and pilot study. BMC Fam Pract. 2007;8:36.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2285_CR24","first-page":"186","volume":"9","author":"Z Molazem","year":"2013","unstructured":"Molazem Z, Rezaei S, Mohebbi Z, Ostovan MA, Keshavarzi S. Effect of continuous care model on lifestyle of patients with myocardial infarction. ARYA Atheroscler. 2013;9(3):186\u201391.","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler"},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1982.51.2.663","volume":"51","author":"M Sherer","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sherer M, Maddux JE, Mercandante B, Prentice-Dunn S, Jacobs B, Rogers RW. The self-efficacy scale: construction and validation. Psychol Rep. 1982;51(2):663\u201371.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2285_CR26","first-page":"360","volume":"8","author":"A Arabian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arabian A, Khodapanahi MK, Heydari M, Saleh SB. Relationships between self efficacy beliefs, mental health and academic achievement in colleagues. J Psychol. 2005;8(4):360\u201371.","journal-title":"J Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR27","first-page":"173","volume":"18","author":"M Fasanghari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fasanghari M, Chesli RR, Allame Z, Ertezaee B. Investigating the psychometric properties of the persian version of the scherr existential thinking scale. Biannual Peer Rev J Clin Psychol Personality. 2021;18(2):173\u201382.","journal-title":"Biannual Peer Rev J Clin Psychol Personality"},{"issue":"1","key":"2285_CR28","first-page":"6","volume":"15","author":"N Peyman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peyman N, Shahedi F, Abdollahi M, Doosti H, Zadehahmad Z. Impact of self-efficacy strategies education on self-care behaviors among heart failure patients. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2020;15(1):6\u201311.","journal-title":"J Tehran Heart Cent"},{"issue":"1","key":"2285_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/rnj.153","volume":"40","author":"T Basak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basak T, Unver V, Demirkaya S. Activities of daily living and self-care agency in patients with multiple sclerosis for the first 10 years. Rehabil Nurs. 2015;40(1):60\u20135.","journal-title":"Rehabil Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2285_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36764","DOI":"10.17795\/jjcdc-36764","volume":"5","author":"H Dahmardeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dahmardeh H, Vagharseyyedin SA, Rahimi H, Amirifard H, Akbari O, Sharifzadeh G. Effect of a program based on the orem self-care model on sleep quality of patients with multiple sclerosis. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care. 2016;5(3):e36764.","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care."},{"issue":"8","key":"2285_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31955","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.31955","volume":"18","author":"A Afrasiabifar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Afrasiabifar A, Mehri Z, Javad Sadat S, Ghaffarian Shirazi HR. The effect of orem\u2019s self-care model on fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: a single blind randomized clinical trial study. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(8):e31955.","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2285_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105308090933","volume":"13","author":"J Hyde","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hyde J, Hankins M, Deale A, Marteau TM. Interventions to increase self-efficacy in the context of addiction behaviours: a systematic literature review. J Health Psychol. 2008;13(5):607\u201323.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2285_CR33","first-page":"30","volume":"9","author":"N Hejazizadeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hejazizadeh N, Pazokian M, Nasiri M. Self-efficacy in patients with multiple sclerosis: a model test study. Evidence Based Care. 2020;9(4):30\u20139.","journal-title":"Evidence Based Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr478oa","volume":"16","author":"L O'Hara","year":"2002","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara L, Cadbury H, De SL, Ide L. Evaluation of the effectiveness of professionally guided self-care for people with multiple sclerosis living in the community: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16(2):119\u201328.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR35","first-page":"21","volume":"10","author":"N Sm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sm N. <The> effect of Orem based self-care program on physical quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2008;10(2):21\u20139.","journal-title":"J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2285_CR36","first-page":"475","volume":"19","author":"E Asgharkhah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asgharkhah E, Shareh H. Effectiveness of group metacognitive therapy in self-efficacy and defense styles in women with multiple sclerosis. J Fundamentals Mental Health. 2017;19(4):475\u201387.","journal-title":"J Fundamentals Mental Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2285_CR37","first-page":"64","volume":"15","author":"HR Azadi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Azadi HR, Tahmasbi A. The study of reliability of performance assessment of self-care skills in evaluating the self-care skills of adult patients suffering from multiple sclerosis in Tehran. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2014;15(3):64\u201371.","journal-title":"Archives of Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2285_CR38","first-page":"35","volume":"26","author":"Z Raisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raisi Z, Faramarzi M, Banitalebi E, Samieyan M. The effect of 12 weeks combined (Strength, endurance, pilates, PNF) exercise training on fibrin d-dimer (FDD) and interleukin-6 levels in female multiple sclerosis patients with different levels of disability. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci Health Serv. 2018;26:35\u201347.","journal-title":"J Zanjan Univ Med Sci Health Serv"},{"issue":"1","key":"2285_CR39","first-page":"64","volume":"18","author":"A Shams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shams A, Taherii H, Nikkhah K. Effect of 8 weeks selective training program with instructions focus of internal and external attention on statical balance of multiple sclerosis patients. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2016;18(1):64\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gorgan Univ Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2285_CR40","first-page":"38","volume":"7","author":"MA Besharat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Besharat MA, Geranmayehpour S, Nabavi M, Tavalaeyan F. The effect of psychoeducation intervention on the quality of life, mental health, and mindfulness in patients with multiple sclerosis. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling. 2018;7(2):38\u201354.","journal-title":"Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling"},{"key":"2285_CR41","unstructured":"Masoudi R, Mohammadi I, Ahmadi FE, Hasanpour DA. The effect of self-care program education based on Orem\u2019s theory on mental aspect of quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"2285_CR42","first-page":"249","volume":"12","author":"A Dehghani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dehghani A, Mohammadkhan Kermanshahi S, Memarian R, Baharlou R. The effect of peer group education on anxiety of patients with multiple sclerosis. Iranian J Med Educ. 2012;12(4):249\u201357.","journal-title":"Iranian J Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2285_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.32598\/ijpcp.26.3.225.11","volume":"26","author":"H Shareh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shareh H, Robati Z. Effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on pain self-efficacy, fatigue, life expectancy and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Iranian J Psychiatr Clin Psychol. 2021;26(4):418\u201331.","journal-title":"Iranian J Psychiatr Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2285_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_272_21","volume":"11","author":"A Akbari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akbari A, Shamsaei F, Sadeghian E, Mazdeh M, Tapak L. Effect of progressive muscle relaxation technique on self-esteem and self-efficacy in multiple sclerosis patients: a clinical trial study. J Educ Health Promotion. 2022;11(1):8.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promotion"},{"issue":"24","key":"2285_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13245","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413245","volume":"18","author":"YC Learmonth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of history, benefits, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(24):13245.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"2285_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.11.020","volume":"97","author":"R Streber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Streber R, Peters S, Pfeifer K. Systematic review of correlates and determinants of physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(4):633\u201345.e29.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02285-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02285-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02285-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T02:04:00Z","timestamp":1734660240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02285-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02285-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The code of ethics (IR.TUMS.FNM.REC.1396.2939) for this study was obtained from the joint ethics committee of the Faculties of Nursing & Midwifery and Rehabilitation of Tehran University of Medical Science informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"764"}}