{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:06:58Z","timestamp":1794002818831,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Students\u2019 psychological wellness is one of the key elements that improve their well-being and shape their academic progress in the realm of language learning. Among various strategies, physical exercise emerges as an effective approach, allowing learners to manage their emotions considerably.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Employing a quasi-experimental research design, this study examines the impact of a three-month physical running exercise intervention on emotional regulation behaviors among L1 (Arabic language) and L2 (English as a foreign language learning) students. Data was collected at three (pre-test, mid-test, and post-test) intervals, focusing cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES) the key constructs of emotional regulation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results showed that the emotional regulation abilities of both groups were considerably impacted by the physical running exertion and differed significantly, with students\u2019 CR skills significantly improving and their ES decreasing over time. However, no significant interaction effect between time and (L1 and L2) groups\u2019 CR was observed, suggesting that physical exercise universally benefits cognitive reappraisal regardless of the language learning context. Conversely, a significant interaction effect was observed in students\u2019 ES, with L2 students experiencing more reduction compared to their L1 counterparts, highlighting the unique emotional challenges faced by L2 learners and the effectiveness of physical activity in mitigating these challenges.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results highlight the importance of physical exercise in enhancing emotional regulation abilities among students, particularly in a second language learning context. Given this, regular physical activity programs should be incorporated into educational curricula to support students\u2019 emotional well-being and academic success. It further offers insightful recommendations for teachers, students, administrators, and policymakers to optimize physical exercise integration in higher education.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02338-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T16:09:25Z","timestamp":1737043765000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A longitudinal analysis of physical exercise in shaping language learners\u2019 emotional well-being: a comparative analysis between L1 and L2 students"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Huma","family":"Akram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Naser","family":"Oteir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2338_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40622-022-00319-8","volume":"49","author":"H Akram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akram H, Bhutto MH, Chughtai MS. An analysis of business students\u2019 stressors and their coping strategies in the post-pandemic era. Decision. 2022;49(2):239\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40622-022-00319-8.","journal-title":"Decision"},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01155-w","volume":"11","author":"Z Bitar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bitar Z, Rogoza R, Hallit S, Obeid S. Mindfulness among Lebanese university students and its indirect effect between mental health and wellbeing. BMC Psych. 2023;11(1):114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-023-01155-w.","journal-title":"BMC Psych"},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-021-00569-8","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Carciofo R. Assessing the wellbeing of Chinese university students: validation of a Chinese version of the college student subjective wellbeing questionnaire. BMC Psych. 2021;9(1):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-021-00569-8.","journal-title":"BMC Psych"},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01610-2","volume":"12","author":"Y Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong Y, Chen M, Wu Z, Zhang Z. Covid-19 psychological pressures, depression and FOMO: the mediating role of online social support and emotional regulation. BMC Psych. 2024;12(1):116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-01610-2.","journal-title":"BMC Psych"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR5","first-page":"497","volume":"3","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gross JJ. Emotion regulation. Handb Emotions. 2008;3(3):497\u2013513.","journal-title":"Handb Emotions"},{"issue":"11","key":"2338_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115715","volume":"18","author":"P Us\u00e1n Superv\u00eda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Us\u00e1n Superv\u00eda P, Qu\u00edlez Robres A. Emotional regulation and academic performance in the academic context: the mediating role of self-efficacy in secondary education students. Int J Env Res Public Health. 2021;18(11):5715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18115715.","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"key":"2338_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818929","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.818929","volume":"13","author":"YC Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang YC, Tsai YT. The effect of university students\u2019 emotional intelligence, learning motivation and self-efficacy on their academic achievement\u2014online English courses. Front Psych. 2022;13:818929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.818929.","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"issue":"5","key":"2338_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1799804","volume":"70","author":"AE Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller AE, Racine SE. Emotion regulation difficulties as common and unique predictors of impulsive behaviors in university students. J Amer Coll Health. 2022;70(5):1387\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448481.2020.1799804.","journal-title":"J Amer Coll Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01469-9","volume":"12","author":"C Pinkawa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pinkawa C, D\u00f6rfel D. Emotional labor as emotion regulation investigated with ecological momentary assessment\u2013a scoping review. BMC Psych. 2024;12(1):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-023-01469-9.","journal-title":"BMC Psych"},{"key":"2338_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2021.102478","volume":"98","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Liu T, Lee CB. Language learners\u2019 enjoyment and emotion regulation in online collaborative learning. System. 2021;98:102478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.system.2021.102478.","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01886-4","volume":"12","author":"Y Shengyao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shengyao Y, Xuefen L, Jenatabadi HS, Samsudin N, Chunchun K, Ishak Z. Emotional intelligence impact on academic achievement and psychological well-being among university students: the mediating role of positive psychological characteristics. BMC Psych. 2024;12(1):389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-01886-4.","journal-title":"BMC Psych"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-023-00761-x","volume":"33","author":"X Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su X, Lee I. Emotion regulation of EFL teachers in blended classroom Assessment. Asia-Pacific Educ Res. 2024;33(3):649\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40299-023-00761-x.","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Educ Res"},{"key":"2338_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li S, Akram H. Do emotional regulation behaviors matter in EFL teachers\u2019 professional development? A process model approach. Porta Ling: Revista int de did\u00e1ctica de las leng ext. 2023;9273\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30827\/portalin.vi2023c.29654.","DOI":"10.30827\/portalin.vi2023c.29654"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/0265532221990657","volume":"38","author":"J Patekar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patekar J. A look into the practices and challenges of assessing young EFL learners\u2019 writing in Croatia. Lang Test. 2021;38(3):456\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265532221990657.","journal-title":"Lang Test"},{"key":"2338_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2021.103083","volume":"257","author":"I Mavrou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mavrou I. Emotional intelligence, working memory, and emotional vocabulary in L1 and L2: interactions and dissociations. Lingua. 2021;257:103083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lingua.2021.103083.","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2338_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104309","volume":"247","author":"M Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li M, Pei L. Exploring challenges in academic language-related skills of EFL learners in Chinese EMI settings. Acta Psyc. 2024;247:104309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104309.","journal-title":"Acta Psyc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2338_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1734626","volume":"30","author":"MR Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen MR, Hwang GJ. Effects of experiencing authentic contexts on English speaking performances, anxiety and motivation of EFL students with different cognitive styles. Int Learn Env. 2022;30(9):1619\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2020.1734626.","journal-title":"Int Learn Env"},{"key":"2338_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhao S, AI-Induced Emotions. L2 Education: exploring EFL Students\u2019 perceived emotions and regulation strategies. Comp Hum Behav. 2024 Jun;11:108337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108337.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108337"},{"key":"2338_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng L. Delving into the role of mindfulness on the relationship among creativity, anxiety, and boredom of young EFL learners. Heliyon. 2023;9(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13733.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13733"},{"key":"2338_CR20","unstructured":"Ganeh Badrabad L, Ghanizadeh A. The Impact of Visualization and Graphic Organizers on EFL Learners\u2019 Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Engagement and Listening. J Lang Trans. 2019;9(3):1\u20135. https:\/\/dorl.net\/dor\/20.1001.1.20088590.2019.9.3.1.3"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2020.1855211","volume":"31","author":"L Luan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luan L, Hong JC, Cao M, Dong Y, Hou X. Exploring the role of online EFL learners\u2019 perceived social support in their learning engagement: a structural equation model. Int Learn Env. 2023;31(3):1703\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2020.1855211.","journal-title":"Int Learn Env"},{"key":"2338_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833279","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.833279","volume":"13","author":"C Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang C. Self-regulation of learning and EFL learners\u2019 hope and joy: a review of literature. Front Psych. 2022;13:833279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.833279.","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"2338_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berchtold NC, Cotman CW. Exercise and cognitive function: neurobiological mechanisms. InRoutledge handbook of physical activity and mental health 2023 May 31 (pp. 287\u201399). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003423430-25"},{"issue":"5","key":"2338_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.41.5.2","volume":"41","author":"MK Edwards","year":"2017","unstructured":"Edwards MK, Rhodes RE, Loprinzi PD. A randomized control intervention investigating the effects of acute exercise on emotional regulation. Amer J Health Behav. 2017;41(5):534\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5993\/AJHB.41.5.2.","journal-title":"Amer J Health Behav"},{"key":"2338_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.12.037","volume":"186","author":"MK Edwards","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edwards MK, Rhodes RE, Mann JR, Loprinzi PD. Effects of acute aerobic exercise or meditation on emotional regulation. Phys Behav. 2018;186:16\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.12.037.","journal-title":"Phys Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1017\/S0261444821000434","volume":"55","author":"L Plonsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Plonsky L, Sudina E, Teimouri Y. Language learning and emotion. Lang Teach. 2022;55(3):346\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0261444821000434.","journal-title":"Lang Teach"},{"issue":"4","key":"2338_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.3172","volume":"56","author":"S Bhowmik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhowmik S, Chaudhuri A. Addressing culture in L2 writing: teaching strategies for the EAP classroom. Tesol Quart. 2022;56(4):1410\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tesq.3172.","journal-title":"Tesol Quart"},{"issue":"2","key":"2338_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARPED\/v10-i2\/10355","volume":"10","author":"AA Aziz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aziz AA, Kashinathan S. ESL learners\u2019 challenges in speaking English in Malaysian classroom. Develop. 2021;10(2):983\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6007\/IJARPED\/v10-i2\/10355.","journal-title":"Develop"},{"key":"2338_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hangh\u00f8j T, Kabel K, Jensen SH. Digital games, literacy and language learning in L1 and L2: a comparative review. L1-Educa Stud Lang Lit. 2022;22(2):1\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21248\/l1esll.2022.22.2.363","DOI":"10.21248\/l1esll.2022.22.2.363"},{"key":"2338_CR30","unstructured":"Shuman V, Scherer KR. Concepts and structures of emotions. International handbook of emotions in education. 2014 Apr 16:13\u201335."},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073910380969","volume":"3","author":"RA Thompson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thompson RA. Emotion and emotion regulation: two sides of the developing coin. Emot Rev. 2011;3(1):53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1754073910380969.","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"issue":"19","key":"2338_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12604","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912604","volume":"19","author":"S Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng S, Zhou X. Positive influence of cooperative learning and emotion regulation on EFL learners\u2019 foreign language enjoyment. Int J Env Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912604.","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"key":"2338_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6rnyei Z. Innovations and challenges in language learning motivation. Routledge; 2020. Feb 11.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429485893"},{"key":"2338_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeap.2024.101404","volume":"71","author":"Y Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su Y, Guo H, Unpacking EFL. Learners\u2019 emotions and emotion-regulation strategies in digital collaborative academic reading projects: an integrated approach of vignette methodology and interview analysis. J Eng Acad Purposes. 2024;71:101404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeap.2024.101404.","journal-title":"J Eng Acad Purposes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.52547\/LRR.14.1.13","volume":"14","author":"L Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng L, Mohd Rawian R. The mediating role of motivation and language anxiety in increasing EFL learners\u2019 working memory. Lang Relat Res. 2023;14(1):335\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52547\/LRR.14.1.13.","journal-title":"Lang Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2338_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/02671522.2022.2030395","volume":"38","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Bai B. Whose goal emphases play a more important role in ESL\/EFL learners\u2019 motivation, self-regulated learning and achievement? Teachers\u2019 or parents\u2019. Res Papers Edu. 2023;38(4):520\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02671522.2022.2030395.","journal-title":"Res Papers Edu"},{"issue":"2","key":"2338_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688211004646","volume":"28","author":"B Milliner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Milliner B, Dimoski B. The effects of a metacognitive intervention on lower-proficiency EFL learners\u2019 listening comprehension and listening self-efficacy. Lang Teach Res. 2024;28(2):679\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13621688211004646.","journal-title":"Lang Teach Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v25i3.7703","volume":"25","author":"D Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma D, Akram H, Chen IH. Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: a cross-cultural examination of students\u2019 behavioral intentions and attitudes. Int Rev Res Open Distrib Learn. 2024;25(3):134\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19173\/irrodl.v25i3.7703.","journal-title":"Int Rev Res Open Distrib Learn"},{"key":"2338_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6rnyei Z. The psychology of the language learner: individual differences in second language acquisition. Volume 4. Routledge; 2014 Apr.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410613349"},{"key":"2338_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alrabai F. The predictive role of anxiety and motivation in L2 proficiency: an empirical causal model. Lang Teach Res 2022 Nov 15:13621688221136247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13621688221136247","DOI":"10.1177\/13621688221136247"},{"key":"2338_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2021.101060","volume":"70","author":"M Sadoughi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadoughi M, Hejazi SY. Teacher support and academic engagement among EFL learners: the role of positive academic emotions. Stud Edu Eval. 2021;70:101060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stueduc.2021.101060.","journal-title":"Stud Edu Eval"},{"key":"2338_CR42","first-page":"3","volume":"2","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: conceptual and empirical foundations. Handb Emot Regul. 2014;2:3\u201320.","journal-title":"Handb Emot Regul"},{"issue":"4","key":"2338_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614536164","volume":"2","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gross JJ, Jazaieri H. Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: an affective science perspective. Clin Psych Sci. 2014;2(4):387\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702614536164.","journal-title":"Clin Psych Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2338_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-022-00665-2","volume":"32","author":"X Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie X, Guo J. Influence of teacher-and-peer support on positive academic emotions in EFL learning: the mediating role of mindfulness. Asia-Pacific Educ Res. 2023;32(4):439\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40299-022-00665-2.","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Educ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/10573569.2022.2096517","volume":"39","author":"H Shafiee Rad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shafiee Rad H, Jafarpour A. Effects of well-being, grit, emotion regulation, and resilience interventions on l2 learners\u2019 writing skills. Read Writ Quart. 2023;39(3):228\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10573569.2022.2096517.","journal-title":"Read Writ Quart"},{"key":"2338_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358776","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1301786","volume":"15","author":"D Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu D, Dong X. Autonomy support, peer relations, and teacher-student interactions: implications for psychological well-being in language learning. Front Psych. 2024;15:1358776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1301786.","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"2338_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Adwan AS, Nofal M, Akram H, Albelbisi NA, Al-Okaily M. Towards a sustainable adoption of E-Learning systems: the role of Self-Directed Learning. J Inform Technol Education: Res. 2022;21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28945\/4980.","DOI":"10.28945\/4980"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.47626\/2237-6089-2021-0237","volume":"43","author":"FB Schuch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schuch FB, Vancampfort D. Physical activity, exercise, and mental disorders: it is time to move on. Trends Psych Psycho. 2021;43(3):177\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47626\/2237-6089-2021-0237.","journal-title":"Trends Psych Psycho"},{"key":"2338_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731858","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.731858","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Ashokan K. Physical exercise: an overview of benefits from psychological level to genetics and beyond. Front Phys. 2021;12:731858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.731858.","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"2338_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kramer A. An overview of the beneficial effects of exercise on health and performance. Phys Ex Hum Health. 2020;3\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-1792-1_1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1792-1_1"},{"key":"2338_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626769","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.626769","volume":"14","author":"RM Arida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arida RM, Teixeira-Machado L. The contribution of physical exercise to brain resilience. Front Behav Neuro. 2021;14:626769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.626769.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neuro"},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276849","volume":"598","author":"MJ Gibala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gibala MJ, Little JP. Physiological basis of brief vigorous exercise to improve health. J Phys. 2020;598(1):61\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP276849.","journal-title":"J Phys"},{"key":"2338_CR53","unstructured":"Smith DL, Fernhall B. Advanced cardiovascular exercise physiology. Human Kinet; 2023."},{"key":"2338_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor AW, editor. Physiology of exercise and healthy aging. Human Kinet; 2021 Oct. p. 21.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718235922"},{"key":"2338_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahindru A, Patil P, Agrawal V. Role of physical activity on mental health and well-being: a review. Cureus. 2023;15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759%2Fcureus.33475.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33475"},{"issue":"10","key":"2338_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105224","volume":"18","author":"I Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim I, Ahn J. The effect of changes in physical self-concept through participation in exercise on changes in self-esteem and mental well-being. I J Env Res Public Health. 2021;18(10):5224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18105224.","journal-title":"I J Env Res Public Health"},{"key":"2338_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658935","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.658935","volume":"12","author":"Y Shang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shang Y, Xie HD, Yang SY. The relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being in college students: the mediating effect of body image and self-esteem. Fron Psych. 2021;12:658935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.658935.","journal-title":"Fron Psych"},{"key":"2338_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101380","volume":"37","author":"DS Bahmani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bahmani DS, Razazian N, Motl RW, Farnia V, Alikhani M, P\u00fchse U, Gerber M, Brand S. Physical activity interventions can improve emotion regulation and dimensions of empathy in persons with multiple sclerosis: an exploratory study. Multiple Scler Relat Disorders. 2020;37:101380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101380.","journal-title":"Multiple Scler Relat Disorders"},{"key":"2338_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00398","volume":"12","author":"GE Giles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giles GE, Eddy MD, Bruny\u00e9 TT, Urry HL, Graber HL, Barbour RL, Mahoney CR, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Endurance exercise enhances emotional valence and emotion regulation. Front Hum Neuro. 2018;12:398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00398.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neuro"},{"key":"2338_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253390","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1253390","volume":"5","author":"K Morello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morello K, Sch\u00e4fer SK, Kunzler AM, Priesterroth LS, T\u00fcscher O, Kubiak T. Cognitive reappraisal in mHealth interventions to foster mental health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Digit Health. 2023;5:1253390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fdgth.2023.1253390.","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2338_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1705840","volume":"69","author":"J Tong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tong J, Qi X, He Z, Chen S, Pedersen SJ, Cooley PD, Spencer-Rodgers J, He S, Zhu X. The immediate and durable effects of yoga and physical fitness exercises on stress. J Amer Coll Health. 2021;69(6):675\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448481.2019.1705840.","journal-title":"J Amer Coll Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2338_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100312","volume":"19","author":"Y Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu Y, College Students Physical Exercise And Emotional Management, Psychology, Education. Multidisciplinary J. 2024;19(8):356\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100312.","journal-title":"Multidisciplinary J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2338_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2016.1218926","volume":"46","author":"R Brockman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brockman R, Ciarrochi J, Parker P, Kashdan T. Emotion regulation strategies in daily life: mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression. Cog Behav Therapy. 2017;46(2):91\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506073.2016.1218926.","journal-title":"Cog Behav Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2015.989751","volume":"26","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gross JJ. The extended process model of emotion regulation: elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psych Inq. 2015;26(1):130\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1047840X.2015.989751.","journal-title":"Psych Inq"},{"issue":"12","key":"2338_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-023-02259-5","volume":"14","author":"N Fallah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fallah N, Abdolahzadeh F, Yaaghobi M. Mindfulness and anxiety among Foreign Language teachers: the role of cognitive reappraisal and self-efficacy. Mindfulness. 2023;14(12):3020\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-023-02259-5.","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"9","key":"2338_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000722","volume":"55","author":"JT Gross","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gross JT, Cassidy J. Expressive suppression of negative emotions in children and adolescents: theory, data, and a guide for future research. Devel Psych. 2019;55(9):1938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000722.","journal-title":"Devel Psych"},{"issue":"4","key":"2338_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000088","volume":"144","author":"G Suri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suri G, Gross JJ. The role of attention in motivated behavior. J Exp Psy: Gen. 2015;144(4):864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0000088.","journal-title":"J Exp Psy: Gen"},{"key":"2338_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang S, Chen H, Wang L, Lu T, Yan J. The relationship between physical exercise and negative emotions in college students in the post-epidemic era: the mediating role of emotion regulation self-efficacy. Int J Env Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12166. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/19\/12166#.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912166"},{"issue":"6","key":"2338_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061533","volume":"13","author":"M Al-Wardat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Wardat M, Salimei C, Alrabbaie H, Etoom M, Khashroom M, Clarke C, Almhdawi KA, Best T. Exploring the links between physical activity, emotional regulation, and Mental Well-being in Jordanian University students. J Clin Med. 2024;13(6):1533.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2338_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.071","volume":"284","author":"DA Preece","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preece DA, Becerra R, Hasking P, McEvoy PM, Boyes M, Sauer-Zavala S, Chen W, Gross JJ. The emotion regulation questionnaire: psychometric properties and relations with affective symptoms in a United States general community sample. J Affect Disorders. 2021;284:27\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.071.","journal-title":"J Affect Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"2338_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001237","volume":"24","author":"R Smith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith R, Persich MR, Chuning AE, Cloonan S, Woods-Lubert R, Skalamera J, Berryhill SM, Weihs KL, Lane RD, Allen JJ, Dailey NS. Improvements in mindfulness, interoceptive and emotional awareness, emotion regulation, and interpersonal emotion management following completion of an online emotional skills training program. Emotion. 2024;24(2):431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0001237.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"5","key":"2338_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/00050067.2022.2157239","volume":"58","author":"M Mazidi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazidi M, Zarei M, Preece D, Gross JJ, Azizi A, Becerra R. Evaluating emotion regulation ability across negative and positive emotions: psychometric properties of the Perth emotion regulation competency inventory (PERCI) in American adults and Iranian adults and adolescents. Australian Psychol. 2023;58(5):321\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00050067.2022.2157239.","journal-title":"Australian Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR73","first-page":"2694","volume":"8","author":"L S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc","year":"2020","unstructured":"S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc L, Maslakci A. Validity and reliability in quantitative research. Bus Manage Studies: Int J. 2020;8(3):2694\u2013726.","journal-title":"Bus Manage Studies: Int J"},{"key":"2338_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino RB. Goodness-of-fit-techniques. Volume 19. Routledge; 2017 Oct.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203753064"},{"issue":"1","key":"2338_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1960","volume":"36","author":"DG Bonett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonett DG, Wright TA. Cronbach\u2019s alpha reliability: interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning. J Org Behav. 2015;36(1):3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.1960.","journal-title":"J Org Behav"},{"key":"2338_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin CL, Yao G. Convergent validity. In Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research 2021 Jan 19 (pp. 1\u20132). Cham: Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_573-2"},{"key":"2338_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.5f96.0f4a","volume":"11","author":"M Tavakol","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tavakol M, Wetzel A. Factor analysis: a means for theory and instrument development in support of construct validity. Int J Med Educ. 2020;11:245.","journal-title":"Int J Med Educ"},{"key":"2338_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5098-x","volume":"235","author":"GE Giles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giles GE, Cantelon JA, Eddy MD, Bruny\u00e9 TT, Urry HL, Mahoney CR, Kanarek RB. Habitual exercise is associated with cognitive control and cognitive reappraisal success. Exper Brain Res. 2017;235:3785\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-017-5098-x.","journal-title":"Exper Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14030164","volume":"14","author":"M Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang M, Wu J, Wu Y, Li X. How does physical activity enhance the Subjective Well-Being of University students? A chain mediation of cognitive reappraisal and resilience. Behav Sci. 2024;14(3):164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs14030164.","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2338_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2929","volume":"36","author":"CM Perchtold-Stefan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perchtold-Stefan CM, Fink A, Rominger C, Weiss EM, Papousek I. More habitual physical activity is linked to the use of specific, more adaptive cognitive reappraisal strategies in dealing with stressful events. Stress Health. 2020;36(3):274\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.2929.","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2338_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091210","volume":"12","author":"J Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu J, Zhu L, Dong X, Sun Z, Cai K, Shi Y, Chen A. Relationship between physical activity and emotional regulation strategies in early adulthood: mediating effects of cortical thickness. Brain Sci. 2022;12(9):1210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fbrainsci12091210.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2338_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akram H, Li S. Understanding the role of teacher-student relationships in students\u2019 online learning engagement: mediating role of academic motivation. Percept Motor Skills 2024 Apr 22:00315125241248709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00315125241248709","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125241248709"},{"issue":"4","key":"2338_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824402412966","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440241296607","volume":"14","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Akram H. Navigating Pronoun-Antecedent challenges: a study of ESL Academic writing errors. SAGE Open. 2024;14(4):21582440241296607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21582440241296607.","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"2338_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horwitz EK. On the misreading of Horwitz, Horwitz, and cope (1986) and the need to balance anxiety research and the experiences of anxious language learners. New Insights into Lang Anxiety: Theory Res Educational Implications. 2017;31(47):\u2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21832\/9781783097722-004.","DOI":"10.21832\/9781783097722-004"},{"key":"2338_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00001","volume":"8","author":"S Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen S, Deng Z, Xu Y, Long Q, Yang J, Yuan J. Individual differences in spontaneous expressive suppression predict amygdala responses to fearful stimuli: the role of suppression priming. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00001.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02338-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02338-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02338-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T16:09:35Z","timestamp":1737043775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02338-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02338-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent to participate was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The responses were collected after getting approval from the Institutional Review Board in Applied Science University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent to publish was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44"}}