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Hence, this study examined the associations between selected psychosocial factors\u2014namely self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and social dysfunction\u2014and happiness among patients with cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 150 adult cardiovascular patients completed a questionnaire-based survey in 2023. The survey assessed happiness, psychological well-being, general self-efficacy, and demographic variables. Hierarchical linear regression models were used for data analysis, conducted using SPSS version 21.0 software. A significance level of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In the first step, demographic variables significantly predicted 45.9% of the variance of happiness (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In the second step, after adjusting control variables and dimensions of psychological well-being and general self-efficacy, the explained variance increased to 70.7% of the variance by adding variables (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Depressive symptoms (\u03b2= -0.316, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and social dysfunction (\u03b2=-0.204, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) showed the strongest negative associations with happiness in cardiovascular patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Given the strong negative associations between depressive symptoms, social dysfunction, and happiness, psychosocial interventions focused on reducing depressive symptoms and improving social functioning may be effective in enhancing well-being among individuals with cardiovascular disease. It is recommended to integrate mental health screening and support into routine cardiac care.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03044-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T04:59:11Z","timestamp":1756443551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of depressive symptoms and social dysfunction with happiness in adults with cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Towhid","family":"Babazadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sakhavat","family":"Abolhasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalil Maleki","family":"Chollou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4036-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pourrazavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3044_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1400","volume":"10","author":"NZ Farhane-Medina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farhane-Medina NZ, Castillo-May\u00e9n R, Tabernero C, Rubio SJ, Guti\u00e9rrez-Domingo T, Cuadrado E, et al. 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