{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:28:43Z","timestamp":1757618923442,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Higher levels of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) have been associated with increased symptom severity and worse treatment outcomes in several mental disorders, but little is known about the role of EMSs in trichotillomania (TTM) and skin-picking disorder (SPD). The current study therefore aimed to explore the relationship of EMSs with symptom severity and subtypes in patients with TTM and SPD, as well as to compare their baseline EMS levels to those of a group of patients with obsessive\u2012compulsive disorder (OCD).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The Young Schema Questionnaire\u2013Short Form (YSQ-SF), along with measures of disorder-specific symptoms and subtypes, was administered to patients with TTM (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009120), SPD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200975), and OCD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200988) prior to treatment. Potential between-group differences in EMSs were explored with ANCOVA, with age and illness duration as covariates. Disorder- and subtype-specific patterns were explored with correlational analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>No significant baseline differences in EMS severity were found between TTM, SPD, and OCD patients, thereby corroborating EMSs\u2019 transdiagnostic function in mental disorders. Several EMSs were significantly positively associated with self-reported and clinician-rated symptoms and picking\/pulling styles of TTM and SPD, with some indications of diagnosis-specific association patterns.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results suggest that EMSs are common among individuals with TTM and SPD and that assessment of these schemas may enhance clinicians\u2019 understanding of TTM and SPD patients\u2019 presenting problems.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03096-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T06:06:15Z","timestamp":1752559575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early maladaptive schemas in trichotillomania and skin-picking disorder: their relationships with symptom severity and subtypes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ella","family":"Flagstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Hummelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erna","family":"Moen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toril","family":"Dammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c5shild","family":"Haaland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tor","family":"Sunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bjarne","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana Strand","family":"Johnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torun","family":"Gr\u00f8tte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3096_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"3096_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https:\/\/icd.who.int\/"},{"key":"3096_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112948","volume":"288","author":"JE Grant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grant JE, Dougherty DD, Chamberlain SR. Prevalence, gender correlates, and co-morbidity of trichotillomania. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112948\u2013112948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112948.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3096_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.06.033","volume":"130","author":"JE Grant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. Prevalence of skin picking (excoriation) disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;130:57\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.06.033.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"3096_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.05.008","volume":"32","author":"I Snorrason","year":"2012","unstructured":"Snorrason I, Belleau EL, Woods DW. How related are hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania) and skin picking disorder? A review of evidence for comorbidity, similarities and shared etiology. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32(7):618\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.05.008.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3096_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230802017027","volume":"20","author":"BL Odlaug","year":"2008","unstructured":"Odlaug BL, Grant JE. Trichotillomania and pathologic skin picking: clinical comparison with an examination of comorbidity. Annals Clin Psychiatry: Official J Am Acad Clin Psychiatrists. 2008;20(2):57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10401230802017027.","journal-title":"Annals Clin Psychiatry: Official J Am Acad Clin Psychiatrists"},{"key":"3096_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115120","volume":"322","author":"A Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin A, Farhat LC, Flores JM, Levine JLS, Fernandez TV, Bloch MH, Olfson E. Characteristics of trichotillomania and excoriation disorder across the lifespan. Psychiatry Res. 2023;322:115120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115120.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3096_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-007-9073-x","author":"CA Flessner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flessner CA, Woods DW, Franklin ME, Cashin SE, Keuthen NJ, Trichotillomania Learning Center-Scientific Advisory Board. The Milwaukee Inventory for Subtypes of Trichotillomania-Adult Version (MIST-A).: Development of an Instrument for the Assessment of Focused and Automatic Hair Pulling. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2008;30(1):20\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-007-9073-x"},{"key":"3096_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114269","volume":"306","author":"JE Grant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. Automatic and focused hair pulling in trichotillomania: valid and useful subtypes? Psychiatry Res. 2021b;306:114269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114269.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2008.07.002","volume":"40","author":"MR Walther","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walther MR, Flessner CA, Conelea CA, Woods DW. The Milwaukee inventory for the dimensions of adult skin picking (MIDAS): initial development and psychometric properties. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2009;40(1):127\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2008.07.002.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"3096_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1456-9_11","volume-title":"Handbook of prescriptive treatment for adults","author":"GA Christenson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Christenson GA, Mackenzie TB. Trichotillomania. In: Hersen M, Ammerman RT, editors. Handbook of prescriptive treatment for adults. New York, NY: Plenum; 1994. pp. 217\u201335."},{"key":"3096_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53831","DOI":"10.2196\/53831","volume":"13","author":"C Gallinat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gallinat C, Moessner M, Wilhelm M, Keuthen N, Bauer S. Patterns of skin picking in skin picking disorder: ecological momentary assessment study. Interact J Med Res. 2024;13:e53831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/53831.","journal-title":"Interact J Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3096_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.12.009","volume":"46","author":"CA Flessner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flessner CA, Conelea CA, Woods DW, Franklin ME, Keuthen NJ, Cashin SE. Styles of pulling in trichotillomania: exploring differences in symptom severity, phenomenology, and functional impact. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46(3):345\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2007.12.009.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"3096_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.10.006","volume":"16","author":"A Schienle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schienle A, Zorjan S, \u00dcbel S, Wabnegger A. Prediction of automatic and focused skin picking based on trait disgust and emotion dysregulation. J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders. 2018;16:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.10.006.","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders"},{"key":"3096_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.11.062","volume":"181","author":"KE Barber","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barber KE, Cram IF, Smith EC, Capel LK, Snorrason I, Woods DW. Anxiety and body-focused repetitive behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comorbidity rates and symptom associations. J Psychiatr Res. 2025;181:80\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.11.062.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03209-y","volume":"21","author":"JE Grant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. Personality traits and their clinical associations in trichotillomania and skin picking disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03209-y.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3096_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2015-1657","volume":"37","author":"NJ Keuthen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keuthen NJ, Tung ES, Altenburger EM, Blais MA, Pauls DL, Flessner CA. Trichotillomania and personality traits from the five-factor model. Brazilian J Psychiatry. 2015;37(4):317\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-4446-2015-1657.","journal-title":"Brazilian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"3096_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.08.007","volume":"49","author":"AT Haaland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haaland AT, Vogel PA, Launes G, Haaland V\u00d8, Hansen B, Solem S, Himle JA. The role of early maladaptive schemas in predicting exposure and response prevention outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49(11):781\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2011.08.007.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"3096_CR19","volume-title":"Schema therapy: A practitioners guide","author":"JE Young","year":"2003","unstructured":"Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: A practitioners guide. New York: Guilford; 2003."},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2630","volume":"29","author":"A Bishop","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bishop A, Younan R, Low J, Pilkington PD. Early maladaptive schemas and depression in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2022;29(1):111\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.2630.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"3096_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.031","volume":"295","author":"A Tariq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tariq A, Quayle E, Lawrie SM, Reid C, Chan SWY. Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and anxiety in adolescence and young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;295:1462\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.031.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3096_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.03.018","volume":"209","author":"C Bortolon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bortolon C, Capdevielle D, Boulenger J-P, Gely-Nargeot M-C, Raffard S. Early maladaptive schemas predict positive symptomatology in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2013;209(3):361\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.03.018.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3096_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.053","volume":"336","author":"AL Dostal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dostal AL, Pilkington PD. Early maladaptive schemas and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2023;336:42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.053.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3096_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.7.1131-a","volume":"4","author":"DJ Stein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stein DJ, Simeon D, Cohen LJ, Hollander E. Trichotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The J Clin Psychiatry 56 Suppl. 1995;4:28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.150.7.1131-a.","journal-title":"The J Clin Psychiatry 56 Suppl"},{"issue":"5","key":"3096_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/s0887-6185(01)00074-3","volume":"15","author":"R T\u00fckel","year":"2001","unstructured":"T\u00fckel R, Keser V, Karali NT, Olgun TO, Caliku\u015fu C. Comparison of clinical characteristics in trichotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2001;15(5):433\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0887-6185(01)00074-3.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3096_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s41811-022-00149-7","volume":"15","author":"JC Thimm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thimm JC, Chang M. Early maladaptive schemas and mental disorders in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cogn Therapy. 2022;15(4):371\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41811-022-00149-7.","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"3096_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12465","volume":"96","author":"A B\u00e4r","year":"2023","unstructured":"B\u00e4r A, B\u00e4r HE, Rijkeboer MM, Lobbestael J. Early maladaptive schemas and Schema modes in clinical disorders: A systematic review. Psychol Psychother. 2023;96(3):716\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papt.12465.","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2285-2","volume":"19","author":"T Sunde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sunde T, Hummelen B, Himle JA, Walseth LT, Vogel PA, Launes G, Haaland V, Haaland \u00c5, T. Early maladaptive schemas impact on long-term outcome in patients treated with group behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2285-2.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3096_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244x-5-2","volume":"5","author":"C Lochner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lochner C, Seedat S, du Toit PL, Nel DG, Niehaus DJ, Sandler R, Stein DJ. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: a phenomenological comparison. BMC Psychiatry. 2005;5:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244x-5-2.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-0392-y","volume":"8","author":"A Pozza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pozza A, Albert U, D\u00e8ttore D. Early maladaptive schemas as common and specific predictors of skin picking subtypes. BMC Psychol. 2020;8(1):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-020-0392-y.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"3096_CR31","volume-title":"Young Schema Questionnaire-Short form","author":"JE Young","year":"1998","unstructured":"Young JE, Brown G. Young Schema Questionnaire-Short form. New York: Schema Therapy Institute; 1998. http:\/\/www.schematherapy.com."},{"key":"3096_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.01.003","volume":"12","author":"T Arabatzoudis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arabatzoudis T, Rehm IC, Nedeljkovic M, Moulding R. Emotion regulation in individuals with and without trichotillomania. J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders. 2017;12:87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.01.003.","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders"},{"key":"3096_CR33","unstructured":"Keeler SD. (2018). Attachment Style and Characteristics of Automatic and Focused Skin Picking. Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology."},{"issue":"11","key":"3096_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","volume":"46","author":"WK Goodman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, Heninger GR, Charney DS. The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(11):1006\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"3096_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.01.005","volume":"12","author":"\u00c5T Haaland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haaland \u00c5T, Eskeland SO, Moen EM, Vogel PA, Haseth S, Mellingen K, Himle JA, Woods DW, Hummelen B. ACT-enhanced behavior therapy in group format for trichotillomania: an effectiveness study. J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders. 2017;12:109\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.01.005.","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders"},{"issue":"20","key":"3096_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World medical association declaration of helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3096_CR37","unstructured":"Brown T, Di Nardo P, Barlow D. Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV). Diagnostic assessment instrument. Oxford University Press; 1994."},{"issue":"20","key":"3096_CR38","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC. The Mini-International neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(20):22\u201357.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3096_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90022-1","volume":"32","author":"BO Rothbaum","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rothbaum BO, Ninan PT. The assessment of trichotillomania. Behav Res Ther. 1994;32(6):651\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90022-1.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"3096_CR40","volume-title":"Trichotillomania, skin picking, and other Body-focused repetitive behaviors","author":"JE Grant","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grant JE, Stein DJ, Woods D, Keuthen N. Trichotillomania, skin picking, and other Body-focused repetitive behaviors. Arlington, VA, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 2012."},{"key":"3096_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. (1995). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders patient edition (SCID I\/P, version 2.0). NY: Biometrics Research Department.","DOI":"10.1037\/t07827-000"},{"key":"3096_CR42","volume-title":"Young Schema questionnaire","author":"JE Young","year":"1990","unstructured":"Young JE, Brown G. Young Schema questionnaire. New York: Schema Therapy Institute; 1990. http:\/\/www.schematherapy.com."},{"issue":"6","key":"3096_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-005-9630-0","volume":"29","author":"A Hoffart","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoffart A, Sexton H, Hedley LM, Wang CE, Holthe H, Haugum JA, Nordahl HM, Hovland OJ, Holte A. The structure of maladaptive schemas: A confirmatory factor analysis and a psychometric evaluation of factor-Derived scales. Cogn Therapy Res. 2005;29(6):627\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-005-9630-0.","journal-title":"Cogn Therapy Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3096_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016231902020","volume":"26","author":"K Welburn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Welburn K, Coristine M, Dagg P, Pontefract A, Jordan S. The Schema Questionnaire\u2014Short form: factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms. Cogn Therapy Res. 2002;26(4):519\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1016231902020.","journal-title":"Cogn Therapy Res"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3096_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000289003","volume":"64","author":"NJ Keuthen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Keuthen NJ, O\u2019Sullivan RL, Ricciardi JN, Shera D, Savage CR, Borgmann AS, Jenike MA, Baer L. The Massachusetts general hospital (MGH) hairpulling scale: 1. development and factor analyses. Psychother Psychosom. 1995;64(3\u20134):141\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000289003.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-023-10406-4","volume":"48","author":"KE Barber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barber KE, Woods DW, Bauer CC, Twohig MP, Saunders SM, Compton SN, Franklin ME. Psychometric properties of trichotillomania severity measures. Cogn Therapy Res. 2024;48(1):18\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-023-10406-4.","journal-title":"Cogn Therapy Res"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3096_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000289004","volume":"64","author":"RL O\u2019Sullivan","year":"1995","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan RL, Keuthen NJ, Hayday CF, Ricciardi JN, Buttolph ML, Jenike MA, Baer L. The Massachusetts general hospital (MGH) hairpulling scale: 2. reliability and validity. Psychother Psychosom. 1995;64(3\u20134):146\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000289004.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"2","key":"3096_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2012.03.001","volume":"1","author":"I Snorrason","year":"2012","unstructured":"Snorrason I, \u00d3lafsson RP, Flessner CA, Keuthen NJ, Franklin ME, Woods DW. The skin picking Scale-Revised: factor structure and psychometric properties. J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders. 2012;1(2):133\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2012.03.001.","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders"},{"key":"3096_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2022.100743","volume":"34","author":"I Snorrason","year":"2022","unstructured":"Snorrason I, Keuthen NJ, Lee H-J, Beard C, Bj\u00f6rgvinsson T. Skin picking Scale-Revised: diagnostic accuracy and optimal cut-off scores in university and psychiatric settings. J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders. 2022;34:100743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2022.100743.","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders"},{"key":"3096_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2016.08.001","volume":"11","author":"JR Alexander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alexander JR, Houghton DC, Twohig MP, Franklin ME, Saunders SM, Neal-Barnett AM, Compton SN, Woods DW. Factor analysis of the Milwaukee inventory for subtypes of Trichotillomania-Adult version. J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders. 2016;11:31\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2016.08.001.","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders"},{"key":"3096_CR51","volume-title":"ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology","author":"W Guy","year":"1976","unstructured":"Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Public Health Service: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1976."},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.06.021","volume":"186","author":"A Bourredjem","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bourredjem A, Pelissolo A, Rotge J-Y, Jaafari N, Machefaux S, Quentin S, Bui E, Bruno N, Pochon J-B, Polosan M, Baup N, Papetti F, Ch\u00e9reau I, Arbus C, Mallet L., & du Moncel ST. A video clinical global impression scale (CGI) in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2011;186(1):117\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.06.021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3096_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-7-7","volume":"7","author":"A Kadouri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kadouri A, Corruble E, Falissard B. The improved clinical global impression scale (iCGI): development and validation in depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-7-7.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3096_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703007414","volume":"33","author":"TI Zaider","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zaider TI, Heimberg RG, Fresco D, Schneier F, Liebowitz M. Evaluation of the clinical global impression scale among individuals with social anxiety disorder. Psychol Med. 2003;33(4):611\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291703007414.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"3096_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.06.010","volume":"43","author":"GJ Diefenbach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diefenbach GJ, Tolin DF, Hannan S, Crocetto J, Worhunsky P. Trichotillomania: impact on psychosocial functioning and quality of life. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43(7):869\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2004.06.010.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"3096_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20984","volume":"21","author":"M Cervin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cervin M, Severity Benchmark OCD Consortium, Mataix-Cols D. Empirical severity benchmarks for obsessive-compulsive disorder across the lifespan. World Psychiatry: Official J World Psychiatric Association (WPA). 2022;21(2):315\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20984.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry: Official J World Psychiatric Association (WPA)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.01.012","volume":"22","author":"K Grabill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grabill K, Merlo L, Duke D, Harford KL, Keeley ML, Geffken GR, Storch EA. Assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.01.012.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"3096_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114551954","volume":"22","author":"JA L\u00f3pez-Pina","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Pina JA, S\u00e1nchez-Meca J, L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez JA, Mar\u00edn-Mart\u00ednez F, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez RM, Rosa-Alc\u00e1zar AI, G\u00f3mez-Conesa A, Ferrer-Requena J. The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: A reliability generalization Meta-Analysis. Assessment. 2015;22(5):619\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191114551954.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"3096_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.25.4.257","volume":"25","author":"LD Hawke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hawke LD, Provencher MD. Schema theory and schema therapy in mood and anxiety disorders: A review. J Cogn Psychother. 2011;25(4):257\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0889-8391.25.4.257.","journal-title":"J Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"3096_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.02.008","volume":"238","author":"J Sundag","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sundag J, Ascone L, de Matos Marques A, Moritz S, Lincoln TM. Elucidating the role of early maladaptive schemas for psychotic symptomatology. Psychiatry Res. 2016;238:53\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.02.008.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3096_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.010","volume":"171","author":"H Weingarden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weingarden H, Renshaw KD. Shame in the obsessive compulsive related disorders: A conceptual review. J Affect Disord. 2015;171:74\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.010.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"3096_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.09.014","volume":"59","author":"HC Kraemer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kraemer HC, Kupfer DJ. Size of treatment effects and their importance to clinical research and practice. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(11):990\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.09.014.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3096_CR64","first-page":"370","volume":"18","author":"VK Moir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moir VK, Marais I, Lee CW. The effects of item placement in the young Schema questionnaire. J Appl Meas. 2017;18(4):370\u201382.","journal-title":"J Appl Meas"},{"issue":"4","key":"3096_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2009.10.006","volume":"51","author":"JE Grant","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Kim SW. A clinical comparison of pathologic skin picking and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatr. 2010;51(4):347\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2009.10.006.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"key":"3096_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-023-10381-w","volume":"48","author":"LK Capel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Capel LK, Petersen JM, Woods DW, Marcks BA, Twohig MP. Mental health providers\u2019 knowledge of trichotillomania and skin picking disorder, and their treatment. Cogn Therapy Res. 2024;48:30\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-023-10381-w.","journal-title":"Cogn Therapy Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3096_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12219","volume":"58","author":"IC Rehm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rehm IC, Nedeljkovic M, Moulding R, Thomas A. The beliefs in trichotillomania scale (BiTS): factor analyses and preliminary validation. Br J Clin Psychol. 2019;58(4):384\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.12219.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3096_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000822","volume":"30","author":"J Hutsebaut","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hutsebaut J, Bender DS. The clinical utility of the level of personality functioning scale: A treatment perspective. J Psychiatr Pract. 2024;30(6):411\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000822.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"3096_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12207-022-09444-2","volume":"15","author":"L Giromini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giromini L, Young G, Sellbom M. Assessing negative response Bias using Self-Report measures: new articles, new issues. Psychol Injury Law. 2022;15(1):1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12207-022-09444-2.","journal-title":"Psychol Injury Law"},{"key":"3096_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452","volume":"63","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Podsakoff NP. Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Ann Rev Psychol. 2012;63:539\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Psychol"},{"key":"3096_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.11.001","volume":"137","author":"JE Grant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grant JE, Peris TS, Ricketts EJ, Lochner C, Stein DJ, Stochl J, Chamberlain SR, Scharf JM, Dougherty DD, Woods DW, Piacentini J, Keuthen NJ. Identifying subtypes of trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder) and excoriation (skin picking) disorder using mixture modeling in a multicenter sample. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;137:603\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.11.001.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03096-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03096-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03096-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T10:34:14Z","timestamp":1757241254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03096-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03096-y","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10862-007-9073-x","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2050-7283"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Research Ethics [REK-IDs: 14368; 26569]. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation. The participants were informed that participation in this study was voluntary and that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative effect on their treatment. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"789"}}