{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:55:11Z","timestamp":1793141711278,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Maladaptive personality traits are often associated with adverse childhood experiences and substance use disorders. At the same time, there is a multidirectional relationship between experiencing life stressors and maladaptive personality traits. A variable that also enters these relationships is relational attachment, which has an impact on an individual\u2019s overall functioning. We aimed to examine these interconnections in a clinical sample.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A clinical sample of adult patients with substance use disorder (<jats:italic>n\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u200963, m<jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub> = 38.87\u2009\u00b1\u200910.34 years, 71.43% men) was assembled. The data on adverse childhood experience (Adverse Childhood Experience International Questionnaire; ACE-IQ), attachment anxiety and avoidance (Experiences in Close Relationships \u2013 Revised; ECR-R), maladaptive personality traits (Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Short Form; PID-5-SF) were collected, and associations between variables were assessed by correlations and exploratory network analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Adverse childhood experiences were reported by 92% of patients in the clinical sample. Spearman correlation analysis revealed significant associations between attachment anxiety and the PID-5 domains of Negative Affectivity, Antagonism, and Disinhibition. Attachment avoidance correlated with Detachment and Disinhibition. Specific ACEs, such as emotional neglect, emotional abuse, and parental loss, were significantly associated with Psychoticism and other maladaptive personality traits. Exploratory network analysis visualized robust links between attachment dimensions and personality traits, with Negative Affectivity, Detachment, and Disinhibition emerging as central nodes. These findings suggest that maladaptive personality traits serve as a key connecting point between early adversity and relational patterns in individuals with substance use disorders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The findings underscore the clinical relevance of maladaptive personality domains in understanding how adverse childhood experiences shape adult relational patterns in individuals with substance use disorders. Targeting these personality domains in assessment and intervention may enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches addressing both addiction and attachment-related difficulties. Integrating this perspective into treatment planning could support more individualized interventions, particularly for patients with histories of early adversity. Furthermore, findings point to the potential benefit of trauma-informed and personality-focused therapeutic approaches to address underlying relational and emotional regulation difficulties. Sufficient preventive programs for maltreated children and youth should be a topic in question.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03331-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T19:12:35Z","timestamp":1756321955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Migalova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Furstova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jozef","family":"Hasto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Tavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kascakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3331_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2017.12.008","volume":"28","author":"M Boullier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boullier M, Blair M. Adverse childhood experiences. Paediatrics Child Health. 2018;28:132\u20137.","journal-title":"Paediatrics Child Health"},{"key":"3331_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.02.018","volume":"77","author":"E Bj\u00f6rkenstam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkenstam E, Burstr\u00f6m B, Vinnerljung B, et al. Childhood adversity and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: an analysis of 107,704 Swedes. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;77:67\u201375.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3331_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","volume":"14","author":"VJ Felitti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14:245\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"3331_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","volume":"2","author":"K Hughes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2:e356\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"3331_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14160-2","volume":"22","author":"N Kascakova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kascakova N, Petrikova M, Furstova J, et al. Associations of childhood trauma with long-term diseases and alcohol and nicotine use disorders in Czech and Slovak representative samples. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:1769.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3331_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14794","volume":"115","author":"S Kisely","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kisely S, Mills R, Strathearn L, et al. Does child maltreatment predict alcohol use disorders in young adulthood? A cohort study of linked notifications and survey data. Addiction. 2020;115:61\u20138.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3331_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.09.001","volume":"36","author":"S Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang S, Trapido E, Fleming L, et al. The long-term effects of childhood maltreatment experiences on subsequent illicit drug use and drug-related problems in young adulthood. Addict Behav. 2011;36:95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3331_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013","volume":"66","author":"H Fliege","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fliege H, Lee J-R, Grimm A, et al. Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2009;66:477\u201393.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"3331_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108563","volume":"221","author":"L Leza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leza L, Siria S, L\u00f3pez-Go\u00f1i JJ, et al. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use disorder (SUD): A scoping review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108563.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3331_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP23107","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221076164","volume":"37","author":"SC South","year":"2022","unstructured":"South SC, Boudreaux MJ, Oltmanns TF. Childhood maltreatment, personality pathology, and intimate partner aggression. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37:NP23107\u201330.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"3331_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1239","volume":"8","author":"R Waxman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Waxman R, Fenton MC, Skodol AE, et al. Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in the USA: specificity of effects and the impact of gender: abuse, neglect and personality disorders. Personality Mental Health. 2014;8:30\u201341.","journal-title":"Personality Mental Health"},{"key":"3331_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.11.008","volume":"45","author":"TO Afifi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Afifi TO, Mather A, Boman J, et al. Childhood adversity and personality disorders: results from a nationally representative population-based study. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:814\u201322.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3331_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krueger RF, Hobbs KA. An overview of the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorders. Psychopathology. 2020;53(3\u20134):126\u201332. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000508538","DOI":"10.1159\/000508538"},{"key":"3331_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000131","volume":"7","author":"KG Creswell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Creswell KG, Bachrach RL, Wright AGC, Pinto A, Ansell E. Predicting problematic alcohol use with the DSM-5 alternative model of personality pathology. Personal Disord. 2016;7:103\u201311.","journal-title":"Personal Disord"},{"key":"3331_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.818","volume":"68","author":"KJ Sher","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sher KJ, Bartholow BD, Wood MD. Personality and substance use disorders: A prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:818\u201329.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3331_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1762650","volume":"55","author":"M Cavicchioli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cavicchioli M, Ramella P, Movalli M, Prudenziati F, Vassena G, Simone G, et al. DSM-5 maladaptive personality domains among treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorder: the role of disinhibition and negative affectivity. Subst Use Misuse. 2020;55:1746\u201358.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"3331_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.130.3.201","volume":"130","author":"J Bowlby","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bowlby J. The making and breaking of affectional bonds: I. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. Br J Psychiatry. 1977;130(3):201\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.130.3.201.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3331_CR18","unstructured":"Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. Attachment in adulthood: structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press. 2018."},{"key":"3331_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.05.021","volume":"276","author":"S Chatziioannidis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chatziioannidis S, Andreou C, Agorastos A, Kaprinis S, Malliaris Y, Garyfallos G, et al. The role of attachment anxiety in the relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 2019;276:223\u201331.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3331_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2020_34_474","volume":"35","author":"D Voestermans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Voestermans D, Eikelenboom M, Rullmann J, Wolters-Geerdink M, Draijer N, Smit JH, et al. The association between childhood trauma and attachment functioning in patients with personality disorders. J Pers Disord. 2021;35:554\u201372.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"3331_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erkoreka L, Zamalloa I, Rodriguez S, Mu\u00f1oz P, Mendizabal I, Zamalloa MI et al. Attachment anxiety as mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and personality dysfunction in borderline personality disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2022;29(2):501\u201311. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.2640","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2640"},{"key":"3331_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000134","volume":"144","author":"S Pallini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pallini S, Chirumbolo A, Morelli M, et al. The relation of attachment security status to effortful self-regulation: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2018;144:501\u201331.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3331_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2016.1253639","volume":"19","author":"LJ Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen LJ, Ardalan F, Tanis T, Halmi W, Galynker I, Von Wyl A, et al. Attachment anxiety and avoidance as mediators of the association between childhood maltreatment and adult personality dysfunction. Attach Hum Dev. 2017;19:58\u201375.","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"key":"3331_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2020.1800769","volume":"23","author":"JE Opie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Opie JE, McIntosh JE, Esler TB, et al. Early childhood attachment stability and change: a meta-analysis. Attach Hum Dev. 2021;23:897\u2013930.","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"key":"3331_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2013.746257","volume":"15","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinquart M, Feu\u00dfner C, Ahnert L. Meta-analytic evidence for stability in attachments from infancy to early adulthood. Attach Hum Dev. 2013;15:189\u2013218.","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"key":"3331_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00643","volume":"10","author":"J Fuchshuber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuchshuber J, Hiebler-Ragger M, Kresse A, et al. The influence of attachment styles and personality organization on emotional functioning after childhood trauma. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:643.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3331_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/089443939201000202","volume":"10","author":"RP Baker","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baker RP. New technology in survey research: Computer-Assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). Social Sci Comput Rev. 1992;10:145\u201357.","journal-title":"Social Sci Comput Rev"},{"key":"3331_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002674","volume":"42","author":"RF Krueger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krueger RF, Derringer J, Markon KE, et al. Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Med. 2012;42:1879\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3331_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maples JL, Carter NT, Few LR, Crego C, Gore WL, Samuel DB et al. Testing whether the DSM-5 personality disorder trait model can be measured with a reduced set of items: An item response theory investigation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(4):1195\u2013210. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000120","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000120"},{"key":"3331_CR30","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Personality Inventory for DSM-5 \u2013 Adult (PID-5). Slovak version translated by Tak\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1 A, L\u00f6rincov\u00e1 E in 2020. Freely available for research and clinical use. Washington, DC: APA. 2013."},{"key":"3331_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12783","volume":"63","author":"B Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves B, Pires R, Sousa Ferreira A, et al. Maladaptive personality traits in depressive and substance use disorders: A study with the PID-5. Scandinavian J Psychol. 2022;63:136\u201343.","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Psychol"},{"key":"3331_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.35.1.333191","volume":"35","author":"J-F Torres-Soto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torres-Soto J-F, Moya-Faz F-J, Giner-Alegr\u00eda C-A, et al. The PID \u2013\u20095 inventory: the dimensional profile of DSM5 to guide diagnosis and therapeutic needs in personality disorders. Psicol-Spain. 2018;35:47\u201357.","journal-title":"PSICOL-SPAIN"},{"key":"3331_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117739980","volume":"26","author":"C D\u00edaz-Batanero","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Batanero C, Ram\u00edrez-L\u00f3pez J, Dom\u00ednguez-Salas S, et al. Personality inventory for DSM-5 \u2013Short form (PID-5-SF): reliability, factorial structure, and relationship with functional impairment in dual diagnosis patients. Assessment. 2019;26:853\u201366.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"3331_CR34","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/adverse-childhood-experiences-international-questionnaire-(ace-iq) (accessed 15 July 2023)."},{"key":"3331_CR35","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) Guidance for Analysing ACE-IQ. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/child-maltreatment\/ace-iq-guidance-for-analysing.pdf?sfvrsn=adfe12bb_2 (accessed 14 July 2025)."},{"key":"3331_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.51561\/cspsych.65.2.146","volume":"65","author":"J \u0160vecov\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u0160vecov\u00e1 J, Ka\u0161\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1 N, F\u00fcrstov\u00e1 J, et al. Validation of the 14-item short form of the Slovak version of the experiences in close relationships revised questionnaire. CESK PSYCHOL. 2021;65:146\u201362.","journal-title":"CESK PSYCHOL"},{"key":"3331_CR37","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"3331_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00055-w","volume":"1","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borsboom D, Deserno MK, Rhemtulla M, Epskamp S, Fried EI, McNally RJ, et al. Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science. Nat Rev Methods Primer. 2021;1:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43586-021-00055-w.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Methods Primer"},{"key":"3331_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","volume":"48","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Cramer AOJ, Waldorp LJ, Schmittmann VD, Borsboom D. Qgraph: network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. J Stat Softw. 2012;48:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i04.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"3331_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01","volume":"33","author":"J Friedman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate descent. J Stat Softw. 2010;33:1\u201322.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"3331_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.102982","volume":"50","author":"N Kascakova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kascakova N, Furstova J, Hasto J, Tavel P. Associations of multiple adverse childhood experiences, attachment insecurity and loneliness with physical and mental health difficulties in a representative Slovak sample. Prev Med Rep. 2025;50:102982.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"3331_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2010.29.3.347","volume":"29","author":"A Limke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Limke A, Showers CJ, Zeigler-Hill V. Emotional and sexual maltreatment: anxious attachment mediates psychological adjustment. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2010;29:347\u201367.","journal-title":"J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3331_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/10926770903475968","volume":"19","author":"SA Riggs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riggs SA. Childhood emotional abuse and the attachment system across the life cycle: what theory and research tell Us. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2010;19:5\u201351.","journal-title":"J Aggress Maltreat Trauma"},{"key":"3331_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12051","volume":"20","author":"A Schimmenti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schimmenti A, Bifulco A. Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: the role of attachment styles. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2015;20:41\u20138.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"key":"3331_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falgares G, Costanzo G, Manna G, Lamis DA. Childhood emotional maltreatment and internalizing problems in a non-clinical sample of adolescents: a moderated-mediation model of insecure anxious attachment style and gender. Res Psychother Psychopathol Process Outcome. 2024;27.","DOI":"10.4081\/ripppo.2024.745"},{"key":"3331_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-014-9588-3","volume":"29","author":"JAM Unger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unger JAM, De Luca RV. The relationship between childhood physical abuse and adult attachment styles. J Fam Violence. 2014;29:223\u201334.","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"3331_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012237813771","volume":"30","author":"R Finzi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Finzi R, Ram A, Har-Even D, Shnit D, Weizman A. Attachment styles and aggression in physically abused and neglected children. J Youth Adolesc. 2001;30:769\u201386.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"3331_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1365","volume":"11","author":"A Cirasola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cirasola A, Hillman S, Fonagy P. Mapping the road from childhood adversity to personality disorder: the role of unresolved States of Mind: childhood adversity, unresolved States of Mind and personality disorder. Personality Mental Health. 2017;11:77\u201390.","journal-title":"Personality Mental Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03331-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03331-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03331-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T04:51:34Z","timestamp":1757479894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03331-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03331-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval was obtained from the Scientific Ethics Committee of Palacky University Olomouc (no 2019\/5) and the P. Pinel Psychiatric Hospital Ethics Committee (no. PAP-20). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation, and confidentiality was assured.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"974"}}