{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:51:52Z","timestamp":1788933112560,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017A020215095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A020215095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project of Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital","award":["2024-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03341-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:21:08Z","timestamp":1759155668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rasch analysis of the six items, self-reported Hamilton depression scale in Chinese patients with major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Jie","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Yan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Min","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Xiao","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Zhi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10161","key":"3341_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","volume":"392","author":"GS Malhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malhi GS, Mann JJ. Depression. Lancet. 2018;392(10161):2299\u2013312.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3341_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Depressive disorder (depression) . World Health Organization. World Health Organization; 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression. Accessed 2 Jan 2025."},{"key":"3341_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00251-0","author":"J Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu J, Xu X, Huang Y, Li T, Ma C, Xu G, et al. Prevalence of depressive disorders and treatment in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00251-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"341","key":"3341_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.12.025","volume":"341","author":"E Jesulola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jesulola E, Micalos P, Baguley IJ. Understanding the pathophysiology of depression: from monoamines to the neurogenesis hypothesis model - are we there yet? Behav Brain Res. 2018;341(341):79\u201390.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3341_CR5","first-page":"508","volume":"98","author":"DM Maurer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maurer DM, Raymond TJ, Davis BN. Depression: screening and diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(8):508\u201315.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"3341_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3341_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1975.tb00002.x","volume":"51","author":"P Bech","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bech P, Gram LF, Dein E, Jacobsen O, Vitger J, Bolwig TG. Quantitative rating of depressive states. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1975;51(3):161\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"3341_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000457131","volume":"86","author":"N Timmerby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Timmerby N, Andersen JH, S\u00f8ndergaard S, \u00d8stergaard SD, Bech P. A systematic review of the clinimetric properties of the 6-item version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D6). Psychother Psychosom. 2017;86(3):141\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"5","key":"3341_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000557","volume":"36","author":"PR Kyle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kyle PR, Lemming OM, Timmerby N, S\u00f8ndergaard S, Andreasson K, Bech P. The validity of the different versions of the Hamilton Depression Scale in separating remission rates of placebo and antidepressants in clinical trials of major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;36(5):453\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3341_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2410-2","author":"BW Dunlop","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dunlop BW, Parikh SV, Rothschild AJ, Thase ME, DeBattista C, Conway CR, et al. Comparing sensitivity to change using the 6-item versus the 17-item Hamilton depression rating scale in the GUIDED randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2410-2.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3341_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01289.x","volume":"119","author":"P Bech","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bech P, Wilson P, Wessel T, Lunde M, Fava M. A validation analysis of two self-reported HAM-D6 versions. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;119(4):298\u2013303.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"3341_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103104","volume":"73","author":"XM Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang XM, Ma HY, Zhong J, Huang XJ, Yang CJ, Sheng DF, et al. A Chinese adaptation of six items, self-report Hamilton Depression Scale: factor structure and psychometric properties. Asian J Psychiatr. 2022;73:103104.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3341_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2009.03425.x","volume":"44","author":"AF De Champlain","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Champlain AF. A primer on classical test theory and item response theory for assessments in medical education. Med Educ. 2010;44(1):109\u201317.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"3341_CR14","unstructured":"Wu M, Adams R. Applying the Rasch model to psycho-social measurement: A practical approach. Melbourne, Educational Measurement Solutions; 2007. https:\/\/www.edmeasurement.com.au\/. Accessed 2 Jan 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"3341_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.09.014","volume":"47","author":"NS da Rocha","year":"2013","unstructured":"da Rocha NS, Chachamovich E, de Almeida Fleck MP, Tennant A. An introduction to Rasch analysis for psychiatric practice and research. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(2):141\u20138.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3341_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.10.005","volume":"18","author":"J Petrillo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petrillo J, Cano SJ, McLeod LD, Coon CD. Using classical test theory, item response theory, and Rasch measurement theory to evaluate patient-reported outcome measures: a comparison of worked examples. Value Health. 2015;18(1):25\u201334.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"3341_CR17","volume":"4","author":"E Vindbjerg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vindbjerg E, Mortensen EL, Makransky G, Nielsen T, Carlsson J. A rasch-based validity study of the HSCL-25. J Affect Disord Rep. 2021;4:100096.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"3341_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.012","volume":"63","author":"SL Belvedere","year":"2010","unstructured":"Belvedere SL, de Morton NA. Application of Rasch analysis in health care is increasing and is applied for variable reasons in mobility instruments. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(12):1287\u201397.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3341_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-010-0106-1","volume":"261","author":"J Bent-Hansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bent-Hansen J, Bech P. Validity of the definite and semidefinite questionnaire version of the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Hamilton Subscale and the Melancholia Scale. Part I. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;261(1):37\u201346.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"3341_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1348\/014466506X96931","volume":"46","author":"JF Pallant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pallant JF, Tennant A. An introduction to the Rasch measurement model: an example using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Br J Clin Psychol. 2007;46(Pt 1):1\u201318.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3341_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.07.004","volume":"122","author":"F Kendel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kendel F, Wirtz M, Dunkel A, Lehmkuhl E, Hetzer R, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Screening for depression: Rasch analysis of the dimensional structure of the PHQ-9 and the HADS-D. J Affect Disord. 2010;122(3):241\u20136.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3341_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.06.019","volume":"167","author":"VK Gothwal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gothwal VK, Bagga DK, Sumalini R. Rasch validation of the PHQ-9 in people with visual impairment in South India. J Affect Disord. 2014;167:171\u20137.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3341_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315814698","volume-title":"Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences","author":"TG Bond","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bond TG, Fox CM. Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Routledge; 2015.","edition":"3"},{"key":"3341_CR24","unstructured":"Linacre JM. A User's Guide to WINSTEPS. WINSTEPS. 2020. https:\/\/www.winsteps.com\/tutorials.htm. Accessed 20 Jan 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"3341_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278716676873","volume":"41","author":"CY Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li CY, Romero S, Bonilha HS, et al. Linking existing instruments to develop an activity of daily living item bank. Eval Health Prof. 2018;41(1):25\u201343.","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"issue":"4","key":"3341_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215073","volume":"14","author":"A Rouquette","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rouquette A, Hardouin JB, Vanhaesebrouck A, S\u00e9bille V, Coste J. Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in composite health measurement scale: Recommendations for characterizing DIF with meaningful consequences within the Rasch model framework. PLOS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0215073.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"issue":"3","key":"3341_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.03.024","volume":"217","author":"P Bech","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bech P, Allerup P, Larsen ER, Csillag C, Licht RW. The Hamilton depression scale (HAM-D) and the Montgomery-\u00c5sberg depression scale (MADRS). A psychometric re-analysis of the European Genome-Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression Study using Rasch analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2014;217(3):226\u201332.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03341-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03341-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03341-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:21:10Z","timestamp":1759155670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03341-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03341-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (No. GDREC2018156H (R1)). It was performed in accordance with the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants have provided written informed consent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1072"}}