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Self-regulation develops partly through internalization of regulation strategies provided by their caregivers during co-regulation. Co-regulation is a dynamic process through which caregivers and children influence and regulate each other\u2019s emotions and physiological responses. Given the essential role of co-regulation in the development of self-regulation it is important to investigate co-regulation in DHH children and their caregivers, given the limited research that has examined this subject. The present paper describes a study, <jats:italic>Calming Together<\/jats:italic>, which aims to examine co-regulation in 2- and 3-year-old DHH children and their parents, investigating how different facets of child and parent self-regulation such as temperament, executive function (EF), general self-regulation, and sleep are related and how they contribute to co-regulation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Calming Together<\/jats:italic> will be a longitudinal study with data collected at three points in time. Participants will include 2- and 3-year-old children with permanent bilateral hearing loss, along with their parents. Measures at Time 1 will include (a) child EF assessment, (b) an observation of parent-child interaction, and (c) parental questionnaires. Parents will also receive equipment and instructions so that they can complete an assessment of sleep using actigraphy and a sleep diary. At Time 2 and Time 3, completed three and six months after the home visit, parents will complete questionnaires on self-regulation and co-regulation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The <jats:italic>Calming Together<\/jats:italic> study will be among the first to investigate co-regulation in young DHH children and their parents in ecologically valid home settings. By assessing both parent and child factors, it will provide insights into how co-regulation unfolds in daily life and how it relates to broader aspects of self-regulation. The study will also include both mothers and fathers to investigate their potentially unique contributions toward co-regulation and the development of self-regulation in DHH children. Findings may inform early intervention strategies to support parent-child interactions and enhance self-regulation in DHH children. The study was retroactively registered in Open Science Framework (OSF) on April 15th 2025 (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/CHEKA\" ext-link-type=\"doi\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/CHEKA<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03379-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T18:45:30Z","timestamp":1758739530000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Co-regulation between young deaf and hard-of-hearing children and their caregivers: study protocol of Calming Together"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nikki","family":"Smit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Szarkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hedwig J.A.","family":"van Bakel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anat","family":"Zaidman-Zait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelien","family":"Dirks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3379_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2007.06.004","volume":"82","author":"A Berger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berger A, Kofman O, Livneh U, Henik A. 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Both verbal and written information will be provided to parents, and written consent will be retrieved for parents and their children before enrollment in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1014"}}