{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:42:31Z","timestamp":1780317751591,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Research Council, Finland","award":["345130, 345132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["345130, 345132"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Council, Finland","award":["352648, 352657, 352660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["352648, 352657, 352660"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Council, Finland","award":["352648, 352657, 352660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["352648, 352657, 352660"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Council, Finland","award":["345130, 345132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["345130, 345132"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["308351, 336138, 345117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308351, 336138, 345117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Several previous cohort studies suggest declining social connectedness in young people since 2000, the pattern accelerated during the covid-19 pandemic. Little is known whether social connectedness had recovered to the pre-pandemic levels. We investigated whether the declining pattern in experienced social connectedness in secondary school students between 2017 and 2021 changed in 2023. We also investigated the role of individual and school characteristics in these trends. We used nationally representative Finnish data of students in lower and upper secondary education (analytic <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009556,424\u2013557,391). Social connectedness was measured by number of close friends, feelings of loneliness and sense of belonging at school. Regression analyses included the fixed effects and the interactions of year, gender, school level, parental education, immigration status of the student and urban-rural location. The results showed that the overall declining trend of social connectedness between 2017 and 2021 slowed down between 2021 and 2023: number of close friends further declined at a slower rate (1% decline), while there was no change in sense of belonging at school and a slight recovery (2% reduction) in feelings of loneliness. In some subgroups, such as students in general upper secondary schools and students with immigration background had a faster recovery than other student groups. The results point to little overall improvement in social connectedness in secondary school students in Finland after the pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03394-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:24:17Z","timestamp":1759155857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is social connectedness still in decline after the Covid-19 pandemic? Cohort trends in secondary school students in Finland between 2017 and 2023"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sanna","family":"Read","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noona","family":"Kiuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenni","family":"Helenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niina","family":"Junttila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katariina","family":"Salmela-Aro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3394_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ADOLESCENCE.2021.06.006","volume":"93","author":"JM Twenge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Twenge JM, Haidt J, Blake AB, McAllister C, Lemon H, Le Roy A. Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness. J Adolesc. 2021;93:257\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ADOLESCENCE.2021.06.006","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"3394_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/S11205-021-02662-2","volume":"157","author":"B H\u00f6gberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"H\u00f6gberg B, Petersen S, Strandh M, Johansson K. Determinants of declining school belonging 2000\u20132018: the case of Sweden. Soc Indic Res. 2021;157:783\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11205-021-02662-2","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"3394_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0312579","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0312579","volume":"19","author":"S Read","year":"2024","unstructured":"Read S, Salmela-Aro K, Kiuru N, Helenius J, Junttila N. The cohort trends of social connectedness in secondary school students in Finland between 2017 and 2021. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0312579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0312579","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3394_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","volume":"117","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995;117:497\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3394_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806","volume-title":"Self-determination theory: basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness","author":"RM Ryan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-determination theory: basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: The Guilford Press; 2017."},{"key":"3394_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1532-7795.2012.00783.X","volume":"22","author":"PE Jose","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jose PE, Ryan N, Pryor J. Does social connectedness promote a greater sense of Well-Being in adolescence over time? J Res Adolescence. 2012;22:235\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1532-7795.2012.00783.X","journal-title":"J Res Adolescence"},{"key":"3394_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100960","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DR.2021.100960","volume":"60","author":"T Diendorfer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diendorfer T, Seidl L, Mitic M, Mittmann G, Woodcock K, Schrank B. Determinants of social connectedness in children and early adolescents with mental disorder: A systematic literature review. Dev Rev. 2021;60:100960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DR.2021.100960","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"key":"3394_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sturgis P, Patulny R, Allum N, Buscha F. Social connectedness and generalized trust: a longitudinal perspective. In: Li Y, editor. Handbook of research methods and applications in social capital (Handbooks of research methods and applications series). (Social and political science). 1st ed. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.; 2015. p. 76\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9780857935854.00009","DOI":"10.4337\/9780857935854.00009"},{"key":"3394_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.01.012","volume":"43","author":"BK Barber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barber BK, Schluterman JM. Connectedness in the lives of children and adolescents: A call for greater conceptual clarity. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43:209\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.01.012","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"3394_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530.2021.1883409","volume":"73","author":"KA Allen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allen KA, Kern ML, Rozek CS, McInerney DM, Slavich GM. Belonging: a review of conceptual issues, an integrative framework, and directions for future research. Aust J Psychol. 2021;73:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00049530.2021.1883409","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"3394_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000836","volume":"47","author":"AL Van Harmelen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Harmelen AL, Kievit RA, Ioannidis K, Neufeld S, Jones PB, Bullmore E, et al. Adolescent friendships predict later resilient functioning across psychosocial domains in a healthy community cohort. Psychol Med. 2017;47:2312\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717000836","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3394_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/FNBEH.2021.632906\/BIBTEX","volume":"15","author":"ZI Santini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santini ZI, Pisinger VSC, Nielsen L, Madsen KR, Nelausen MK, Koyanagi A, et al. Social disconnectedness, loneliness, and mental health among adolescents in Danish high schools: A nationwide Cross-Sectional study. Front Behav Neurosci. 2021;15:57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FNBEH.2021.632906\/BIBTEX","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"3394_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S12144-023-04445-Z\/TABLES\/1","volume":"1","author":"NA Binte Mohammad Adib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Binte Mohammad Adib NA, Sabharwal JK. Experience of loneliness on well-being among young individuals: A systematic scoping review. Curr Psychol. 2023;1:1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12144-023-04445-Z\/TABLES\/1","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"3394_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Panayiotou M, Currie D, Yang K, Bagnall C, Qualter P, et al. The role of school connectedness and friend contact in adolescent loneliness, and implications for physical health. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2022;1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10578-022-01449-X\/FIGURES\/1","DOI":"10.1007\/S10578-022-01449-X\/FIGURES\/1"},{"key":"3394_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543070003323","volume":"70","author":"KF Osterman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Osterman KF. Students\u2019 need for belonging in the school community. Rev Educ Res. 2000;70:323\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543070003323","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"key":"3394_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHILDYOUTH.2017.08.011","volume":"81","author":"CE Foster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foster CE, Horwitz A, Thomas A, Opperman K, Gipson P, Burnside A, et al. Connectedness to family, school, peers, and community in socially vulnerable adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2017;81:321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHILDYOUTH.2017.08.011","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"3394_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530.2021.1904499","volume":"73","author":"G Arslan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arslan G. School belongingness, well-being, and mental health among adolescents: exploring the role of loneliness. Aust J Psychol. 2021;73:70\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00049530.2021.1904499","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"3394_CR18","first-page":"237","volume":"143","author":"B R\u00f6ttger-R\u00f6ssler","year":"2018","unstructured":"R\u00f6ttger-R\u00f6ssler B. Multiple belongings. On the affective dimensions of migration. Z Ethnol. 2018;143:237\u201362. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26899773","journal-title":"Z Ethnol"},{"key":"3394_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1749-8198.2009.00317.X","volume":"4","author":"M Antonsich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Antonsich M. Searching for Belonging \u2013 An analytical framework. Geogr Compass. 2010;4:644\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1749-8198.2009.00317.X","journal-title":"Geogr Compass"},{"key":"3394_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anthias F. Interconnecting boundaries of identity and belonging and hierarchy-making within transnational mobility studies: Framing inequalities. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011392115614780. 2015;64:172\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011392115614780","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392115614780"},{"key":"3394_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948221117970","volume":"50","author":"N Lyyra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyyra N, Junttila N, Tynj\u00e4l\u00e4 J, Villberg J, V\u00e4limaa R. Loneliness, subjective health complaints, and medicine use among Finnish adolescents 2006\u20132018. Scand J Public Health. 2022;50:1097\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14034948221117970","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"3394_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD. PISA 2018 Results (Volume III). 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/ACD78851-EN","DOI":"10.1787\/ACD78851-EN"},{"key":"3394_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sutcliffe M, Noble K. Belonging, trust and social isolation: the move on-line during the time of COVID \u2013 A longitudinal study. Heliyon. 2022;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.HELIYON.2022.E10637","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HELIYON.2022.E10637"},{"key":"3394_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/JOSH.13306","volume":"93","author":"R Jefferson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jefferson R, Barreto M, Verity L, Qualter P. Loneliness during the school years: how it affects learning and how schools can help**. J Sch Health. 2023;93:428\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JOSH.13306","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"12377","key":"3394_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12377","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH182312377","volume":"18","author":"A Rimpel\u00e4","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rimpel\u00e4 A, Lindfors P, Kinnunen JM, My\u00f6h\u00e4nen A, Hotulainen R, Koivuhovi S, et al. The way of distance teaching is related to adolescent students\u2019 health and loneliness during the school closure in Finland. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021. 2021;18(12377):18:12377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJERPH182312377","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021"},{"key":"3394_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/JAD.12017","volume":"94","author":"S Houghton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Houghton S, Kyron M, Hunter SC, Lawrence D, Hattie J, Carroll A, et al. Adolescents\u2019 longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: the impact of COVID-19 school closures. J Adolesc. 2022;94:191\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JAD.12017","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"3394_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101331","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SSMPH.2022.101331","volume":"21","author":"VD Kannan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kannan VD, Veazie PJ. US trends in social isolation, social engagement, and companionship \u23af nationally and by age, sex, race\/ethnicity, family income, and work hours, 2003\u20132020. SSM Popul Health. 2023;21:101331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SSMPH.2022.101331","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"3394_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101427","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EHB.2024.101427","volume":"55","author":"A Rebechi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rebechi A, Lepintuer A, Clark AE, Rohde N, V\u00f6gele C, D\u2019Ambrosio C. Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from five European countries. Econ Hum Biol. 2024;55:101427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EHB.2024.101427","journal-title":"Econ Hum Biol"},{"key":"3394_CR30","unstructured":"Helakorpi S, Kivim\u00e4ki H. Well-being of children and young people \u2013 School Health Promotion study. 2021. Statistical report 42\/2021. https:\/\/thl.fi\/en\/statistics-and-data\/statistics-by-topic\/social-services-children-adolescents-and-families\/well-being-of-children-and-young-people-school-health-promotion-study"},{"key":"3394_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Repo J, Smith E, Reimer D, Kilpi-Jakonen E. Persistent trends or pandemic effects?? A Multi-Cohort longitudinal study on student Well-being, inequality, and educational transitions. Soc Indic Res. 2025;1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11205-025-03617-7\/FIGURES\/4","DOI":"10.1007\/S11205-025-03617-7\/FIGURES\/4"},{"key":"3394_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/WPS.21224","volume":"23","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J. Social connection as a critical factor for mental and physical health: evidence, trends, challenges, and future implications. World Psychiatry. 2024;23:312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/WPS.21224","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"3394_CR33","volume-title":"Growing class gaps in social connectedness among American youth, 1975\u20132009","author":"RD Putnam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Putnam RD, Frederick CB, Snellman K, Kennedy H. Growing class gaps in social connectedness among American youth, 1975\u20132009. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School of Government; 2012."},{"key":"3394_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mikiewicz P. Social capital and education \u2013 An attempt to synthesize conceptualization arising from various theoretical origins. Cogent Educ. 2021;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2021.1907956","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2021.1907956"},{"key":"3394_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/S40572-019-00251-7","volume":"6","author":"MA Leavell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leavell MA, Leiferman JA, Gascon M, Braddick F, Gonzalez JC, Litt JS. Nature-Based social prescribing in urban settings to improve social connectedness and mental Well-being: a review. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2019;6:297\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40572-019-00251-7","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"3394_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/CAD.20381","volume":"2020","author":"WM Bukowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bukowski WM, Dirks M, Persram RJ, Wright L, Infantino E. Peer relations and socioeconomic status and inequality. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2020;2020:27\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CAD.20381","journal-title":"New Dir Child Adolesc Dev"},{"key":"3394_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1093\/PUBMED\/FDY133","volume":"41","author":"KR Madsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Madsen KR, Holstein BE, Damsgaard MT, Rayce SB, Jespersen LN, Due P. Trends in social inequality in loneliness among adolescents 1991\u20132014. J Public Health (Bangkok). 2019;41:e133\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/PUBMED\/FDY133","journal-title":"J Public Health (Bangkok)"},{"key":"3394_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1007\/S10964-016-0432-3\/TABLES\/2","volume":"45","author":"KR Madsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madsen KR, Damsgaard MT, Rubin M, Jervelund SS, Lasgaard M, Walsh S, et al. Loneliness and ethnic composition of the school class: A nationally random sample of adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45:1350\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10964-016-0432-3\/TABLES\/2","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"3394_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1037\/A0020092","volume":"99","author":"PK Piff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piff PK, Kraus MW, C\u00f4t\u00e9 S, Cheng BH, Keltner D. Having less, giving more: the influence of social class on prosocial behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010;99:771\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/A0020092","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"3394_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2024.2391884","author":"Z Isik-Ercan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Isik-Ercan Z, Lu HT, Edwards NM, Fall M, Sebti L. Social experiences, life satisfaction, and social support of immigrant families with young children in a highly urban City. Early Child Dev Care. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03004430.2024.2391884","journal-title":"Early Child Dev Care"},{"key":"3394_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101625","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJDRR.2020.101625","volume":"48","author":"S Uekusa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uekusa S. The paradox of social capital: A case of immigrants, refugees and linguistic minorities in the Canterbury and Tohoku disasters. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2020;48:101625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.IJDRR.2020.101625","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"3394_CR42","unstructured":"Lander J. The Strengths of Immigrant Students An asset-based approach to newcomer students, emphasizing what they have (not what they lack). 2018. https:\/\/www.gse.harvard.edu\/ideas\/usable-knowledge\/18\/04\/strengths-immigrant-students. Accessed 30 Jan 2025."},{"key":"3394_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CITIES.2017.10.020","volume":"74","author":"K Mouratidis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mouratidis K. Built environment and social well-being: how does urban form affect social life and personal relationships? Cities. 2018;74:7\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CITIES.2017.10.020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"3394_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12939-020-01288-Z\/TABLES\/2","volume":"19","author":"F Jonsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jonsson F, Goicolea I, Christianson M, Carson DB, Wiklund M. Landscapes of care and despair for rural youth-a qualitative study in the Northern Swedish periphery. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12939-020-01288-Z\/TABLES\/2","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"3394_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raman S, Harries M, Nathawad R, Kyeremateng R, Seth R, Lonne B, et al. Where do we go from here? A child rights-based response to COVID-19. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2020;4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJPO-2020-000714","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJPO-2020-000714"},{"key":"3394_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001043","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJPO-2021-001043","volume":"5","author":"L Rajmil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajmil L, Hjern A, Boran P, Gunnlaugsson G, De Kraus O, Raman S. Impact of lockdown and school closure on children\u2019s health and well-being during the first wave of COVID-19: a narrative review. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2021;5:e001043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJPO-2021-001043","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"3394_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13557","volume":"45","author":"G Lemkow\u2013Tov\u00edas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lemkow\u2013Tov\u00edas G, Lemkow L, Cash-Gibson L, Teixid\u00f3-Compa\u00f1\u00f3 E, Benach J. Impact of COVID-19 inequalities on children: an intersectional analysis. Sociol Health Illn. 2023;45:145\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.13557","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"3394_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1080\/13642987.2022.2057961","volume":"27","author":"L Colucci-Gray","year":"2023","unstructured":"Colucci-Gray L. Reviewing the impact of COVID-19 on children\u2019s rights to, in and through education. Int J Hum Rights. 2023;27:1389\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13642987.2022.2057961","journal-title":"Int J Hum Rights"},{"key":"3394_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/CHILDREN10020279\/S1","volume":"10","author":"AH Farrell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farrell AH, Vitoroulis I, Eriksson M, Vaillancourt T. Loneliness and Well-Being in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Children. 2023;10:279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/CHILDREN10020279\/S1","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"3394_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167214557007\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/10.1177_0146167214557007-FIG4.JPEG","volume":"41","author":"DMT Clark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clark DMT, Loxton NJ, Tobin SJ. Declining loneliness over time: evidence from American colleges and high schools. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2015;41:78\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167214557007\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/10.1177_0146167214557007-FIG4.JPEG","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3394_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qualter P, Hennessey A, Yang K, Chester KL, Klemera E, Brooks F. Prevalence and Social Inequality in Youth Loneliness in the UK. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021, Vol 18, Page 10420. 2021;18:10420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJERPH181910420","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH181910420"},{"key":"3394_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSP.2015.08.001","volume":"53","author":"JN Hughes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hughes JN, Im MH, Allee PJ. Effect of school belonging trajectories in grades 6\u20138 on achievement: gender and ethnic differences. J Sch Psychol. 2015;53:493\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JSP.2015.08.001","journal-title":"J Sch Psychol"},{"key":"3394_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/PER.2220\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/10.1002_PER.2220-FIG3.JPEG","volume":"33","author":"M Maes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maes M, Qualter P, Vanhalst J, Van den Noortgate W, Goossens L. Gender differences in loneliness across the lifespan: A Meta-Analysis. Eur J Pers. 2019;33:642\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/PER.2220\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/10.1002_PER.2220-FIG3.JPEG","journal-title":"Eur J Pers"},{"key":"3394_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"PISA. 2015 Results (Volume III). 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264273856-EN","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264273856-EN"},{"key":"3394_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541760","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2020.01472\/BIBTEX","volume":"11","author":"A Myhr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Myhr A, Anthun KS, Lillefjell M, Sund ER. Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in Norwegian adolescents\u2019 mental health from 2014 to 2018: A repeated Cross-Sectional study. Front Psychol. 2020;11:541760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPSYG.2020.01472\/BIBTEX","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3394_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Widlund A, Tuominen H, Tapola A, Korhonen J. Gendered pathways from academic performance, motivational beliefs, and school burnout to adolescents\u2019 educational and occupational aspirations. Learn Instr. 2020;66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.LEARNINSTRUC.2019.101299","DOI":"10.1016\/J.LEARNINSTRUC.2019.101299"},{"key":"3394_CR57","unstructured":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Quality description - Well-being of children and young people \u2013 School Health Promotion study. 2023. https:\/\/thl.fi\/en\/web\/thlfi-en\/statistics-and-data\/data-and-services\/quality-and-statistical-principles\/quality-descriptions\/well-being-of-children-and-young-people-school-health-promotion-study. Accessed 29 Sep 2023."},{"key":"3394_CR58","unstructured":"Helenius J, Kivimaki H. Well-being of children and young people \u2013 School Health Promotion Study. 2023. Statistical report 50\/2023. https:\/\/thl.fi\/en\/web\/thlfi-en\/statistics-and-data\/data-and-services\/quality-and-statistical-principles\/quality-descriptions\/well-being-of-children-and-young-people-school-health-promotion-study"},{"key":"3394_CR59","unstructured":"TENK. The ethical principles of research with human participants and ethical review in the human sciences in Finland, Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK guidelines 2019. Publications of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK 3\/2019. 2019. https:\/\/tenk.fi\/en\/advice-and-materials\/guidelines-ethical-review-human-sciences"},{"key":"3394_CR60","unstructured":"School Health Promotion Study. Scientific research privacy notice. 2024. https:\/\/thl.fi\/documents\/155392151\/190513207\/KTK2023-Tietosuojailmoitus-kysely-EN-2024-05-30.pdf\/2271a79d-ff32-5abe-3633-ef459f8af1fc\/KTK2023-Tietosuojailmoitus-kysely-EN-2024-05-30.pdf?t=1717053645019"},{"key":"3394_CR61","unstructured":"Finnish National Agency for Education. Education system. 2023. https:\/\/www.oph.fi\/en\/education-system. Accessed 7 Dec 2023."},{"key":"3394_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0279701","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0279701","volume":"18","author":"AC Reinwarth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reinwarth AC, Ernst M, Krakau L, Br\u00e4hler E, Beutel ME. Screening for loneliness in representative population samples: validation of a single-item measure. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0279701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0279701","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3394_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574","volume":"26","author":"ME Hughes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys. Res Aging. 2004;26:655\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0164027504268574","journal-title":"Res Aging"},{"key":"3394_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/JCPP.12807","volume":"59","author":"L Lempinen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lempinen L, Junttila N, Sourander A. Loneliness and friendships among eight-year-old children: time-trends over a 24-year period. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59:171\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JCPP.12807","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3394_CR65","unstructured":"Lempinen L. Changes in mental health symptoms, bullying involvement, loneliness and service use among Finnish-speaking children aged 8\u20139 years over a 24-year period: a population-based study. 2021. https:\/\/www.utupub.fi\/handle\/10024\/152821"},{"key":"3394_CR66","unstructured":"OECD. Review education policies - Education GPS - OECD: Student engagement and motivation. 2020. https:\/\/gpseducation.oecd.org\/revieweducationpolicies\/#!node=44131%26filter=All. Accessed 7 May 2021."},{"key":"3394_CR67","unstructured":"Statistics Finland. Classifications: Statistical grouping of municipalities 2023. 2023. https:\/\/www.stat.fi\/en\/luokitukset\/kuntaryhmitys\/. Accessed 20 Oct 2023."},{"key":"3394_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100126","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYCOM.2023.100126","volume":"3","author":"A Gizdic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gizdic A, Baxter T, Barrantes-Vidal N, Park S. Social connectedness and resilience post COVID-19 pandemic: buffering against trauma, stress, and psychosis. Psychiatry Res Commun. 2023;3:100126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PSYCOM.2023.100126","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Commun"},{"key":"3394_CR69","unstructured":"Oates T. The COVID-19 pandemic may be a thing of the past \u2013 its impact in schools is not over. 2024. https:\/\/www.ascl.org.uk\/ASCL\/media\/ASCL\/News\/Press releases\/The-COVID-19-pandemic-may-be-a-thing-of-the-past.pdf. Accessed 29 Nov 2024."},{"key":"3394_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00131911.2024.2371836","author":"F Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su F, Wood M, Pennington A. The new normal isn\u2019t normal: to what extent has the Covid-19 pandemic affected secondary school children\u2019s mental health and wellbeing in the North of england?? Educ Rev (Birm). 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00131911.2024.2371836","journal-title":"Educ Rev (Birm)"},{"key":"3394_CR71","unstructured":"OECD. The impact of COVID-19 on student equity and inclusion: Supporting vulnerable students during school closures and school re-openings. 2020. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-student-equity-and-inclusion-supporting-vulnerable-students-during-school-closures-and-school-re-openings-d593b5c8\/. Accessed 16 Jun 2023."},{"key":"3394_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/S00787-022-02023-5\/FIGURES\/2","volume":"32","author":"S Lehmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lehmann S, Haug E, Bj\u00f8rknes R, Mjeldheim Sandal G, Fadnes T, Skogen L. Quality of life among young people in Norway during the COVID-19 pandemic. A longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;32:1061\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00787-022-02023-5\/FIGURES\/2","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4563","key":"3394_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4563","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH18094563","volume":"18","author":"H Nobari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nobari H, Fashi M, Eskandari A, Villafaina S, Murillo-Garcia \u00c1, P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez J. Effect of COVID-19 on Health-Related quality of life in adolescents and children: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021. 2021;18(4563):18:4563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJERPH18094563","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021"},{"key":"3394_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Helfer A, Tapola-Kari S, Trane Ibsen J. Children and young people\u2019s participation during the Corona Pandemic \u2013 Nordic initiatives. Nuorisotutkimusseura; 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57049\/NTS.859","DOI":"10.57049\/NTS.859"},{"key":"3394_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1111\/APA.15484","volume":"109","author":"S Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta S, Jawanda MK. The impacts of COVID-19 on children. Acta paediatrica. Int J Paediatrics. 2020;109:2181\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/APA.15484","journal-title":"Int J Paediatrics"},{"key":"3394_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crawley E, Loades M, Feder G, Logan S, Redwood S, Macleod J. Wider collateral damage to children in the UK because of the social distancing measures designed to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in adults. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2020;4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJPO-2020-000701","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJPO-2020-000701"},{"key":"3394_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4946.20.05887-9","volume":"72","author":"R Ghosh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghosh R, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, Dubey S. Impact of COVID-19 on children: special focus on the psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatr. 2020;72:226\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0026-4946.20.05887-9","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"issue":"7163","key":"3394_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7163","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH19127163","volume":"19","author":"E Widnall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Widnall E, Adams EA, Plackett R, Winstone L, Haworth CMA, Mars B, et al. Adolescent experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic and school closures and implications for mental health, peer relationships and learning: A qualitative study in South-West England. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022. 2022;19(7163):19:7163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJERPH19127163","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022"},{"key":"3394_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.46328\/IJTES.V4I4.167","volume":"4","author":"HM Niemi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niemi HM, Kousa P. A case study of students\u2019 and teachers\u2019 perceptions in a Finnish high school during the COVID pandemic. Int J Technol Educ Sci. 2020;4:352\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46328\/IJTES.V4I4.167","journal-title":"Int J Technol Educ Sci"},{"key":"3394_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salmela-Aro K, Lavonen J. The switch to distance teaching and learning in finalnd during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020\u2009\u2013\u2009222) went technically well but was emotionally challenging. Schools Soc Dur COVID-19 Pandemic: How Educ Syst Changed Road ahead. 2023;63\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-42671-1_4\/FIGURES\/9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-42671-1_4\/FIGURES\/9"},{"key":"3394_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lavonen J, Salmela-Aro K. Experiences of moving quickly to distance teaching and learning at all levels of education in finland. Primary and secondary education during Covid-19: disruptions to educational opportunity during a pandemic. 2022;:105\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-81500-4_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81500-4_4"},{"key":"3394_CR82","unstructured":"Connolly N, Kenny J. Young people, social inclusion and the digital age: a human rights perspective. 2021. Council of Europe and European Commission. https:\/\/pjp-eu.coe.int\/documents\/42128013\/47261623\/YKB-27-WEB.pdf\/dbab979b-75ff-4ee8-b3da-c10dc57650d5#page=205"},{"key":"3394_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/S10902-012-9369-8","volume":"14","author":"CA Olsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olsson CA, McGee R, Nada-Raja S, Williams SM. A 32-Year longitudinal study of child and adolescent pathways to Well-Being in adulthood. J Happiness Stud. 2013;14:1069\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10902-012-9369-8","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"key":"3394_CR85","unstructured":"The Board of Education. Perusopetuksen j\u00e4rjest\u00e4minen ja koronatilanteesta palautuminen 1.8.2022 alkaen (Organisation of basic education and recovery from the corona situation from 1.8.2022). 2022. https:\/\/www.oph.fi\/fi\/koulutus-ja-tutkinnot\/perusopetuksen-jarjestaminen-ja-koronatilanteesta-palautuminen-182022-alkaen. Accessed 2 Jun 2025."},{"key":"3394_CR86","unstructured":"Vuorio J, Ranta M, Koskinen K, Nevalainen-Sumkin T, Helminen J, Miettunen A. Et\u00e4opetuksen Tilannekuva Koronapandemiassa Vuonna 2020 (The readiness of distance learning in Corona pandemic during 2020. Finnish National agency for education (EDUFI) report 2021:4. Finnish National Agency for Education (EDUFI); 2021. https:\/\/researchportal.tuni.fi\/fi\/publications\/et%C3%A4opetuksen-tilannekuva-koronapandemiassa-vuonna-2020"},{"key":"3394_CR87","unstructured":"De Gennaro A. Young people\u2019s engagement with extra-curricular activities following the pandemic. 2023. https:\/\/cosmostudy.uk\/latest\/young-people-s-engagement-with-extra-curricular-activities-following-the-pandemic. Accessed 30 Jan 2025."},{"key":"3394_CR88","unstructured":"Vainikainen M-P, Lintuvuori M, Mergianian C, Hotulainen R, Rimpel\u00e4 JA. Koronapandemia peruskoulussa \u2013 koulunk\u00e4ynti, opetus Ja hyvinvointi Kouluyhteis\u00f6iss\u00e4 2020\u20132022 (Corona pandemic in comprehensive school \u2013 schooling, education and well-being in school communities 2020\u20132022). Volume 1. Publications of the Research Centre for Education, Evaluation and Learning Research Centre REAL; 2024. https:\/\/trepo.tuni.fi\/handle\/10024\/155454"},{"key":"3394_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/00131857.2017.1343115","volume":"50","author":"K Brunila","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brunila K, Rossi LM. Identity politics, the ethos of vulnerability, and education. Educational Philos Theory. 2018;50:287\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00131857.2017.1343115","journal-title":"Educational Philos Theory"},{"key":"3394_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuttner PJ. The right to belong in school: A critical, transdisciplinary conceptualization of school belonging. AERA Open. 2023;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23328584231183407\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/10.1177_23328584231183407-FIG1.JPEG","DOI":"10.1177\/23328584231183407\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/10.1177_23328584231183407-FIG1.JPEG"},{"key":"3394_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101613","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COPSYC.2023.101613","volume":"52","author":"R Breaux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Breaux R, Cash AR, Lewis J, Garcia KM, Dvorsky MR, Becker SP. Impacts of COVID-19 quarantine and isolation on adolescent social functioning. Curr Opin Psychol. 2023;52:101613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COPSYC.2023.101613","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"3394_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10590","DOI":"10.1007\/S12144-023-05164-1","volume":"43","author":"M Yuen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuen M, Wu L. Relationship between school connectedness and psychological well-being in adolescents: a meta-analysis. Curr Psychol. 2024;43:10590\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12144-023-05164-1","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"3394_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-024-18370-8","volume":"24","author":"N Goldman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goldman N, Khanna D, El Asmar ML, Qualter P, El-Osta A. Addressing loneliness and social isolation in 52 countries: a scoping review of National policies. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:1207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-024-18370-8","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3394_CR94","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency. Community-centred and asset-based approaches. 2023. https:\/\/ukhsalibrary.koha-ptfs.co.uk\/practice-examples-2\/caba\/. Accessed 7 Dec 2024."},{"key":"3394_CR95","unstructured":"Public Health England. Community champions: A rapid scoping review of community champion approaches for the pandemic response and recovery. 2021. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/611cd970e90e0705355a5434\/A_rapid_scoping_review_of_community_champion_approaches_for_the_pandemic_response_and_recovery_V8.pdf. Accessed 7 Dec 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"3394_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/S40688-018-00212-1","volume":"23","author":"YC Barba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barba YC, Newcombe A, Ruiz R, Cordero N. Building bridges for new immigrant students through Asset-Based consultation. Contemp School Psychol 2019. 2019;23(1):23:31\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40688-018-00212-1","journal-title":"Contemp School Psychol 2019"},{"key":"3394_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.2015.1064843","volume":"43","author":"J Hilburn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hilburn J. Asset-Based civics for, with, and by immigrant students: three sites of enriched teaching and learning for immigrant and Native-Born students. Theory Res Soc Educ. 2015;43:372\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00933104.2015.1064843","journal-title":"Theory Res Soc Educ"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03394-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03394-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03394-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:24:26Z","timestamp":1759155866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03394-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03394-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare\u2019s Ethics Committee. The participants gave informed consent by answering the survey. Participation was voluntary. Parents were informed about the study in advance and had the right to withdraw their child under the age of 15 from participating in the survey. As a large survey, SHPS complies with national legislation and institutional requirements in the Nordic countries, where written informed consent from participants\u2019 legal guardians\/next of kin was not required for participation in the current study. This procedure followed the Finnish National Board of Research Integrity (TENK) ethical principles of collecting large, anonymised data from minors. In this case it is sufficient to inform the parent or carer of a child under the age of 15 about the research so that they can refuse their child\u2019s participation in the research if they wish. The number of respondents is large if the survey targets at least 400 people. Informing the parent or carer is also sufficient in research that does not involve the processing of the personal data of the minor participant. The present study was conducted in compliance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"1071"}}