{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:30:52Z","timestamp":1790044252725,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03421-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:43:30Z","timestamp":1758883410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the nexus: physical activity, body image, and anxiety among university students"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Demet","family":"Bi\u00e7ki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay\u015fe","family":"G\u00f6kta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6khan","family":"\u00d6zko\u00e7ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demet Tekd\u00f6\u015f","family":"Demircio\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3421_CR1","first-page":"787","volume":"13","author":"F Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo F, Tian Y, Fei Z, Wu C, Cui Y, Huang C. Author information Article notes copyright and license information Disclaimer) intensity of physical activity and depressive symptoms in college students: fitness improvement tactics in youth (FITYou) Project) psychol. Res Behav Manag. 2020;13:787\u201396.","journal-title":"Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"3421_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000081","volume":"143","author":"BT Karazsia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karazsia BT, Murnen SK, Tylka TL. Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2017;143:293\u2013320.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"3421_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003027","author":"PR Boerner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boerner PR, Polasek KM, True L, Lind E, Hendrick JL. Is what you see what you get? Perceptions of personal trainers\u2019 competence, knowledge, and preferred sex of personal trainer relative to physique. J Strength Cond Res. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003027. [Epub ahead of print].","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"3421_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.16237\/j.cnki.cn44-1404\/g8.2020.05.014","volume":"27","author":"ZH Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu ZH. Effects of physical exercise on negative emotion for university students the mediating and moderating effects of self-efficacy and mental resilience. J Phys Educ. 2020;27:102\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16237\/j.cnki.cn44-1404\/g8.2020.05.014.","journal-title":"J Phys Educ"},{"key":"3421_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang Y, Hao-Dong Xie. and Shi-Yong Yang. The relationship between physical exercise and subjective Well-Being in college students: the mediating effect of body image and Self-Esteem front psychol.12: 658935.Published online (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.658935"},{"key":"3421_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Millet GP (Indoor) Isolation, editors. Stress and Physical Inactivity:Vicious Circles Accelerated by Covid-19? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2020, 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13706","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13706"},{"key":"3421_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du Y, Liu B, Sun Y, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Bao. W.Trends in adherence to the physical activity guidelines for Americans for aerobic activity and time spent on sedentary behavior among US adults, 2007 to 2016. JAMA Netw (2019) Open 2:e197597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019"},{"key":"3421_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herbert C. Enhancing mental health, Well-Being and active lifestyles of university students by means of physical activity and exercise research programs. Frontiers. Public Health. 2022.,10:849093published: 25 doi: 10.3389.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.849093"},{"key":"3421_CR9","first-page":"9","volume":"61","author":"AB Stella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stella AB, Aj\u010devi\u0107 M, Furlanis G, Cillotto T, Menichelli A, Accardo A, Manganotti P. Smart technology for physical activity and health assessment during COVID-19 lockdown. J Sports Med Phys Fit. 2021;61:9.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fit"},{"key":"3421_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baber HJJoE, and Research e-l. Determinants of students\u2019 perceived learning outcome and satisfaction in online learning during the pandemic of COVID-19. 2020; 7, 285\u201392.","DOI":"10.20448\/journal.509.2020.73.285.292"},{"key":"3421_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00509","volume":"11","author":"C Herbert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herbert C, Meixner F, Wiebking C, Activity GVRP. Short-Term exercise, mental health, and Well-Being among university students: the results of an online and a laboratory study. Front Psychol. 2020;11:509.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3421_CR12","first-page":"166","volume":"34","author":"S Savc\u0131","year":"2006","unstructured":"Savc\u0131 S, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk M, Ar\u0131kan H, \u0130nce D, Tokg\u00f6zo\u011flu L. Physical activity levels of university students. Arch Turk Soc Cardiol. 2006;34:166\u201372.","journal-title":"Arch Turk Soc Cardiol"},{"key":"3421_CR13","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m S, Yamaner F, \u0130mamo\u011flu O. Investigation of the Effect of 8-Week Step-Aerobic Exercises on Body Composition in Sedentary Women.15 International Sport Sciences Congress, Proceedings Booklet, 2017; 1225."},{"issue":"1","key":"3421_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/6257","volume":"6","author":"NA Gad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gad NA, Mervat M, Arrab, Alsayed SM. Perceived benefits and s of exercise among female university students. Int J Adv Res. 2018;6(1):570\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res"},{"key":"3421_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker K, Uddin R, Ridgers ND, Brown H, Veitch J, Salmon J, Timperio A, Sahlqvist S, Cassar S, Toffoletti K et al. The use of digital platforms for adults\u2019 and adolescents\u2019 physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic (our life at home): survey study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23, e23389.","DOI":"10.2196\/23389"},{"issue":"1","key":"3421_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5336\/intermed.2019-71187","volume":"5","author":"E \u0130laslan","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u0130laslan E, Taylan S, \u00d6zkan \u0130, Ad\u0131belli D. Turkiye Klinikleri J Intern Med. 2020;5(1):15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5336\/intermed.2019-71187.","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri J Intern Med"},{"key":"3421_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.2466\/06.08.PMS.111.4.278-284","volume":"111","author":"M Sa\u011flam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sa\u011flam M, Arikan H, Savci S, Inal-Ince D, Bosnak Guclu M, Karabulut E. al.International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;111:278\u201384.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"3421_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-4-62","volume":"4","author":"R Maddison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maddison R, Ni Mhurchu C, Jiang Y, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A, Lawes CMM, Rush E. International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and new Zealand physical activity questionnaire (NZPAQ): A doubly labelled water validation. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity. 2007;4:62.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity"},{"key":"3421_CR19","unstructured":"Ulusoy M. Beck anksiyete envanteri: Validity and reliability study [Unpublished Specialization Thesis]. Istanbul: Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y Psychiatric Hospital; 1993."},{"key":"3421_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leentjens AFG, Dujardin K, Pontone GM, Starkstein SE, Weintraub D, Martinez-Martin P. The Parkinson anxiety scale (PAS): development and validation of a new anxiety scale movement disorder. First published: 23 May 2014.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.259","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.259"},{"key":"3421_CR21","unstructured":"Hovardao\u011flu S, \u00d6zdemir YD. Reliability and validity study of Body Perception Scale\/Satisfaction levels from body images of schizophrenic and major depressive patients. Master\u2019s thesis, Gazi University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara."},{"key":"3421_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22449","volume":"48","author":"SA McLean","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLean SA, Paxton SJ, Wertheim EH, Masters j. Photoshopping the selfie: self photo editing and photo investment are associated with body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:1132\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22449.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"3421_CR23","first-page":"11","volume":"18","author":"AU Ba\u015f","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ba\u015f AU, Livanelio\u011flu A, Aslan \u015e. Evaluation of physical activity level in university students with two different methods. FizyoterRehabil. 2007;18(1):11\u20139.","journal-title":"FizyoterRehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"3421_CR24","first-page":"399","volume":"4","author":"Y Kiti\u015f","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kiti\u015f Y, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f Y. Determination of physical activity levels, beliefs related to physical activity and behavior stages of women aged 20 and over. Gumushane Univ J Health Sci. 2015;4(3):399\u2013411.","journal-title":"Gumushane Univ J Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3421_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03180580","volume":"65","author":"D Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez D, Eisenmann JC, Moya JM, G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00ednez S, Marcos A. Veiga OLThe role of physical activity and fitness on the metabolic syndrome in adolescents:effect of different scores. The AFINOS study. J Physiol Biochem. 2009;65(3):277\u201389.","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"3421_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20170009","volume":"5","author":"K Kuwahara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuwahara K, Honda T, Nakagawa T, Yamamoto S, Hayashi T, Mizoue TJ. Intensity of Leisure-Time exercise and risk of depressive symptoms among Japanese workers: A cohort study. Epidemiol. 2018;5(2):94\u20138.","journal-title":"Epidemiol"},{"key":"3421_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/1747016115626756)","volume":"12","author":"TL Zutlevics","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zutlevics TL. Could providing financial incentives to research participants be ultimately self-defeating? Res Ethics. 2016;12:137\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747016115626756).","journal-title":"Res Ethics"},{"key":"3421_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7407-8","volume":"19","author":"I Vlaev","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vlaev I, King D. Darzi A, and Dolan P. Changing health behaviors using financial incentives: a review from behavioral economics. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1059.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3421_CR29","unstructured":"Alsahli MS. Benefits and barriers to physical activity among Saudi female university students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the united states. Master of science in health and human performance. Middle Tenn State Univ. 2016.Published by ProQuest LLC."},{"key":"3421_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01187-6","volume":"50","author":"G Ashdown-Franks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashdown-Franks G, Firth J, Carney R, Carvalho AF, Hallgren M, Koyanagi A et al. Exercise as medicine for mental and substance use disorders: a meta-review of the benefits for neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Sports Med 2019;. 50, 151\u201370. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-019-01187-6.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"3421_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathisen TF, Aamb\u00f8 J, Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen C, Svantorp-TveitenK, Sundgot-Borgen J. Body figure idealization and body appearance pressure in fitness instructors front. Psychol. 2020 sec. Health Psychology.11\u20132020 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.585901","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.585901"},{"key":"3421_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.03039","volume":"10","author":"YY Ouyang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ouyang YY, Wang K, Zhang TR, Peng L, Song G, Luo J. The influence of sports participation on body image, self-efficacy, and self-esteem in college students. Front Psychol. 2019;10:3039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.03039.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3421_CR33","unstructured":"Kaas T, \u00c7erez. Investigation of coping with leisure time barriers, life satisfaction and body perception in university students Akdeniz university school of physical education and sports evrentercan@akdeniz.edu.tr. J Res Educ Teach 2016, 5 Special Issue Article 02 ISSN: 2146\u20139199."},{"key":"3421_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong Zhanga R, Liu F, Wang X, Shun Wang S. Towards active health: A study on the relationship between physical activity and body image among college students.2024; 10, 19.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38465"},{"issue":"2","key":"3421_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7020583","volume":"7","author":"W El Ansari","year":"2010","unstructured":"El Ansari W, Clausen SV, Mabhala MA, Stock C. How do I look?? Body image perceptions among university students from England and Denmark international. J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7(2):583\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph7020583.","journal-title":"J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3421_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070738","volume":"9","author":"AW El","year":"2017","unstructured":"El AW, Berg-Beckhoff G. Country and Gender-Specific achievement of healthy nutrition and physical activity guidelines: latent class analysis of 6266 university students in egypt, libya, and Palestine. Nutrients. 2017;9:738.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3421_CR37","first-page":"812","volume":"36","author":"R Xiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiao R, Wangxiu QZ, Zheng ZS. The relationship between physical activity and depression in college students: the influence of gender differences. Chin J Sport Med. 2017;36:812\u201322.","journal-title":"Chin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3421_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2007.01217.x","volume":"43","author":"FB Tao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tao FB, Xu ML, Kim SD, Sun Y, Su PY, Huang K. Physical activity might not be the protective factor for health risk behavi Oursand psycho pathological symptoms in adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007;43(11):762\u20137.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"3421_CR39","first-page":"730","volume":"34","author":"QG Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo QG, Luo J, Song ML, Xie HD. Influence of self-esteem and body image on sports participation in students. J Xian Phys Educ Uni. 2017;34:730\u20138.","journal-title":"J Xian Phys Educ Uni"},{"key":"3421_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen ZY, Yu P. The influence of physical exercise on the subjective well-being of college students: an intermediary effect of peer relationship. J. Capital Univ. Phys. Educ. Sport. 2015;27, 165\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14036\/j.cnki.cn11-4513. 2015.02.015).","DOI":"10.14036\/j.cnki.cn11-4513"},{"key":"3421_CR41","first-page":"75","volume":"15","author":"YM Jing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jing YM, Wu XY, Yu L. On the relationship between body image and social anxiety of female college students in normal universities. Party Build Ideol Educ School. 2016;15:75\u20136.","journal-title":"Party Build Ideol Educ School"},{"key":"3421_CR42","first-page":"39","volume":"36","author":"ID Morres","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morres ID, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Stathi A, Comoutos N, Arpin-Cribbie C, Krommidas C, et al. Aerobic exercise for adult patients with major depressive disorder in mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress. Anxiety. 2019;36:39\u201353.","journal-title":"Anxiety"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03421-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03421-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03421-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:43:38Z","timestamp":1758883418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03421-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03421-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study received ethical approval from the Istanbul Ayd\u0131n University, Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee on November 1, 2021, with approval number 2021\/600.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Participants were informed that participation was voluntary. Informed consent was obtained for participation from all participants participating in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"This is not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1065"}}