{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:33:13Z","timestamp":1790814793676,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project","award":["M20243303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M20243303"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project","award":["24DSHJ08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24DSHJ08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amid the global escalation of adolescent depression and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), childhood trauma has been identified as a critical risk factor, yet how specific trauma subtypes contribute to NSSI remains unclear. This study aims to explore the relationship between childhood trauma subtypes and NSSI in depressed adolescents, focusing gender differences, and verify the mediating role of rumination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 2,006 clinically depressed adolescents (aged 10\u201319), who were recruited through convenience sampling from a psychiatric hospital in China (2024\u20132025). Validated scales (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ], Ruminative Response Scale [RRS], Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory [OSI]) were administered. Binary logistic regression, subgroup analysis, and mediation analysis were used to examine the relationships between variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NSSI prevalence reached 69.3% in depressed adolescents (female: 77.6% vs. male: 52.1%). Emotional neglect (EN, odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20091.82), emotional abuse (EA, OR\u2009=\u20092.06), and physical abuse (PA, OR\u2009=\u20092.55) were associated with NSSI. Gender difference analysis revealed that females were more sensitive to EN (OR\u2009=\u20092.30) and EA (OR\u2009=\u20092.06), while males were more sensitive to EA (OR\u2009=\u20092.07) and PA (OR\u2009=\u20092.12). A single trauma subtype significantly increased the risk of NSSI in females, whereas males required at least two trauma subtypes to significantly increase NSSI risk. Rumination played a mediating role between all trauma subtypes and NSSI, with sexual abuse (SA) showing the highest mediation effect (78.02%), indicating a full mediation effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The childhood trauma-NSSI association in depressed adolescents demonstrates gender difference, with rumination functioning as the central mechanistic pathway. Interventions must prioritize trauma subtype- and gender-tailored strategies to disrupt rumination pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03440-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:39:35Z","timestamp":1758883175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gender-differentiated pathways from childhood trauma to self-injury: rumination as a mediator in depressed adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mailin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doudou","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.074","volume":"354","author":"B Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu B, Lin L, Su X. Global burden of depression or depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2024;354:553\u201362.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3440_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.043","volume":"245","author":"X Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang X, Tang S, Ren Z, Wong DF. K. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among adolescents in secondary school in Mainland china: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:498\u2013507.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3440_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-014-0024-3","volume":"2","author":"PL Plener","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plener PL, Schumacher TS, Munz LM, Groschwitz RC. The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2015;2:2.","journal-title":"Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul"},{"issue":"6","key":"3440_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172300291X","volume":"54","author":"C Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu C, Jiang W, Wu Y, Wang M, Lin J, Chen S, Shang Y, Xie J, Kong Y, Yuan Y. Microstructural abnormalities of white matter in the cingulum bundle of adolescents with major depression and non-suicidal self-injury. Psychol Med. 2024;54(6):1113\u201321.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3440_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victor SE, Christensen K, Terry H, Trieu. Theoretical models linking NSSI to suicide. In: Lloyd-Richardson EE, Baetens I, Whitlock JL, editors. The Oxford handbook of nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Volume 23. Oxford Library of Psychology; 2023;72\u201388.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780197611272.013.3"},{"key":"3440_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.091","volume":"339","author":"L De Luca","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Luca L, Pastore M, Palladino BE, Reime B, Warth P, Menesini E. The development of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) during adolescence: A systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2023;339:648\u201359.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3440_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x","volume":"18","author":"MK Nock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nock MK. Why do people hurt themselves?? New insights into the nature and functions of Self-Injury. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2009;18(2):78\u201383.","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3440_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595211046550","volume":"27","author":"W Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li W, Yang J, Gao L, Wang X. Childhood maltreatment and adolescents\u2019 aggression: A moderated mediation model of Callous-Unemotional traits and friendship quality. Child Maltreat. 2022;27(4):683\u201392.","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1754-3","volume":"18","author":"RC Brown","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brown RC, Heines S, Witt A, Braehler E, Fegert JM, Harsch D, Plener PL. The impact of child maltreatment on non-suicidal self-injury: data from a representative sample of the general population. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):181.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3440_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.12.027","volume":"239","author":"J Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu J, Peng C, Xu Z, Cheng J, Rong F, Wang Y, Zhang N, Guan M, Yu Y. Childhood maltreatment and its dose-response relation with non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: the mediating role of mobile phone addiction. Public Health. 2025;239:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"3440_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.107048","volume":"157","author":"N Calvo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calvo N, Lugo-Mar\u00edn J, Oriol M, P\u00e9rez-Galbarro C, Restoy D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ferrer M. Childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2024;157:107048.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2025.2452","volume":"68","author":"V Baldini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baldini V, Gottardi C, Di Stefano R, Rindi LV, Pazzocco G, Varallo G, Purgato M, De Ronchi D, Barbui C, Ostuzzi G. Association between adverse childhood experiences and suicidal behavior in affective disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2025;68(1):e58.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3440_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","volume":"3","author":"S Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking rumination. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2008;3(5):400\u201324.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"3440_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00531-8","volume":"47","author":"T Buelens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buelens T, Luyckx K, Gandhi A, Kiekens G, Claes L. Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: longitudinal associations with psychological distress and rumination. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019;47(9):1569\u201381.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3440_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2023.08.004","volume":"55","author":"G Kiekens","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kiekens G, Hasking P, Nock MK, Kleiman E, Kirtley OJ, Houben M, Claes L. A comparison of affective-cognitive States in daily life between emerging adults with and without past-year nonsuicidal self-injury. Behav Ther. 2024;55(3):469\u201384.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"3440_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015687","volume":"13","author":"EA Selby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Selby EA, Joiner TE Jr. Cascades of emotion: the emergence of borderline personality disorder from emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Rev Gen Psychol. 2009;13(3):219.","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3440_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01525-2","volume":"273","author":"X Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang X, Wu Z, Wen L, Zhang Y, Wang D, Yu L, Wang Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Liu H, Tang W, Zhang X, Zhang C. Rumination mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023;273(5):1085\u201394.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3440_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01597","volume":"8","author":"JS Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim JS, Jin MJ, Jung W, Hahn SW, Lee SH. Rumination as a mediator between childhood trauma and adulthood depression\/anxiety in Non-clinical participants. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1597.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3440_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3820267","volume":"38","author":"SD Pollak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pollak SD, Klorman R, Thatcher JE, Cicchetti D. P3b reflects maltreated children\u2019s reactions to facial displays of emotion. Psychophysiology. 2001;38(2):267\u201374.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3440_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","volume":"27","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, Stokes J, Handelsman L, Medrano M, Desmond D, Zule W. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(2):169\u201390.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3440_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112733","volume":"11","author":"S Lyubomirsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lyubomirsky S, Layous K, Chancellor J, Nelson SK. Thinking about rumination: the scholarly contributions and intellectual legacy of Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:1\u201322.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3440_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-015-0056-5","volume":"9","author":"MK Nixon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nixon MK, Levesque C, Preyde M, Vanderkooy J, Cloutier PF. The Ottawa Self-Injury inventory: evaluation of an assessment measure of nonsuicidal self-injury in an inpatient sample of adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2015;9:26.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-018-0259-7","volume":"12","author":"L Waals","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waals L, Baetens I, Rober P, Lewis S, Van Parys H, Goethals ER, Whitlock J. The NSSI family distress cascade theory. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health. 2018;12(1):52.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health"},{"key":"3440_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei Q, Pan Y, Zhang S, Yin W, Lin Q, Pan S, Dai C, Zhou L, Wu J. Epidemiology of childhood trauma and its association with insomnia and psychotic-like experiences in Chinese Zhuang adolescents. Front Psychiatry, 2022;13 , 974674.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.974674"},{"key":"3440_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negele A, Kaufhold J, Kallenbach L, Leuzinger-Bohleber M. Childhood trauma and its relation to chronic depression in adulthood. Depress Res Treat, 2015 (1);650804.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/650804"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.01.011","volume":"97","author":"LR Borchers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borchers LR, Yuan JP, Leong JK, Jo B, Chahal R, Ryu J, Gotlib IH. Sex-specific vulnerability to externalizing problems: sensitivity to early stress and nucleus accumbens activation over adolescence. Biol Psychiatry. 2025;97(1):73\u201380.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3440_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2023.106405","volume":"159","author":"M Gruhn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gruhn M, Miller AB, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Martin S, Clayton MG, Giletta M, Sheridan MA. Threat exposure moderates associations between neural and physiological indices of emotion reactivity in adolescent females. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2024;159:106405.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.39","volume":"76","author":"MR Weierich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weierich MR, Nock MK. Posttraumatic stress symptoms mediate the relation between childhood sexual abuse and nonsuicidal self-injury. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76(1):39\u201344.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3440_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao Y. Understanding the Impacts of Child Sexual Abuse in China from a Cultural Perspective: An Analysis of Posts from an Online Q&A Forum[J]. Sexuality & Culture, 2025 Feb, 29(1): 169\u2013190.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-024-10271-7"},{"key":"3440_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104474","volume":"106","author":"H Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu H, Ma P, Xia T. Childhood emotional abuse and adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: the mediating role of identity confusion and moderating role of rumination. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;106:104474.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"3440_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00342-3","volume":"26","author":"D Glaser","year":"2002","unstructured":"Glaser D. Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26(6\u20137):697\u2013714.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3440_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115638","volume":"331","author":"X Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie X, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang L, Sun T, Zhang C, Liu Z, Liu J, Wen L, Gong X, Cai Z. The relationship between childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2024;331:115638.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"3440_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","volume":"9","author":"RE Norman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, Butchart A, Scott J, Vos T. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001349.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3440_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.02.009","volume":"213","author":"HJ Huh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huh HJ, Kim KH, Lee HK, Chae JH. The relationship between childhood trauma and the severity of adulthood depression and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample: the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. J Affect Disord. 2017;213:44\u201350.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3440_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100249X","volume":"53","author":"L Marques-Feixa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marques-Feixa L, Palma-Gudiel H, Romero S, Moya-Higueras J, Rapado-Castro M, Castro-Quintas \u00c1, Zorrilla I, Jos\u00e9 Mu\u00f1oz M, Ram\u00edrez M, Mayoral M, Mas A, Jos\u00e9 Lobato M, Blasco-Fontecilla H, Fa\u00f1an\u00e1s L. EPI-Young stress GROUP. Childhood maltreatment disrupts HPA-axis activity under basal and stress conditions in a dose-response relationship in children and adolescents. Psychol Med. 2023;53(3):1060\u201373.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3440_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1159\/000491702","volume":"51","author":"L Rinnewitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rinnewitz L, Koenig J, Parzer P, Brunner R, Resch F, Kaess M. Childhood adversity and Psychophysiological reactivity to pain in adolescent nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Psychopathology. 2018;51(5):346\u201352.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"3440_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swannell S, Martin G, Page A, Hasking P, Hazell P, Taylor A, Protani M. Child maltreatment, subsequent non-suicidal self-injury and the mediating roles of dissociation, alexithymia and self-blame. Child Abuse Negl 2012;36(7\u20138):572\u201384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.05.005"},{"key":"3440_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.09.009","volume":"86","author":"L Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu L, Wang M. Parental harsh discipline and adolescent problem behavior in china: perceived normativeness as a moderator. Child Abuse Negl. 2018;86:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3440_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eagly AH. Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Psychology; 2013.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203781906"},{"key":"3440_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S231505","volume":"13","author":"E Jopling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jopling E, Tracy A, LeMoult J. Childhood maltreatment, negative Self-Referential processing, and depressive symptoms during stress. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020;13:79\u201387.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"3440_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838021998319","volume":"23","author":"O Zamir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zamir O. Childhood maltreatment and relationship quality: A review of type of abuse and mediating and protective factors. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2022;23(4):1344\u201357.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"3440_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106131","volume":"140","author":"T Rechenberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rechenberg T, Schomerus G. The stronger and the weaker sex - gender differences in the perception of individuals who experienced physical and sexual violence in childhood. A scoping review. Child Abuse Negl. 2023;140:106131.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"6","key":"3440_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02015-5","volume":"33","author":"V Boumpa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boumpa V, Papatoukaki A, Kourti A, Mintzia S, Panagouli E, Bacopoulou F, Psaltopoulou T, Spiliopoulou C, Tsolia M, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A. Sexual abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2024;33(6):1653\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3440_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassanpour P, Buchwald S, Mehta AHP, Goldberg SB, Walsh K. Sexual violence and shame: A Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse 2025;15248380241308828.","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241308828"},{"issue":"3","key":"3440_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241279860","volume":"26","author":"EJ Mellen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mellen EJ, Kim DY, Edenbaum ER, Cellini J. The psychosocial consequences of sexual violence stigma: A scoping review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2025;26(3):389\u2013402.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"3440_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106796","volume":"152","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Xu W, McDonnell D, Wang JL. The relationship between childhood maltreatment subtypes and adolescent internalizing problems: the mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Child Abuse Negl. 2024;152:106796.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13267","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13267","volume":"26","author":"JL Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer JL, McLaughlin KA, Manfro GG, Pan P, Rohde LA, Miguel EC, Simioni A, Hoffmann MS, Salum GA. Threat and deprivation are associated with distinct aspects of cognition, emotional processing, and psychopathology in children and adolescents. Dev Sci. 2023;26(1):e13267.","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"3440_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howe D. Child abuse and neglect: attachment, development and intervention. Bloomsbury Publishing; 2005.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-230-80239-1"},{"key":"3440_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.11.007","volume":"88","author":"YJ Wen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wen YJ, Li XB, Zhao XX, Wang XQ, Hou WP, Bo QJ, Zheng W, Pao C, Tan T, Wang CY. The effect of left-behind phenomenon and physical neglect on behavioral problems of children. Child Abuse Negl. 2019;88:144\u201351.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"5","key":"3440_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12898","volume":"52","author":"F Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun F, Li H, Song W, Bao J, Zhen Z. Patterns of psychological pain and self-harm behaviors in adolescents. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav. 2022;52(5):1012\u201323.","journal-title":"Suicide Life-Threatening Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"3440_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02556-y","volume":"29","author":"N Vaidya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vaidya N, Marquand AF, Nees F, Siehl S, Schumann G. The impact of psychosocial adversity on brain and behaviour: an overview of existing knowledge and directions for future research. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29(10):3245\u201367.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3440_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101888","volume":"82","author":"J Hepp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hepp J, Carpenter RW, St\u00f6rkel LM, Schmitz SE, Schmahl C, Niedtfeld. I. A systematic review of daily life studies on non-suicidal self-injury based on the four-function model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2020;82:101888.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3440_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12606","volume":"31","author":"B Laursen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laursen B, Veenstra R. Toward Understanding the functions of peer influence: A summary and synthesis of recent empirical research. J Res Adolescence. 2021;31(4):889\u2013907.","journal-title":"J Res Adolescence"},{"key":"3440_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirin SR, Brauer SZ, Tugberk RC. Reframing adolescent identity: A global perspective for the digital age. Annual Rev Dev Psychol. 6, 2024;6:301\u201322.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-010923-101059"},{"issue":"5","key":"3440_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221129587","volume":"24","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang H, Wang W, Liu S, Feng Y, Wei Q. A meta-analytic review of the impact of child maltreatment on self-esteem: 1981 to 2021. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2023;24(5):3398\u2013411.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00826-9","volume":"18","author":"X Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang X, Lin L, Feng W, Liu P, Liang N, Xue Z, Ma Y, Shen Y, Yu W, Lu J, Liu J. Maternal and paternal harsh parenting and anxiety symptoms in Chinese adolescents: examining a multiple mediation model. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health. 2024;18(1):134.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health"},{"key":"3440_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Branje S. Child development perspectives | SRCD developmental science journal wiley online library. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdep.12278","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12278"},{"key":"3440_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111764","volume":"196","author":"SA Satici","year":"2022","unstructured":"Satici SA, Okur S. Investigating the link between psychological maltreatment, shyness, hope, and wellbeing. Pers Indiv Differ. 2022;196:111764.","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"key":"3440_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohner RP. Introduction to interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory (IPARTheory) and evidence. Online Readings Psychol Cult, 2021;6(1).","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1055"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-021-02072-5","volume":"31","author":"WA Rothenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rothenberg WA, Ali S, Rohner RP, Lansford JE, Britner PA, Giunta LD, Dodge KA, Malone PS, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Steinberg L, Tapanya S, Tirado U, Yotanyamaneewong LM, Alampay S, Al-Hassan LP, Bacchini SM, Deater-Deckard D. Effects of parental acceptance-rejection on children\u2019s internalizing and externalizing behaviors: A longitudinal, multicultural study. J Child Fam Stud. 2022;31(1):29\u201347.","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421000808","volume":"35","author":"SJ North","year":"2023","unstructured":"North SJ, Fox KR, Doom JR. Timing of childhood adversities and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in adolescence. Dev Psychopathol. 2023;35(1):410\u201320.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3440_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-024-00472-9","volume":"27","author":"DM Melamed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melamed DM, Botting J, Lofthouse K, Pass L, Meiser-Stedman R. The relationship between negative self-concept, trauma, and maltreatment in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2024;27(1):220\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"3440_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e541","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00138-9","volume":"6","author":"S Rice","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rice S, Oliffe J, Seidler Z, Borschmann R, Pirkis J, Reavley N, Patton G. Gender norms and the mental health of boys and young men. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(8):e541\u20132.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"3440_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.07.006","volume":"15","author":"SP Ahmed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmed SP, Bittencourt-Hewitt A, Sebastian CL. Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2015;15:11\u201325.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3440_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.07.111","volume":"363","author":"Q Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei Q, Liu J, Yin W, Pan S, Dai C, Zhou L, Jiang X, Wang C, Wu J. Association between childhood emotional abuse and non-suicidal self-injury among Guangxi adolescents in china: A moderated mediation model. J Affect Disord. 2024;363:436\u201344.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03440-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03440-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03440-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T11:04:15Z","timestamp":1758884655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03440-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03440-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6987106\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant laws and institutional guidelines, and approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Shandong University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation (2024-R-156). The participants and their guardians provided their informed consent to participate in this study. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1057"}}