{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T04:44:13Z","timestamp":1793594653703,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03460-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:33:05Z","timestamp":1760013185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The effect of fully immersive virtual reality technology combined with psychological and behavioral intervention on autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maolin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3460_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031819","volume":"24","author":"L Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang B, Wu C, Wang J, Sun M. Autism spectrum disorder: neurodevelopmental risk factors, biological mechanism, and precision therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):1819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24031819. Published 2023 Jan 17.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3460_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Publishing. 2022. Published 2022 Mar. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"issue":"6","key":"3460_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.39.6.6804","volume":"39","author":"DM Halepoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Halepoto DM, Al-Ayadhi LY, Alhowikan AM, Elamin NE. Role of autoimmunity in neuronal damage in children with autism spectrum disorder. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(6):1858\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.39.6.6804.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"3460_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wainer AL, Arnold ZE, Leonczyk C, Valluripalli Soorya L. Examining a stepped-care telehealth program for parents of young children with autism: a proof-of-concept trial. Mol Autism. 2021;12(1):32. Published 2021 May 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-021-00443-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00443-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"3460_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04580-w","volume":"51","author":"A Karami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karami A, Farnia F, Fathian M, Hasani J. The effectiveness of virtual reality-based social cognition training on emotion recognition and social functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51(4):1109\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04580-w.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"3460_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05338-5","volume":"52","author":"A Dechsling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dechsling A, Orm S, Kalandadze T, et al. Virtual and augmented reality in social skills interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022;52(11):4692\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05338-5.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3460_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/17571472.2018.1483000","volume":"10","author":"SNV Yuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuan SNV, Ip HHS. Using virtual reality to train emotional and social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. Lond J Prim Care (Abingdon). 2018;10(4):110\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17571472.2018.1483000. Published 2018 Jun 7.","journal-title":"Lond J Prim Care (Abingdon)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3460_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1352\/2009.114","volume":"114","author":"P Howlin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Howlin P, Magiati I, Charman T. Systematic review of early intensive behavioral interventions for children with autism. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2009;114(1):23\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/2009.114.","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"3460_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2407-8","volume":"45","author":"L Schreibman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schreibman L, Dawson G, Stahmer AC, et al. Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015;45(8):2411\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2407-8.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3460_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.23661","volume":"329","author":"T Hirota","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hirota T, King BH. Autism spectrum disorder: A review. JAMA. 2023;329(2):157\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.23661.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"3460_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.40.7.8246","volume":"40","author":"S Saleem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saleem S, Habib SH. Effect of infra low frequency (ILF) neurofeedback training on EEG in children with autism spectrum disorders. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(7):1397\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.40.7.8246.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3460_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527321666220428134802","volume":"22","author":"S Majhi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Majhi S, Kumar S, Singh L. A review on autism spectrum disorder: pathogenesis, biomarkers, Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological interventions. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2023;22(5):659\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871527321666220428134802.","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"issue":"5","key":"3460_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051194","volume":"11","author":"F Marino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marino F, Chil\u00e0 P, Failla C, et al. Psychological interventions for children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic through a remote behavioral skills training program. J Clin Med. 2022;11(5):1194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11051194. Published 2022 Feb 23.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3460_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03861-y","volume":"22","author":"J Melin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Melin J, Jansson-Fr\u00f6jmark M, Olsson NC. Clinical practitioners\u2019 experiences of psychological treatment for autistic children and adolescents with school attendance problems: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-022-03861-y. Published 2022 Mar 27.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3460_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031712","volume":"23","author":"A Demeco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demeco A, Zola L, Frizziero A, et al. Immersive virtual reality in Post-Stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review. Sens (Basel). 2023;23(3):1712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031712. Published 2023 Feb 3.","journal-title":"Sens (Basel)"},{"key":"3460_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104868","volume":"101","author":"C Plotzky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Plotzky C, Lindwedel U, Sorber M, et al. Virtual reality simulations in nurse education: A systematic mapping review. Nurse Educ Today. 2021;101:104868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104868.","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"3460_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-020-09686-0","volume":"47","author":"E Haem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haem E, Doostfatemeh M, Firouzabadi N, Ghazanfari N, Karlsson MO. A longitudinal item response model for aberrant behavior checklist (ABC) data from children with autism. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2020;47(3):241\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10928-020-09686-0.","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn"},{"issue":"9","key":"3460_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14246","volume":"61","author":"SJ Moon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moon SJ, Hwang JS, Shin AL, et al. Accuracy of the childhood autism rating scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019;61(9):1030\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.14246.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3460_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3827-z","volume":"49","author":"L Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu L, Zhu X, Shek DTL, Zou XB, Deng HZ, Au Yeung PWH. Validation of the simplified Chinese psychoeducational profile third edition in Mainland China. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;49(4):1599\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3827-z.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"3460_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319830042","volume":"23","author":"J Tarver","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tarver J, Palmer M, Webb S, et al. Child and parent outcomes following parent interventions for child emotional and behavioral problems in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism. 2019;23(7):1630\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361319830042.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"5","key":"3460_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4160","volume":"77","author":"JJ Wood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wood JJ, Kendall PC, Wood KS, et al. Cognitive behavioral treatments for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(5):474\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4160.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3460_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2019.11.06","volume":"9","author":"SS Chahin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chahin SS, Apple RW, Kuo KH, Dickson CA. Autism spectrum disorder: psychological and functional assessment, and behavioral treatment approaches. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(Suppl 1):S66\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp.2019.11.06.","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"3460_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665326","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.665326","volume":"12","author":"B Karami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karami B, Koushki R, Arabgol F, Rahmani M, Vahabie AH. Effectiveness of virtual\/augmented Reality-Based therapeutic interventions on individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:665326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.665326. Published 2021 Jun 23.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3460_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2017.01.013","volume":"35","author":"P Papathomas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papathomas P, Goldschmidt K. Utilizing virtual reality and immersion video technology as a focused learning tool for children with autism spectrum disorder. J Pediatr Nurs. 2017;35:8\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2017.01.013.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"3460_CR25","first-page":"253","volume":"256","author":"M O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan M, Kearney G. Virtual reality (VR) technology: empowering managers to reduce and eliminate accessibility barriers for people with autism spectrum disorders. Stud Health Technol Inf. 2018;256:253\u201361.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inf"},{"key":"3460_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S331990","volume":"18","author":"NM Skjoldborg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skjoldborg NM, Bender PK, Jensen de L\u00f3pez KM. The efficacy of Head-Mounted-Display virtual reality intervention to improve life skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:2295\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S331990. Published 2022 Oct 17.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3460_CR27","first-page":"361","volume":"36","author":"D Astafeva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Astafeva D, Syunyakov T, Shapievskii D, et al. Virtual reality \/ Augmented reality (VR\/AR) approach to develop social and communication skills in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders without intellectual impairment. Psychiatr Danub. 2024;36(Suppl 2):361\u201370.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"3460_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang M, Ding H, Naumceska M, Zhang Y. Virtual Reality Technology as an Educational and Intervention Tool for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Behav Sci (Basel). 2022;12(5):138. Published 2022 May 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs12050138","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12050138"},{"issue":"3","key":"3460_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2017.06.005","volume":"44","author":"S Bioulac","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bioulac S, de Sevin E, Sagaspe P, et al. Qu\u2019apportent les outils de R\u00e9alit\u00e9 Virtuelle En psychiatrie de l\u2019enfant et l\u2019adolescent ? [What do virtual reality tools bring to child and adolescent psychiatry?]. Encephale. 2018;44(3):280\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.encep.2017.06.005.","journal-title":"Encephale"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03460-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03460-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03460-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:33:06Z","timestamp":1760013186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03460-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-025-03460-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee, and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Tongren Hongxin Kangxin Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (No. 2024-1-1; November 13, 2024). The informed consent was waived by the Ethics Review Board of Tongren Hongxin Kangxin Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital for the observational and retrospective nature.The authors declare no conflicts of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the reported research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1120"}}