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Internal construct validity was supported by acceptable correlation coefficients among the three dimensions. The trust and communication subscales of the IPPA-45 were negatively correlated with all subscales of behavioral problems and adolescents\u2019 age, while positively correlated with academic performance. Conversely, the alienation subscale showed significant but weaker correlations with these variables in the opposite direction. Satisfactory discriminant validity was demonstrated through Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for trust and communication, but not for alienation. Gender discrepancies were observed, with boys exhibiting higher attachment security to their parents and girls displaying stronger attachment to their peers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that the IPPA-45 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing adolescents\u2019 attachments to their parents and peers. Thus, attachment relationships, including peer attachment, appear to be essential for protecting teenagers from behavior problems and should be targeted in intervention programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03643-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T12:48:46Z","timestamp":1764766126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Maternal, paternal, and peer attachment and adolescent behavior problems: a validation study of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA-45)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Habibi Asgarabad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pardis","family":"Salehi Yegaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazanin","family":"Seyed Yaghoubi Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Khodaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross B.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Wiium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3643_CR1","unstructured":"Achenbach TM. 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