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The mediators among girls (p values\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) were similar to those among the whole group, but among boys, self-esteem (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.186) was not significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Generally, there are multiple pathways through which COVID-19 pandemic affects the well-being of adolescents. Therefore, there may be a need for psychoeducation and\/or counseling on different coping strategies during infectious pandemics with a high risk of mortality to enhance mental well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03737-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T03:47:30Z","timestamp":1764647250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Swedish adolescents\u2019 mental well-being: the role of impulsivity, sleep, spirituality, and self-esteem"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Pakpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marit","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel Kwasi","family":"Ahorsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Brostr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"Jakobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Huus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3737_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2020.100307","volume":"12","author":"S Fazeli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fazeli S, Mohammadi Zeidi I, Lin CY, Namdar P, Griffiths MD, Ahorsu DK, et al. 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In accordance with the Swedish Code of Statutes (2003:460, \u00a7\u00a018), adolescents aged 15 to 18 years who can independently understand the nature of the research are permitted to provide consent without parental approval. This provision is a legal requirement in Sweden, where adolescents aged 15 and above are considered capable of providing informed consent for research participation without the need for parental or legal guardian consent. All participants provided written informed consent before participating in the study. The study procedures adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and followed ethical research principles, including obtaining consent, ensuring confidentiality, and proper data usage (World Medical Association, 2013).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests. During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT 5.0 to improve readability and language. After using this tool\/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the content of the publication","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1350"}}