{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:53:20Z","timestamp":1781636000851,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002352","name":"Ain Shams University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a multifaceted behavioral condition with a growing theoretical and empirical foundation regarding its etiology, risk factors, comorbidities, and developmental trajectories. This complexity necessitates integrated management strategies that simultaneously address co-occurring domains, such as child pragmatic language deficits and maternal psychological inflexibility, beyond the scope of conventional interventions like standard Parent Management Training (PMT). This study aims to determine the outcome of an intervention program that targeted pragmatic skills in children with ODD and their mothers\u2019 psychological flexibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 100 children with ODD was recruited from the Child Psychiatry Clinic and assessed for co-occurring pragmatic language disorders using the Egyptian Arabic Pragmatics Language Test (EAPLT). Of these, 60 children exhibiting pragmatic deficits were randomly assigned to either Group I, which received the intervention program, or group II, which did not (30 per Group). Both groups were assessed twice, before and after the application of the intervention program, using EAPLT for children, the Maternal Psychological Flexibility Scale (MPFS) for mothers, and the ODD Scale (parents\u2019 form). A third assessment was conducted as a follow-up after one and a half months to examine the longevity of the outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The participants in Group I, children and their mothers, showed significantly higher total pragmatic scores and maternal psychological flexibility scores than those in Group II. This improvement led to a decrease in the severity of ODD, as indicated by the ODD scale score among participants in Group I. The positive outcome of the intervention program remained evident for up to one and a half months following the completion of the rehabilitation program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implementing this intervention program for children who experience comorbidity between language disorders and emotional\/behavioral disorders is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04022-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T23:06:37Z","timestamp":1770764797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A multidisciplinary intervention targeting pragmatic language and maternal flexibility in Egyptian children with oppositional defiant disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8329-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoda G.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4269-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassnaa O.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4022_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00441-6","volume":"9","author":"DJ Hawes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hawes DJ, et al. Oppositional defiant disorder. Nat Reviews Disease Primers. 2023;9:31.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"4022_CR2","unstructured":"Abuse S, Administration MHS. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance. 2016. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519708\/"},{"key":"4022_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-025-00897-2","volume":"19","author":"B D\u00edaz-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2025","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-V\u00e1zquez B, et al. Heterogeneity of early-onset conduct problems: assessing different profiles, predictors and outcomes across childhood. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health. 2025;19:43.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health"},{"key":"4022_CR4","unstructured":"Boat TF, Wu J. Committee to evaluate the supplemental security income disability program for children with mental disorders. 2015. http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/21780"},{"key":"4022_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gal\u00e1n CA et al. Early childhood trajectories of conduct problems and hyperactivity\/attention problems: predicting adolescent and adult antisocial behavior and internalizing problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2018.1534206.","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2018.1534206"},{"key":"4022_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10866","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710866","volume":"19","author":"X Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin X, et al. A systematic review of multiple family factors associated with oppositional defiant disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:10866.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4022_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hyde LW, Trentacosta CJ, Bezek JL. Annual research review: early conduct problems\u2013precursors, outcomes, and etiology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.70031.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.70031"},{"key":"4022_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01300-2","volume":"11","author":"ES Jami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jami ES, et al. Parental characteristics and offspring mental health and related outcomes: a systematic review of genetically informative literature. Translational Psychiatry. 2021;11:197.","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"key":"4022_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric17020026","volume":"17","author":"M Mazza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mazza M, et al. Why do they do it? The psychology behind antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rep. 2025;17:26.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rep"},{"key":"4022_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee S. The role of family environmental factors on ADHD and ODD comorbidity in early childhood. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17615\/640s-7n30.","DOI":"10.17615\/640s-7n30"},{"key":"4022_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01205-7","volume":"53","author":"RA Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu RA, Goulter N, McMahon RJ. Longitudinal associations between parental warmth, harsh discipline, child emotion regulation, and ODD dimensions. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2022;53:1266\u201380.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"4022_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alduais A. A multi-dimensional assessment of developmental trajectories of pragmatic language development in preschoolers with and without pragmatic language impairment. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9091407?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle","DOI":"10.3390\/children9091407?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle"},{"key":"4022_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matson JL. Handbook of clinical child psychology: integrating theory and research into practice. Springer Nature; 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-24926-6"},{"key":"4022_CR14","unstructured":"\u0421\u0430\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d, \u0421\u0430\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041c. The problem of corresponding functional and pragmatic characteristics to basic components of communication. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. 2024; 1. https:\/\/westerneuropeanstudies.com\/index.php\/4\/article\/view\/67"},{"key":"4022_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lubis RA et al. Pragmatics in Everyday Life: Understanding Unspoken Rules of Interaction. Sintaksis: Publikasi Para ahli Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris. 2025; 3: 199\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61132\/sintaksis.v3i1.1359.","DOI":"10.61132\/sintaksis.v3i1.1359"},{"key":"4022_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-016-0645-4","volume":"48","author":"R O\u2019Kearney","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Kearney R, et al. Emotional abilities in children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD): impairments in perspective-taking and Understanding mixed emotions are associated with high callous\u2013unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2017;48:346\u201357.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"4022_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231161534","volume":"27","author":"PB Kessler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kessler PB, Ikuta T. Pragmatic deficits in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Atten Disord. 2023;27:812\u201321.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"4022_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429328145","volume-title":"Understanding conduct disorder and Oppositional-Defiant disorder: A guide to symptoms, management and treatment","author":"L Vanzin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vanzin L, Mauri V. Understanding conduct disorder and Oppositional-Defiant disorder: A guide to symptoms, management and treatment. Routledge; 2019."},{"key":"4022_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e691","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13540","volume":"92","author":"RF Hentges","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hentges RF, et al. Child Language difficulties and internalizing and externalizing symptoms: A meta-analysis. Child Dev. 2021;92:e691\u2013715.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"4022_CR20","unstructured":"Pritzker E. Pragmatic Language and behavioral and emotional functioning-a systematic review: implications for research and interprofessional practice. James Madison University; 2020."},{"key":"4022_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100811","volume":"3","author":"C McKinney","year":"2007","unstructured":"McKinney C, Renk K. Emerging research and theory in the etiology of oppositional defiant disorder: current concerns and future directions. Int J Behav Consultation Therapy. 2007;3:349.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Consultation Therapy"},{"key":"4022_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez HK, Ollendick TH. Individual and psychosocial risk factors. Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. Routledge; 2003. pp. 105\u201324.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410607720-10"},{"key":"4022_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12785","volume":"58","author":"W Mandy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mandy W, et al. Evaluating social (pragmatic) communication disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58:1166\u201375.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4022_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paiva GCC et al. Parent training for disruptive behavior symptoms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Front Psychol. 2024;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1293244.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1293244"},{"key":"4022_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2020.08.004","volume":"18","author":"A Fonseca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fonseca A, Moreira H, Canavarro MC. Uncovering the links between parenting stress and parenting styles: the role of psychological flexibility within parenting and global psychological flexibility. J Context Behav Sci. 2020;18:59\u201367.","journal-title":"J Context Behav Sci"},{"key":"4022_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0001389","volume":"39","author":"AM Sparpana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sparpana AM, Brock RL. The interplay between prenatal psychological flexibility and couple secure base in promoting postpartum parenting. J Fam Psychol. 2025;39:929\u201341.","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"4022_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12470","volume":"17","author":"E Lunkenheimer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lunkenheimer E, Sturge-Apple ML, Kelm MR. The importance of parent self-regulation and parent-child coregulation in research on parental discipline. Child Dev Perspect. 2023;17:25\u201331.","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"key":"4022_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cenu\u0219\u0103 M, Turliuc MN. Mother and child emotion regulation: A moderated mediation model. Child (Basel). 2025; 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children12020175.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12020175"},{"key":"4022_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ren X et al. Parental Psychological Flexibility and Children\u2019s Behavior Problems in Rural Areas in Northeast China: The Mediation of Children\u2019s Emotion Regulation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192315788.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315788"},{"key":"4022_CR30","first-page":"2835","volume":"14","author":"YY Chong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chong YY, et al. Roles of psychological Flexibility, parenting Competence, and asthma management Self-Efficacy in the functioning outcomes of parents of children with asthma Co-Occurring with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder. Eur J Invest Health Psychol Educ. 2024;14:2835\u201349.","journal-title":"Eur J Invest Health Psychol Educ"},{"key":"4022_CR31","unstructured":"Chan TD. Children\u2019s social competence: the role of maternal scaffolding. University of Windsor (Canada); 2024."},{"key":"4022_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-022-01367-y","volume":"55","author":"M Helander","year":"2024","unstructured":"Helander M, et al. The efficacy of parent management training with or without involving the child in the treatment among children with clinical levels of disruptive behavior: A Meta-analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2024;55:164\u201381.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"4022_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-023-00738-z","volume":"59","author":"AEDM Hamed Abd Elaleem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamed Abd Elaleem AEDM, Halim Osman ZAE, El-Fatah WOA. The effect of behavioral training program for parents on disruptive behavior among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg. 2023;59:137.","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg"},{"key":"4022_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000180","volume":"36","author":"J Law","year":"2015","unstructured":"Law J, et al. The role of pragmatics in mediating the relationship between social disadvantage and adolescent behavior. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2015;36:389\u201398.","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"4022_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000485656","volume":"69","author":"MS Khodeir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khodeir MS, Hegazi MA, Saleh MM. Development and standardization of a test for pragmatic Language skills in Egyptian arabic: the Egyptian Arabic pragmatic Language test (EAPLT). Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2017;69:209\u201318.","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr Logop"},{"key":"4022_CR36","unstructured":"Heller R. Teacher descriptions of oppositional defiant disorder and Bully-Victim behavior among middle school male students. Walden University; 2018."},{"key":"4022_CR37","first-page":"397","volume-title":"Temperament and behavioral precursors to oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, in handbook of disruptive behavior disorders","author":"A Sanson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sanson A, Prior M. Temperament and behavioral precursors to oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, in handbook of disruptive behavior disorders. Springer; 1999. pp. 397\u2013417."},{"key":"4022_CR38","volume-title":"Social emotional learning is the path toachieving quality of life","author":"MA Saafan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saafan MA. Social emotional learning is the path toachieving quality of life. Cairo: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Hadith; 2011."},{"key":"4022_CR39","unstructured":"Roid GH, Pomplun M. The stanford-binet intelligence scales. The Guilford Press; 2012."},{"key":"4022_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson KC, Peterson M, Carducci BJ. Stanford-Binet intelligence scale. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Measurement and Assessment. 2020: 451\u2013455.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119547167.ch145"},{"key":"4022_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi","volume":"71","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, et al. Reliability and validity of the mini international neuropsychiatric interview for children and adolescents (MINI-KID). J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:313\u201326.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"4022_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-014-0495-x","volume":"46","author":"K Burke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burke K, Moore S. Development of the parental psychological flexibility questionnaire. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2015;46:548\u201357.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"4022_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113","volume":"18","author":"KM Connor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18:76\u201382.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"4022_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.02.009","volume":"14","author":"LM McCracken","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCracken LM. Committed action: an application of the psychological flexibility model to activity patterns in chronic pain. J Pain. 2013;14:828\u201335.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"4022_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/10634266060140020201","volume":"14","author":"P Hommersen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hommersen P, et al. Oppositional defiant disorder rating scale: preliminary evidence of reliability and validity. J Emotional Behav Disorders. 2006;14:118\u201325.","journal-title":"J Emotional Behav Disorders"},{"key":"4022_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.10.028","volume":"75","author":"DM Osman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Osman DM, Shohdi S, Aziz AA. Pragmatic difficulties in children with specific Language impairment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75:171\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"4022_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.01.009","volume":"30","author":"JL Matson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matson JL, Mahan S, LoVullo SV. Parent training: A review of methods for children with developmental disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2009;30:961\u20138.","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"4022_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/000271620157800109","volume":"578","author":"MW Lipsey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lipsey MW, Chapman GL, Landenberger NA. Cognitive-behavioral programs for offenders. Annals Am Acad Political Social Sci. 2001;578:144\u201357.","journal-title":"Annals Am Acad Political Social Sci"},{"key":"4022_CR49","unstructured":"Epp AM, Dobson KS. The evidence base for cognitive-behavioral therapy. Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. 2010: 39\u201373."},{"key":"4022_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/07481756.2006.11909791","volume":"39","author":"O Hjemdal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hjemdal O, et al. A new scale for adolescent resilience: grasping the central protective resources behind healthy development. Meas Evaluation Couns Dev. 2006;39:84\u201396.","journal-title":"Meas Evaluation Couns Dev"},{"key":"4022_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heatly MC, Lee P, Conduct. disorder. Principle-based stepped care and brief psychotherapy for integrated care settings. Springer; 2018. pp. 143\u201354.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70539-2_13"},{"key":"4022_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701820117","volume":"37","author":"SM Eyberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eyberg SM, Nelson MM, Boggs SR. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37:215\u201337.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"4022_CR53","unstructured":"Blissett W et al. Conduct Problems: Effective Programmes for 8\u201312 Year-olds 2011. 2011."},{"key":"4022_CR54","unstructured":"Ward B. Evidence-Based Treatments for Conduct Disorders: A Systematic Review. 2021."},{"key":"4022_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greaves N. Emotion regulation difficulties and differences in autism including demand-avoidant presentations\u2014A clinical review of research and models, and a proposed conceptual formulation: Neural-preferencing locus of control (NP-LOC). 2025; 5: e12270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcv2.12270.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12270"},{"key":"4022_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bashshar AMAA-B. Elashram REMJIJoD, Development, and Education. The relationship between Self-Regulation difficulties and adaptive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).2025;72:1248\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1034912X.2024.2419871?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle.","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2024.2419871?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle"},{"key":"4022_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100387","volume":"4","author":"EP MacKenzie","year":"2007","unstructured":"MacKenzie EP. Improving treatment outcome for oppositional defiant disorder in young children. J Early Intensive Behav Intervention. 2007;4:500\u201310.","journal-title":"J Early Intensive Behav Intervention"},{"key":"4022_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-6984.2011.00146.x","volume":"47","author":"C Adams","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adams C, et al. The social communication intervention project: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of speech and Language therapy for school-age children who have pragmatic and social communication problems with or without autism spectrum disorder. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2012;47:233\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"key":"4022_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-016-9385-z","volume":"30","author":"JC Chow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chow JC, Wehby JH. Associations between Language and problem behavior: A systematic review and correlational meta-analysis. Educational Psychol Rev. 2018;30:61\u201382.","journal-title":"Educational Psychol Rev"},{"key":"4022_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/14015430600712056","volume":"32","author":"WA Helland","year":"2007","unstructured":"Helland WA, Heimann M. Assessment of pragmatic Language impairment in children referred to psychiatric services: a pilot study of the children\u2019s communication checklist in a Norwegian sample. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2007;32:23\u201330.","journal-title":"Logoped Phoniatr Vocol"},{"key":"4022_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjep.2020.100350","volume":"20","author":"LE McGuire","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGuire LE, et al. Developing an integrated interprofessional identity for collaborative practice: qualitative evaluation of an undergraduate IPE course. J Interprofessional Educ Pract. 2020;20:100350.","journal-title":"J Interprofessional Educ Pract"},{"key":"4022_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/152574010102300103","volume":"23","author":"YD Hyter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hyter YD, et al. Pragmatic Language intervention for children with Language and emotional\/behavioral disorders. Communication Disorders Q. 2001;23:4\u201316.","journal-title":"Communication Disorders Q"},{"key":"4022_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00011363-199405000-00003","volume":"14","author":"MA Nippold","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nippold MA. Persuasive talk in social contexts: Development, assessment, and intervention. Top Lang Disorders. 1994;14:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Top Lang Disorders"},{"key":"4022_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/106342660201000105","volume":"10","author":"GJ Benner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Benner GJ, Nelson JR, Epstein MH. Language skills of children with EBD: A literature review. J Emotional Behav Disorders. 2002;10:43\u201356.","journal-title":"J Emotional Behav Disorders"},{"key":"4022_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00289.x","volume":"45","author":"J Gilmour","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gilmour J, et al. Social communication deficits in conduct disorder: a clinical and community survey. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45:967\u201378.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4022_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00011363-199405000-00007","volume":"14","author":"HM Walker","year":"1994","unstructured":"Walker HM, et al. Social skills in school-age children and youth: issues and best practices in assessment and intervention. Top Lang Disorders. 1994;14:70\u201382.","journal-title":"Top Lang Disorders"},{"key":"4022_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12082","volume":"54","author":"E Staikova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Staikova E, et al. Pragmatic deficits and social impairment in children with ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54:1275\u201383.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4022_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-016-0214-1","volume":"19","author":"K Salmon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salmon K, et al. The role of Language skill in child psychopathology: implications for intervention in the early years. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2016;19:352\u201367.","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"4022_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940505025X","volume":"17","author":"R O\u2019Kearney","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Kearney R, Dadds MR. Language for emotions in adolescents with externalizing and internalizing disorders. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17:529\u201348.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"4022_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465811000695","volume":"40","author":"T Fleming","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fleming T, et al. A pragmatic randomized controlled trial of computerized CBT (SPARX) for symptoms of depression among adolescents excluded from mainstream education. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2012;40:529\u201341.","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"4022_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2108-8","volume":"44","author":"EA Laugeson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laugeson EA, et al. The abc\u2019s of teaching social skills to adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in the classroom: the UCLA PEERS (\u00ae) program. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:2244\u201356.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"4022_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0468-4","volume":"46","author":"I Obsuth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Obsuth I, London Education and Inclusion Project (LEIP), et al. Results from a Cluster-Randomized controlled trial of an intervention to reduce school exclusion and antisocial behavior. J Youth Adolesc. 2017;46:538\u201357.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"4022_CR73","volume-title":"Reducing verbal and physical aggression in elementary students with autism spectrum disorder using the aggression replacement training program","author":"EL Hayman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hayman EL. Reducing verbal and physical aggression in elementary students with autism spectrum disorder using the aggression replacement training program. The University of Toledo; 2014."},{"key":"4022_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.18.0045","volume":"40","author":"N Morshed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morshed N, et al. A comparative study on the effectiveness of individual and group play therapy on symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder among children. Korean J Fam Med. 2019;40:368\u201372.","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"},{"key":"4022_CR75","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Evidence-Based methods of dealing with social difficulties in conduct Disorder, in handbook of social behavior and skills in children","author":"K Renk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Renk K, et al. Evidence-Based methods of dealing with social difficulties in conduct Disorder, in handbook of social behavior and skills in children. Springer; 2017. pp. 323\u201361."},{"key":"4022_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01851.x","volume":"38","author":"AE Kazdin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kazdin AE. Practitioner review: psychosocial treatments for conduct disorder in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38:161\u201378.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4022_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2020.08.003","volume":"18","author":"JS Daks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daks JS, Peltz JS, Rogge RD. Psychological flexibility and inflexibility as sources of resiliency and risk during a pandemic: modeling the cascade of COVID-19 stress on family systems with a contextual behavioral science lens. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2020;18:16\u201327.","journal-title":"J Contextual Behav Sci"},{"key":"4022_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2016.03.001","volume":"5","author":"AA Brassell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brassell AA, et al. Parent\u2019s psychological flexibility: associations with parenting and child psychosocial well-being. J Context Behav Sci. 2016;5:111\u201320.","journal-title":"J Context Behav Sci"},{"key":"4022_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-020-00431-0","volume":"13","author":"TG Szabo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Szabo TG, et al. From helpless to hero: promoting Values-Based behavior and positive family interaction in the midst of COVID-19. Behav Anal Pract. 2020;13:568\u201376.","journal-title":"Behav Anal Pract"},{"key":"4022_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2016.06.002","volume":"5","author":"TD Fischer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fischer TD, Smout MF, Delfabbro PH. The relationship between psychological flexibility, early maladaptive schemas, perceived parenting and psychopathology. J Context Behav Sci. 2016;5:169\u201377.","journal-title":"J Context Behav Sci"},{"key":"4022_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-014-9947-y","volume":"24","author":"DN Moyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moyer DN, Sandoz EK. The role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between parent and adolescent distress. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24:1406\u201318.","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"4022_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.37.4.475","volume":"37","author":"N Eisenberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Eisenberg N, et al. Mother\u2019s emotional expressivity and children\u2019s behavior problems and social competence: mediation through children\u2019s regulation. Dev Psychol. 2001;37:475.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"4022_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2017.09.004","volume":"166","author":"AM Spruijt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spruijt AM, et al. Attentional control and executive functioning in school-aged children: linking self-regulation and parenting strategies. J Exp Child Psychol. 2018;166:340\u201359.","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"4022_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-012-9744-0","volume":"41","author":"KE Williams","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams KE, Ciarrochi J, Heaven PC. Inflexible parents, inflexible kids: a 6-year longitudinal study of parenting style and the development of psychological flexibility in adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2012;41:1053\u201366.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"4022_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3109\/13561820.2010.497750","volume":"25","author":"J Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown J, et al. Conflict on interprofessional primary health care teams\u2013can it be resolved? J Interprof Care. 2011;25:4\u201310.","journal-title":"J Interprof Care"},{"key":"4022_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.3.504","volume":"71","author":"AE Kazdin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kazdin AE, Whitley MK. Treatment of parental stress to enhance therapeutic change among children referred for aggressive and antisocial behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71:504\u201315.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"4022_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1037\/0000162-012","volume-title":"Ending the physical punishment of children: A guide for clinicians and practitioners","author":"SM Breitenstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Breitenstein SM, Gross D, Bettencourt AF. The Chicago parent program. Ending the physical punishment of children: A guide for clinicians and practitioners. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2020. pp. 109\u201319."},{"key":"4022_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.18.1.19","volume":"18","author":"J Snell-Johns","year":"2004","unstructured":"Snell-Johns J, Mendez JL, Smith BH. Evidence-Based solutions for overcoming access Barriers, decreasing Attrition, and promoting change with underserved families. J Fam Psychol. 2004;18:19\u201335.","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"4022_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/13561820500081745","volume":"19","author":"P Hall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hall P. Interprofessional teamwork: professional cultures as barriers. J Interprof Care. 2005;19:188\u201396.","journal-title":"J Interprof Care"},{"key":"4022_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3109\/13561820.2013.785503","volume":"27","author":"WW Chong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chong WW, Aslani P, Chen TF. Shared decision-making and interprofessional collaboration in mental healthcare: a qualitative study exploring perceptions of barriers and facilitators. J Interprof Care. 2013;27:373\u20139.","journal-title":"J Interprof Care"},{"key":"4022_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjep.2017.03.009","volume":"8","author":"J Strunk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strunk J, Leisen M, Schubert C. Using a multidisciplinary approach with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Interprofessional Educ Pract. 2017;8:60\u20138.","journal-title":"J Interprofessional Educ Pract"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04022-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04022-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04022-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:03:12Z","timestamp":1781632992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04022-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04022-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Post-graduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (Approval No.: FPGCS-ASUREC\/RHDIRB2020110401\/PSFC-7-11-23-S5). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents of all participants after they had been fully informed about the study\u2019s objectives.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"267"}}