{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T13:19:08Z","timestamp":1771420748680,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04023-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T13:13:59Z","timestamp":1769433239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Caught in the web: how nomophobia mediates the link between neuroticism and phubbing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8611-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feyzanur","family":"Saat\u00e7\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3754-7283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"Koca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-019-00876-0","volume":"35","author":"J Aagaard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aagaard J. Digital akrasia: a qualitative study of phubbing. AI & SOCIETY. 2020;35(1):237\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-019-00876-0.","journal-title":"AI & SOCIETY"},{"issue":"12","key":"4023_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8847","volume":"19","author":"I Arpaci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arpaci I, Balo\u011flu M, \u00d6zteke-Kozan H\u0130, Kesici \u015e. Individual differences in the relationship between attachment and nomophobia among college students: the mediating role of mindfulness. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(12):e8847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.8847.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4023_CR3","first-page":"24","volume":"7","author":"NA A\u015f\u0131k","year":"2018","unstructured":"A\u015f\u0131k NA. Sense of belongingness and nomophobia relationship: a research on tourism students. J Tourism Res. 2018;7(2):24\u201342.","journal-title":"J Tourism Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.17240\/aibuefd.2021.21.60703-780598","volume":"21","author":"S Ayka\u00e7","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ayka\u00e7 S, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u015e. Nomophobia and phubbing: the effects of them in the developing world. Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal Univ J Fac Educ. 2021;21(1):243\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17240\/aibuefd.2021.21.60703-780598.","journal-title":"Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal Univ J Fac Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5455\/apd.302644867","volume":"20","author":"A Babayi\u011fit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babayi\u011fit A, Buran A, Emre-M\u00fcezzin E, \u00c7ak\u0131c\u0131 M, Fatmao\u011fullar\u0131 T. Investigation of the relationship between nomophobia prevalence with aggression and anger and social media addiction in TRNC. Anatol J Psychiatry. 2019;20(1):87\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/apd.302644867.","journal-title":"Anatol J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"4023_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.26677\/TR1010.2019.127","volume":"2","author":"G Bak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bak G. Nomophobia in generation X, Y and Z: qualitative research. J Soc Hum Adm Sci. 2019;2(5):288\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26677\/TR1010.2019.127.","journal-title":"J Soc Hum Adm Sci"},{"key":"4023_CR7","volume-title":"Investigation of the phubbing among undergraduate students (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis)","author":"\u015eN Ball\u0131","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ball\u0131 \u015eN. Investigation of the phubbing among undergraduate students (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Ankara: Hacettepe University; 2020."},{"key":"4023_CR8","unstructured":"Bandeira MV, Medeiros MM, Corso KB. (2020). Big five personality traits that precede phubbing behavior: A structural equation model. XLIV ENCONTRO DA ANPAD, 1\u201316."},{"issue":"18","key":"4023_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.7827\/TurkishStudies.13955","volume":"13","author":"Y Bilge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bilge Y, Bilge Y. The measurement of Horney\u2019s neurotic personality types: psychometric properties of the Horney-Coolidge tridimensional inventory (HCTI) Turkish form. Electron Turkish Stud. 2018;13(18):263\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7827\/TurkishStudies.13955.","journal-title":"Electron Turkish Stud"},{"key":"4023_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S41386","volume":"7","author":"NL Bragazzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bragazzi NL, Del-Puente G. A proposal for including nomophobia in the new DSM-V. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2014;7:155\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S41386.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"4023_CR11","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fckalim, M. (2020). Predictive relationships between general belonging, nomophobia and life satisfaction among university students (Master\u2019s thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Konya)."},{"key":"4023_CR12","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7olpan, H. (2019). Nomophobia, attachment styles, depression and perceived social support among university students (Master\u2019s thesis, Hacettepe University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara)."},{"key":"4023_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.018","volume":"63","author":"V Chotpitayasunondh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chotpitayasunondh V, Douglas KM. How \u201cphubbing\u201d becomes the norm: the antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;63:9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.018.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"4023_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12506","volume":"48","author":"V Chotpitayasunondh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chotpitayasunondh V, Douglas KM. The effects of \u201cphubbing\u201d on social interaction. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2018;48(6):304\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jasp.12506.","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"key":"4023_CR15","volume-title":"Research methods in education","author":"L Cohen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cohen L, Manion L. Research methods in education. 4th ed. Routledge; 1998.","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"4023_CR16","unstructured":"Collinearity diagnostics. (2014). IBM Knowledge Center. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/support\/knowledgecenter\/en\/SSLVMB_23.0.0\/spss\/tutorials\/reg_cars_collin_01.html"},{"key":"4023_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00120-3","volume":"30","author":"F Coolidge","year":"2001","unstructured":"Coolidge F, Moor C, Yamazaki T, Stewart S, Segal D. On the relationship between Karen Horney\u2019s tripartite neurotic type theory and personality disorder features. Pers Individ Differ. 2001;30:1387\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00120-3.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR18","first-page":"172","volume":"2","author":"M \u00c7etin","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u00c7etin M, \u00d6zgiden H. A research on digital natives and digital immigrants Twitter user behaviour in the process of digital culture. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University E-Journal of Faculty of Communication. 2013;2(1):172\u201389.","journal-title":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University E-Journal of Faculty of Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"4023_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1086\/690940","volume":"2","author":"ME David","year":"2017","unstructured":"David ME, Roberts JA. Phubbed and alone: phone snubbing, social exclusion, and attachment to social media. J Assoc Consum Res. 2017;2(2):155\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/690940.","journal-title":"J Assoc Consum Res"},{"key":"4023_CR20","unstructured":"Eldemir, S. (2021). Investigation of the relationships between psychological needs, mindfulness and nomophobia (Master\u2019s thesis, Tokat Gaziosmanpa\u015fa University, Institute of Graduate Education, Tokat)."},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439319847415","volume":"39","author":"E Erzen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erzen E, Odac\u0131 H, Yeni\u00e7eri \u0130. Phubbing: which personality traits are prone to phubbing? Soc Sci Comput Rev. 2019;39(1):56\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0894439319847415.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Comput Rev"},{"key":"4023_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106430","volume":"107","author":"J Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang J, Wang X, Wen Z, Zhou J. Fear of missing out and problematic social media use as mediators between emotional support from social media and phubbing behavior. Addict Behav. 2020;107:106430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106430.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"4023_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102319","volume":"15","author":"V Franchina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Franchina V, Vanden-Abeele M, Van-Rooij AJ, Lo-Coco G, De-Marez L. Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among Flemish adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10):2319.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4023_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.14686\/buefad.516540","volume":"8","author":"DM Gezgin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gezgin DM, Hamuto\u011flu NB, Sezen-G\u00fcltekin G, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m S. Preservice teachers\u2019 metaphorical perceptions on smartphone, no mobile phone phobia (nomophobia) and fear of missing out (FoMO). Bart\u0131n Univ J Faculty Educ. 2019;8(2):733\u201383.","journal-title":"Bart\u0131n Univ J Faculty Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17943\/etku.288485","volume":"7","author":"DM Gezgin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gezgin DM, \u015eahin YL, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m S. The investigation of social network users\u2019 nomophobia levels regarding various factors. Educ Technol Theory Pract. 2017;7(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17943\/etku.288485.","journal-title":"Educ Technol Theory Pract"},{"key":"4023_CR26","volume-title":"Research methods for the behavioral sciences","author":"FJ Gravetter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gravetter FJ, Forzano LB. Research methods for the behavioral sciences. 4th ed. Wadsworth; 2012.","edition":"4th ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11010021","volume":"11","author":"A Guazzini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guazzini A, Duradoni M, Capelli A, Meringolo P. An explorative model to assess individuals\u2019 phubbing risk. Future Internet. 2019;11(1):21\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi11010021.","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"4023_CR28","unstructured":"Hanak S. (2021, January 14). How to stop phubbing. Stop Phubbing. https:\/\/www.stopphubbing.com\/how-to-stop-phubbing\/"},{"key":"4023_CR29","unstructured":"Horney K. (1965). \u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n nevrotik ki\u015fili\u011fi. \u00d6teki Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k."},{"key":"4023_CR30","unstructured":"Horney K. (2017). \u0130\u00e7sel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z (4. bs.; Z. Ko\u00e7ak, \u00c7ev.). Sel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k."},{"key":"4023_CR31","unstructured":"Horney K. (2020). Nevrozlar ve insan geli\u015fimi: Kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme m\u00fccadelesi (4. bs.; E. Erbatur, \u00c7ev.). Sel Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k."},{"issue":"25","key":"4023_CR32","first-page":"3167","volume":"15","author":"H Ho\u015fg\u00f6r","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ho\u015fg\u00f6r H. The factors influencing nomophobia level of university students and the effect of nomophobia on the course performances. Int J Soc Res. 2020;15(25):3167\u201398.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res"},{"issue":"46","key":"4023_CR33","first-page":"573","volume":"5","author":"H Ho\u015fg\u00f6r","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ho\u015fg\u00f6r H, Tando\u011fan \u00d6, G\u00fcnd\u00fcz-Ho\u015fg\u00f6r D. Effect of nomophobia on duration of daily smartphone usage and school success: the example of health personnel candidates. J Acad Soc Sci. 2017;5(46):573\u201395.","journal-title":"J Acad Soc Sci"},{"key":"4023_CR34","first-page":"51","volume":"40","author":"G Kaplan-Ak\u0131ll\u0131","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaplan-Ak\u0131ll\u0131 G, Gezgin DM. Examination of the relationship between university students\u2019 nomophobia levels and behavior patterns. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty. 2016;40:51\u201369.","journal-title":"Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty"},{"issue":"2","key":"4023_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.005","volume":"4","author":"E Karada\u011f","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karada\u011f E, Tosunta\u015f \u015eB, Erzen E, Duru P, Bostan N, \u015eahin BM, et al. Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: a structural equation model. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(2):60\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.4.2015.005.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"4023_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.15805\/addicta.2016.3.0013","volume":"3","author":"E Karada\u011f","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karada\u011f E, Tosunta\u015f \u015eB, Erzen E, Duru P, Bostan N, \u015eahin BM, et al. The virtual world\u2019s current addiction: phubbing. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions. 2016;3:223\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15805\/addicta.2016.3.0013.","journal-title":"Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions"},{"key":"4023_CR37","unstructured":"Karasar N. (2020). Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi (35. bs.). Ankara: Nobel."},{"issue":"2","key":"4023_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2017.05.002","volume":"11","author":"EY Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim EY, Cho I, Kim EJ. Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian Nurs Res. 2017;11(2):92\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anr.2017.05.002.","journal-title":"Asian Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc","volume":"23","author":"ALS King","year":"2010","unstructured":"King ALS, Valen\u00e7a AM, Nardi AE. Nomophobia: the mobile phone in panic disorder with agoraphobia: reducing phobias or worsening of dependence? Cogn Behav Neurol. 2010;23(1):52\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc.","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol"},{"key":"4023_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.07.025","volume":"29","author":"ALS King","year":"2013","unstructured":"King ALS, Valen\u00e7a AM, Silva ACO, Baczynski T, Carvalho MR, Nardi AE. Nomophobia: dependency on virtual environments or social phobia? Comput Human Behav. 2013;29:140\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2012.07.025.","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"4023_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901410010028","volume":"10","author":"ALS King","year":"2014","unstructured":"King ALS, Valen\u00e7a AM, Silva AC, Sancassiani F, Machado S, Nardi AE. \u201cNomophobia\u201d: impact of cell phone use interfering with symptoms and emotions of individuals with panic disorder compared with a control group. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2014;10:28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1745017901410010028.","journal-title":"Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5455\/NYS.20200218074634","volume":"58","author":"C Kocairi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kocairi C, Y\u00fcksel R, Arslanta\u015f H, S\u00f6ylemez B. The relationship of attachment styles of high school student adolescents with technology dependencies: a cross-sectional study. Neuropsychiatric Investigation. 2020;58(1):11\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/NYS.20200218074634.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Investigation"},{"key":"4023_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.062","volume":"61","author":"V Konok","year":"2016","unstructured":"Konok V, Gigler D, Bereczky BM, Mikl\u00f3si A. <article-title update=\"added\">Humans\u2019 attachment to their mobile phones and its relationship with interpersonal attachment style. Comput Human Behav. 2016;61:537\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.062.","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"4023_CR44","unstructured":"Korkmaz G, \u00dcng\u00f6ren Y, Horzum MB. (2019). Pedagojik formasyon \u00f6\u011frencilerinin ki\u015filik yap\u0131lar\u0131 ile sosyotelizm davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin incelenmesi. International Congresses on Education, 664\u2013670."},{"key":"4023_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latifa R, Mumtaz EF, Subchi I. (2019). Psychological explanation of phubbing behavior: Smartphone addiction, empathy, and self-control. In 7th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CITSM47753.2019.8965376","DOI":"10.1109\/CITSM47753.2019.8965376"},{"issue":"2","key":"4023_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.20956\/icon.v8i2.30750","volume":"8","author":"BD Lestari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lestari BD, Suratmini D. <article-title update=\"added\">The relationship FoMO (fear of missing out) and nomophobia with phubbing behavior among adolescent Instagram users. Indonesian Contemporary Nursing Journal (ICON Journal). 2024;8(2):82\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20956\/icon.v8i2.30750.","journal-title":"Indonesian Contemporary Nursing Journal (ICON Journal)"},{"key":"4023_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9055-1","volume":"42","author":"FJ Lin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lin FJ. Solving multicollinearity in the process of fitting regression model using the nested estimate procedure. Qual Quant. 2008;42:417\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-006-9055-1.","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"4023_CR48","unstructured":"Meydan, C. H., & \u015ee\u015fen, H. (2011). Yap\u0131sal e\u015fitlik modellemesi: AMOS uygulamalar\u0131. Detay Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k."},{"key":"4023_CR49","volume-title":"Explorations in personality","author":"HA Murray","year":"1938","unstructured":"Murray HA. Explorations in personality. Oxford University Press; 1938."},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR50","first-page":"41","volume":"1","author":"T Nazir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nazir T. Impact of classroom phubbing on teachers who face phubbing during lectures. Psychology Research on Education and Social Sciences. 2020a;1(1):41\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychology Research on Education and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"4023_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12731\/2658-4034-2020-2-22-31","volume":"11","author":"T Nazir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nazir T. Face-to-face communication, non-verbal body language and phubbing: the intrusion in the process. Russ J Educ Psychol. 2020b;11(2):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12731\/2658-4034-2020-2-22-31.","journal-title":"Russ J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"4023_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2019.106053","volume":"10","author":"T Nazir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nazir T, Bulut S. Phubbing and what could be its determinants: a dugout of literature. Psychology. 2019;10:819\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/psych.2019.106053.","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"4023_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.25215\/0403","volume":"3","author":"T Nazir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nazir T, Pi\u015fkin M. Pubbing: a technological invasion, which connected the world but disconnected humans. Int J Indian Psychol. 2016;3:39\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25215\/0403.","journal-title":"Int J Indian Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.14514\/BYK.m.26515393.2019.7\/1.75-88","volume":"7","author":"E \u00d6zg\u00fcr-G\u00fcler","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr-G\u00fcler E, Veysikarani D. A research on nomophobia: example of university students. Beykoz Akad Derg. 2019;7(1):75\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14514\/BYK.m.26515393.2019.7\/1.75-88.","journal-title":"Beykoz Akad Derg"},{"key":"4023_CR55","volume-title":"Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives","author":"J Palfrey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Palfrey J, Gasser U. Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives. Basic Books; 2008."},{"key":"4023_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55560-1","volume":"14","author":"O Peleg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peleg O, Boniel-Nissim M. Exploring the personality and relationship factors that mediate the connection between differentiation of self and phubbing. Sci Rep. 2024;14:6572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-55560-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"4023_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5817\/CP2024-4-2","volume":"18","author":"V P\u00e9rez-Torres","year":"2024","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Torres V. Problematic use of social media in adolescents or excessive social gratification? The mediating role of nomophobia. Cyberpsychol J Psychosoc Res Cyberspace. 2024;18(4):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5817\/CP2024-4-2.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol J Psychosoc Res Cyberspace"},{"key":"4023_CR58","volume-title":"Practical statistics for educators","author":"R Ravid","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ravid R. Practical statistics for educators. University Press in America; 1994."},{"key":"4023_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.058","volume":"54","author":"JA Roberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roberts JA, David ME. My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Comput Human Behav. 2016;54:134\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.058.","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"35","key":"4023_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.26450\/jshsr.1157","volume":"6","author":"EB Sar\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sar\u0131o\u011flu EB. Nomophobia level of Generation Z in Turkey: gender, education and socio-economic status differences. J Soc Human Sci Res. 2019;6(35):914\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26450\/jshsr.1157.","journal-title":"J Soc Human Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5455\/kpd.26024438m000020","volume":"4","author":"ES Sevi-Tok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sevi-Tok ES, G\u00fczel H\u015e. The relationship between smartphone addiction, attachment and emotion regulation: the mediator role of the temperament and character traits. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi (KPD). 2020;4(1):48\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/kpd.26024438m000020.","journal-title":"Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi (KPD)"},{"key":"4023_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-00897-9","volume":"22","author":"Y Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun Y, Yang J, Li M, Liu T. The association between neuroticism and nomophobia: chain mediating effect of attachment and loneliness. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2024;22:685\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-022-00897-9.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"4023_CR63","unstructured":"\u015een S. (2020). Mplus ile yap\u0131sal e\u015fitlik modellemesi uygulamalar\u0131. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k."},{"key":"4023_CR64","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Osterlind SJ. Using multivariate statistics. Allyn and Bacon; 2001."},{"key":"4023_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04242-8","volume":"43","author":"F Tanhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanhan F, \u00d6zok H\u0130, Kaya A, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m M. Mediating and moderating effects of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between social media addiction and phubbing. Curr Psychol. 2023;43:192\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-023-04242-8.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4023_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.17583\/rimcis.2018.3318","volume":"7","author":"ST T\u2019ng","year":"2018","unstructured":"T\u2019ng ST, Ho KH, Low SK. Are you \u201cphubbing\u201d me? The determinants of phubbing behavior and assessment of measurement invariance across sex differences. Int Multidiscip J Soc Sci. 2018;7(2):159\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17583\/rimcis.2018.3318.","journal-title":"Int Multidiscip J Soc Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4023_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2025.2478516","volume":"30","author":"SEH Tung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tung SEH, Gan WY, Poon WC, Lee LJ, Ruckwongpatr K, Kukreti S, et al. The mediating effect of nomophobia in the relationship between problematic social media use\/problematic smartphone use and psychological distress among university students. Psychol Health Med. 2025;30(7):1409\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13548506.2025.2478516.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"4023_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.26466\/opus.461523","volume":"9","author":"EZ Turan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turan EZ, Becit-\u0130\u015f\u00e7it\u00fcrk G. The investigation about nomophobia levels of the students of theology faculty in terms of various factors. Int J Soc Res. 2018;9(16):1931\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26466\/opus.461523.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.52963\/PERR_Biruni_V13.N1.03","volume":"13","author":"Z Turan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Turan Z, Y\u0131lmaz RM. Do personality traits influence nomophobia? An investigation of the big five personality traits and nomophobia levels in university students. Psycho-Educ Res Rev. 2024;13(1):46\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52963\/PERR_Biruni_V13.N1.03.","journal-title":"Psycho-Educ Res Rev"},{"key":"4023_CR70","unstructured":"Turkish Statistical Institute. (2024, June 6). Survey on the use of information technologies among children, 2024 (Publication No. 53638). https:\/\/data.tuik.gov.tr\/Bulten\/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2024-53638"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4023_CR71.1","unstructured":"Turkish Statistical Institute. (2025). Household information technology"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4023_CR71.2","unstructured":"(IT) usage survey, 2025 (Publication No. 53925). https:\/\/data.tuik.gov.tr\/Bulten\/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2025-53925"},{"key":"4023_CR72","volume-title":"The relationship between personality traits and nomophobia: A research with nurses working in public hospitals (Master\u2019s thesis)","author":"G U\u011fuz","year":"2019","unstructured":"U\u011fuz G. The relationship between personality traits and nomophobia: A research with nurses working in public hospitals (Master\u2019s thesis). Institute of Graduate Studies, \u0130stanbul, Turkey: \u0130stanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa; 2019."},{"key":"4023_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00275-0","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhao F, Lei L. Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction: self-esteem and marital status as moderators. Curr Psychol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-019-00275-0.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"4023_CR74","unstructured":"We Are Social. (2025). Digital 2025 July: Global Statshot Report. https:\/\/wearesocial.com\/ca-en\/blog\/2025\/07\/digital-2025-july-global-statshot-report\/"},{"key":"4023_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-025-07636-y","volume":"44","author":"A Wibowo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wibowo A, Safaria T. The role of FOMO on psychological well-being with nomophobia as a mediator among college students. Curr Psychol. 2025;44:6092\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-025-07636-y.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18863\/pgy.551299","volume":"12","author":"FC Yam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yam FC, \u0130lhan T. Holistic technological addiction of modern age: phubbing. Curr Approaches Psychiatry. 2020;12(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18863\/pgy.551299.","journal-title":"Curr Approaches Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR77","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"S Yaz\u0131c\u0131-Kabaday\u0131","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yaz\u0131c\u0131-Kabaday\u0131 S, Kabaday\u0131 F. The role of psychological needs and daily smartphone usage time to explain nomophobia. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying. 2020;7(1):1\u201320.","journal-title":"Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying"},{"issue":"1","key":"4023_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.19145\/e-gifder.644279","volume":"8","author":"O Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m O, \u00dcnalan D. The evaluation of digital native sociotelism (phubbing) trends. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University E-J Faculty Commun. 2020;8(1):276\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19145\/e-gifder.644279.","journal-title":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University E-J Faculty Commun"},{"issue":"10th Year Speci","key":"4023_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5096","DOI":"10.26466\/opus.676329","volume":"15","author":"EP Y\u0131ld\u0131z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z EP, \u00c7engel M, Alkan A. Investigation of teachers\u2019 nomophobia levels according to demographic characteristics and smartphone use. Int J Soc Res. 2020;15(10th Year Special Issue):5096\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26466\/opus.676329.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res"},{"key":"4023_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.059","volume":"49","author":"C Yildirim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yildirim C, Correia AP. Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers Hum Behav. 2015;49:130\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.059.","journal-title":"Computers Hum Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"4023_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1177\/0266666915599025","volume":"32","author":"C Yildirim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yildirim C, Sumuer E, Adnan M, Yildirim S. A growing fear: prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students. Inf Dev. 2016;32(5):1322\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0266666915599025.","journal-title":"Inf Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"4023_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-017-9772-9","volume":"15","author":"J Yuchang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yuchang J, Cuicui S, Junxiu A, Junyi L. Attachment styles and smartphone addiction in Chinese college students: the mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2017;15(5):1122\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-017-9772-9.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04023-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04023-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04023-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T12:44:10Z","timestamp":1771418650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04023-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04023-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Trabzon University on 28th October, 2020 (No: 81614018). Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants were informed that their participation was voluntary, and that they had the right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Data were collected anonymously from adult participants using Google Forms and stored on a password-protected device. Each participant was assigned a unique identification number, and no personal identifying information was recorded. The Google Form included the researcher's email address, allowing participants to submit any questions or provide feedback.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to articipate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"247"}}