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Nonetheless, existing evidence is inconsistent, reflecting variability in measurement approaches and limited use of ecologically valid tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined associations between empathy, psychopathic traits, and facial emotion recognition in 227 participants. Empathy was assessed using both self-report (Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy; QCAE) and performance-based measures (Multifaceted Empathy Test; MET). Psychopathic traits were measured with the Psychopathic Personality Traits Scale\u2013Revised (PPTS-R). Facial emotion recognition was tested using dynamic stimuli across ten emotions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Affective empathy was negatively associated with psychopathic traits across both QCAE and MET. Cognitive empathy showed divergent patterns: self-reported cognitive empathy correlated negatively with psychopathic traits, whereas performance-based cognitive empathy did not. Facial emotion recognition was positively associated only with performance-based cognitive empathy, particularly for embarrassment. No significant associations emerged between psychopathic traits and facial emotion recognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate the importance of incorporating diverse assessment tools to investigate empathy, alongside self-report measures. The study further contributes to the existing literature on the relationships among empathy, psychopathic traits, and facial emotion recognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04084-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T07:25:31Z","timestamp":1769844331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Facial emotion recognition, empathy &amp; psychopathic traits: understanding differential effects of measures"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Merve","family":"Utan\u011fa\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Lander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4084_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.1.151","volume":"68","author":"MR Levenson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levenson MR, Kiehl KA, Fitzpatrick CM. 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