{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:11:18Z","timestamp":1784077878514,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"The Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["project number 323S282."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project number 323S282."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition in childhood, associated not only with difficulties in attention and impulsivity but also with increased internalizing symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, and a marked reduction in quality of life. Although pharmacological treatments play a central role in the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, there is a growing need for psychosocial interventions that target these emotional difficulties and quality of life outcomes while actively involving families. This study is novel in its evaluation of the effectiveness of a structured cognitive behavioral therapy based psychoeducational program involving both children and their parents in reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms and improving quality of life in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quasi-experimental controlled pretest\u2013posttest design was employed. The intervention group comprised thirty-seven children aged eight to twelve years diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their parents, while the control group included thirty-six age- and gender-matched children with the same diagnosis and their parents. The intervention consisted of an eight-session cognitive behavioral therapy based psychoeducational program integrating emotional regulation, adaptive coping strategies, and parent-focused guidance. Data were collected at baseline and after the intervention using a sociodemographic information form, the Quality of Life Inventory, and the Revised Children\u2019s Anxiety and Depression Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The intervention and control groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics. The mean age of children in the intervention group was 10.35\u2009\u00b1\u20091.40 years, while the mean age of children in the control group was 10.47\u2009\u00b1\u20091.28 years (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.751). Regarding gender distribution, the intervention group consisted of 11 girls (29.7%) and 26 boys (70.3%), while the control group consisted of 18 girls (50.0%) and 18 boys (50.0%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.077). Children participating in the cognitive behavioral therapy -based psycho-educational program showed a statistically significant improvement in quality of life and a significant decrease in anxiety and depressive symptoms between the pre-test and post-test. No significant changes were observed in the same outcome measures in the control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide robust evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy based psychoeducational interventions incorporating family participation are effective in improving psychological well-being and quality of life in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. From both psychiatric and nursing perspectives, such programs represent a valuable, non-pharmacological adjunct to standard care, supporting holistic and family-centered approaches in the multidisciplinary management of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study was registered under Clinical Trial Number: NCT06624527 on September 25, 2023. URL:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06624527?term=NCT06624527%26rank=1\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06624527?term=NCT06624527&amp;rank=1<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04110-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T01:06:53Z","timestamp":1770426413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy-based psychoeducation on quality of life, anxiety, and depression in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7063-6915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedat","family":"Arg\u0131n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2527-5700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zerrin","family":"\u00c7igdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6802-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatice","family":"Altun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adem","family":"Do\u011faner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4110_CR1","unstructured":"Ulu\u00e7ay A. Development and Evaluation of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Intervention for Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Thesis No: 831778). \u0130stanbul: Ibn Haldun University; 2023. https:\/\/tez.yok.gov.tr\/UlusalTezMerkezi\/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp."},{"key":"4110_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.071","volume":"339","author":"G Ayano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayano G, Demelash S, Gizachew Y, Tsegay L, Alati R. The global prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. J Affect Disord. 2023;339:860\u20136.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517712865","volume":"46","author":"V Senol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Senol V, Unalan D, Akca RP, Basturk M. Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity and other disruptive behaviour disorder symptoms among primary school-age children in Kayseri, Turkey. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(1):122\u201334.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"4110_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547251345178","volume":"29","author":"S Yavuz Ozturk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yavuz Ozturk S, Cakin Memik N, Balci S, Karaca E. Prevalence of ADHD in preschool children: A community-based study from Turkey. J Atten Disord. 2025;29(11):953\u201362.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02282-8","volume":"13","author":"EJ Meachon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meachon EJ, Schaider JP, Alpers GW. Motor skills in children with ADHD: overlap with developmental coordination disorder. BMC Psychol. 2025;13(1):53.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"4110_CR6","first-page":"288","volume":"144","author":"G Filazo\u011flu \u00c7okluk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Filazo\u011flu \u00c7okluk G, Pekel H. Internet addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, and depression among adolescents aged 14\u201315. J Acad Soc Sci. 2024;144:288\u2013304.","journal-title":"J Acad Soc Sci"},{"key":"4110_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1590\/0101-60830000000190","volume":"46","author":"C-K Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong C-K, Chen Y-M. Associations of parental bonding and adolescent internet addiction symptoms with depression and anxiety in parents of adolescents with ADHD. Arch Clin Psychiatry (Sao Paulo). 2019;46:40\u20133.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Psychiatry (Sao Paulo)"},{"issue":"6","key":"4110_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060841","volume":"8","author":"L Christiansen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christiansen L, Beck MM, Bilenberg N, Wienecke J, Astrup A, Lundbye-Jensen J. Effects of exercise on cognitive performance in children and adolescents with ADHD: potential mechanisms and evidence-based recommendations. J Clin Med. 2019;8(6):841.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4110_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.5336\/nurses.2018-61786","volume":"4","author":"N \u00c7unku\u015f","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00c7unku\u015f N, Ta\u015fdemir Yi\u011fito\u011flu G. Nursing care for patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder according to peplau\u2019s interpersonal relations theory. Turk Klin J Nurs Sci. 2018;4(10):370\u201380.","journal-title":"Turk Klin J Nurs Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"4110_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12549","volume":"57","author":"SE Sprich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sprich SE, Safren SA, Finkelstein D, Remmert JE, Hammerness P. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57(11):1218\u201326.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4110_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f6kmen Z. Effect of self-regulation-based cognitive psychoeducation program on emotion regulation and self-efficacy in adolescents with ADHD (Thesis No: 808368). \u0130stanbul: Marmara University; 2023. https:\/\/tez.yok.gov.tr\/UlusalTezMerkezi\/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2023.04.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.51982\/bagimli.1086045","volume":"24","author":"MN Y\u00fcyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y\u00fcyen MN, Ayakda\u015f Da\u011fl\u0131 D. Behavioral addictions and nursing approach. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k Derg. 2023;24(1):104\u201312.","journal-title":"Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k Derg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4110_CR13","first-page":"217","volume":"38","author":"EM Topcu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Topcu EM, \u00c7am MO. Relationship between quality of life of children with ADHD and communication skills of their parents. Ege Univ Nurs Fac J. 2022;38(3):217\u201328.","journal-title":"Ege Univ Nurs Fac J"},{"key":"4110_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joclim.2025.100582","volume":"26","author":"M Ni\u00f1o","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ni\u00f1o M, Amick B, Williams M, Norton-Smith K, Bingham S. Extreme weather events, climate change attitudes, and preparedness on self-rated health and depressive symptoms. J Clim Change Health. 2025;26:100582.","journal-title":"J Clim Change Health"},{"key":"4110_CR15","unstructured":"Vurucu S. Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on individuals with high depression levels (Thesis No: 801179). \u0130stanbul: Ni\u015fanta\u015f\u0131 University; 2023. https:\/\/tez.yok.gov.tr\/UlusalTezMerkezi\/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp."},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0753-2","volume":"19","author":"E Sciberras","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sciberras E, Mulraney M, Silva D, Coghill D. Prenatal risk factors and the etiology of ADHD\u2014Review of existing evidence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(1):1.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4110_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715584054","volume":"22","author":"E Sciberras","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sciberras E, Mulraney M, Anderson V, Rapee RM, Nicholson JM, Efron D, et al. Managing anxiety in children with ADHD using cognitive-behavioral therapy: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J Atten Disord. 2018;22(5):515\u201320.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"4110_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.18863\/pgy.358101","volume":"10","author":"Y \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk Y, \u00d6zyurt G, Tufan AE, Pekcanlar AA. Emotion regulation difficulties and treatment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar. 2018;10(2):188\u2013201.","journal-title":"Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar"},{"key":"4110_CR19","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz R. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy-based psychoeducation on internalized stigma and hope in children with ADHD (Thesis No: 715513). Malatya: \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University; 2022. https:\/\/tez.yok.gov.tr\/UlusalTezMerkezi\/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp."},{"key":"4110_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S62487","volume":"10","author":"A Montoya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Montoya A, Herv\u00e1s A, Fuentes J, Cardo E, Polavieja P, Quintero J, et al. Cluster-randomized controlled 12-month trial to evaluate the effect of a parental psychoeducation program on medication persistence in children with ADHD. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:1081\u201392.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"4110_CR21","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk \u00d6F. Effects of cognitive-behavioral-based psychoeducation program on exam anxiety, cognitive flexibility, and attention levels of high school students (Thesis No: 735867). \u0130stanbul: Marmara University; 2022. https:\/\/tez.yok.gov.tr\/UlusalTezMerkezi\/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp."},{"key":"4110_CR22","volume-title":"The relationship between sleep and DHA, EPA, phosphatidylserine levels in children and adolescents with ADHD","author":"M Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz M. The relationship between sleep and DHA, EPA, phosphatidylserine levels in children and adolescents with ADHD. Manisa: Celal Bayar University; 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"4110_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199902000-00003","volume":"37","author":"JW Varni","year":"1999","unstructured":"Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA. The PedsQL\u2122: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med Care. 1999;37(2):126\u201339.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"4110_CR24","first-page":"353","volume":"18","author":"N\u00c7 Memik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Memik N\u00c7, A\u011fao\u011flu B, Co\u015fkun A, \u00dcneri \u00d6\u015e, Karakaya I. Validity and reliability of the pediatric quality of life inventory for adolescents aged 13\u201318 years. Turk J Psychiatry. 2007;18(4):353\u201363.","journal-title":"Turk J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"4110_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00130-8","volume":"38","author":"BF Chorpita","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chorpita BF, Yim L, Moffitt C, Umemoto LA, Francis SE. Assessment of DSM-IV anxiety and depression symptoms in children: A revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38(8):835\u201355.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"4110_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-017-0716-1","volume":"48","author":"V G\u00f6rmez","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00f6rmez V, Kilincaslan A, Ebesutani C, Orengul AC, Kaya I, Ceri V, et al. Psychometric properties of the parent version of the revised child anxiety and depression scale in a clinical sample of Turkish children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2017;48(6):922\u201333.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"4110_CR27","unstructured":"Bourtzou Chafouz A. Structured sessions of P.C. Kendall for impulse problems and ADHD, parent training program for children with ADHD and their combination (Thesis No: 861323). \u0130stanbul: \u0130stanbul Medeniyet University; 2024. https:\/\/tez.yok.gov.tr\/UlusalTezMerkezi\/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp."},{"issue":"5","key":"4110_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.50.5.672","volume":"50","author":"PC Kendall","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kendall PC, Braswell L. Cognitive-behavioral self-control therapy for children: A components analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1982;50(5):672\u201389.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"4110_CR29","volume-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for impulse problems and ADHD \u2013 Therapist manual \u2013 Stop and think","author":"PC Kendall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kendall PC. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for impulse problems and ADHD \u2013 Therapist manual \u2013 Stop and think. \u0130stanbul: Apamer Publishing; 2011."},{"key":"4110_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk F\u00d6, Ekinci M. The effect of psycho-education given to mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on mother-child interaction and family functionality. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2023;36(4):299\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcap.12432.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcap.12432"},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01732-7","volume":"12","author":"A Massoodi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Massoodi A, Moudi S, Malekiamiri M, Ahangar HG. Comparison of self-esteem and quality of life in 8\u201312-year-old children with ADHD with and without learning disorders. BMC Psychol. 2024;12(1):218.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"4110_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.034","volume":"87","author":"AE-DM Darweesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Darweesh AE-DM, El Beh KA, Hashem MM, Nagy NE-S. Shorter REM sleep duration in children with ADHD: the impact on quality of life. Sleep Med. 2021;87:77\u201384.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"4110_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kandemir H, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 BG, Ekinci S, Y\u00fcce M. An evaluation of the quality of life of children with ADHD and their families. Anatol J Psychiatry. 2014;15(3):265\u201371.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/apd.46202Kandemir.","DOI":"10.5455\/apd.46202Kandemir"},{"key":"4110_CR34","first-page":"e12315","volume":"9","author":"M Gilbert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gilbert M, Ravens-Sieberer U, Schlack R, Beyer A-K, Romanos M, Jans T, et al. Risk and protective factors associated with health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD in Germany \u2013 Findings from the consortium project INTEGRATE-ADHD. J Health Monit. 2024;9:e12315.","journal-title":"J Health Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01904-8","volume":"19","author":"M Ben-Dor Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ben-Dor Cohen M, Eldar E, Maeir A. Emotional dysregulation and health-related quality of life in young adults with ADHD: A cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1):270.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"13","key":"4110_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717707046","volume":"23","author":"M Mulraney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mulraney M, Giallo R, Sciberras E, Lycett K, Mensah F, Coghill D. ADHD symptoms and quality of life across a 12-month period in children with ADHD: A longitudinal study. J Atten Disord. 2019;23(13):1675\u201385.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"14","key":"4110_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717734645","volume":"23","author":"TD Pinho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pinho TD, Manz PH, DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, Weyandt LL. Predictors and moderators of quality of life among college students with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2019;23(14):1736\u201345.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"4110_CR38","first-page":"586","volume":"11","author":"S S\u00f6ng\u00fct","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00f6ng\u00fct S, \u00d6zakar Ak\u00e7a S. Quality of life in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Univ Health Sci J. 2022;11(2):586\u201395.","journal-title":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Univ Health Sci J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4110_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.18663\/tjcl.1344456","volume":"14","author":"C Kavurma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kavurma C. The effect of social skills training on quality of life in children with ADHD. Turk J Clin Lab. 2023;14(3):527\u201333.","journal-title":"Turk J Clin Lab"},{"key":"4110_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rei\u00df F, et al. \u201cEpidemiologie seelischen Wohlbefindens von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Ergebnisse aus 3 Studien vor und w\u00e4hrend der COVID-19-Pandemie\u201d [Epidemiology of mental well-being in childhood and adolescence. Results from three epidemiological studies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. 2023;66(7):727\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-023-03720-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-023-03720-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02790-1","volume":"13","author":"A Zayed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zayed A, Husni M, Montasser MM, Fakri M, Khan F, AlMaskati Y, et al. Prevalence of anxiety symptoms among caregivers of children with ADHD attending pediatric and speech therapy departments. BMC Psychol. 2025;13(1):510.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4110_CR42","first-page":"e32647","volume":"14","author":"BT Ojinna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ojinna BT, Parisapogu A, Sherpa ML, Choday S, Ravi N, Giva S, et al. Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32647.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"4110_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4274\/tjcamh.galenos.2020.58077","volume":"27","author":"ME Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan ME, Aksu G, G\u00fcler F, Toros F. Evaluation of social phobia, self-esteem, anxiety, and depression levels in children with tic disorder. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2020;27(3):140\u20136.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4110_CR44","first-page":"283","volume":"57","author":"M \u0130p\u00e7i","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u0130p\u00e7i M, \u0130zmir SB\u0130, T\u00fcrk\u00e7apar MH, \u00d6zdel K, Ard\u0131\u00e7 \u00dcA, Ercan ES. Psychiatric comorbidity in subtypes of children and adolescents with ADHD according to DSM-IV. N\u00f6ropsikiyatri Ar\u015fivi. 2020;57(4):283\u20139.","journal-title":"N\u00f6ropsikiyatri Ar\u015fivi"},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5455\/gulhane.15509","volume":"55","author":"D Karaman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karaman D, T\u00fcrker T, Kara K, Durukan \u0130, Fidanc\u0131 MK. Depression and anxiety levels in children and adolescents with ADHD. Gulhane Med J. 2013;55(1):36\u201341.","journal-title":"Gulhane Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5455\/cap.20130726020101","volume":"6","author":"A Koyuncu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koyuncu A, Binbay Z. Social anxiety disorder and ADHD comorbidity. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar. 2014;6(1):10\u201321.","journal-title":"Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar"},{"issue":"4","key":"4110_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720000069","volume":"50","author":"V Nimmo-Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nimmo-Smith V, Merwood A, Hank D, Brandling J, Greenwood R, Skinner L, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for adult ADHD: A systematic review. Psychol Med. 2020;50(4):529\u201341.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4110_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-020-09791-x","volume":"42","author":"S Houghton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Houghton S, Lawrence D, Hunter S, Zadow C, Kyron M, Paterson R, et al. Loneliness accounts for the association between diagnosed ADHD and symptoms of depression among adolescents. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2020;42:1\u201311.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"4110_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712443155","volume":"18","author":"KM Antshel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Antshel KM, Faraone SV, Gordon M. Cognitive behavioral treatment outcomes in adolescent ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2014;18(6):483\u201395.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"4110_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000106","volume":"84","author":"MH Sibley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sibley MH, Graziano PA, Kuriyan AB, Coxe S, Pelham WE, Rodriguez L, et al. Parent-teen behavior therapy plus motivational interviewing for adolescents with ADHD. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016;84(8):699\u2013712.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"4110_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-060320-093413","volume":"2","author":"JT Nigg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nigg JT, Sibley MH, Thapar A, Karalunas SL. Development of ADHD: Etiology, heterogeneity, and early life course. Annu Rev Dev Psychol. 2020;2:559\u201383.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4110_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.2.282","volume":"76","author":"PC Kendall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kendall PC, Hudson JL, Gosch E, Flannery-Schroeder E, Suveg C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered youth: A randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76(2):282\u201397.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4110_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-011-9156-4","volume":"41","author":"GS Ginsburg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ginsburg GS, Becker KD, Drazdowski TK, Tein JY. Treating anxiety disorders in inner-city schools: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing CBT and usual care. Child Youth Care Forum. 2012;41(1):1\u201319.","journal-title":"Child Youth Care Forum"},{"issue":"91","key":"4110_CR54","first-page":"118","volume":"10","author":"A Asutay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asutay A, Karaaziz M. Depression and cognitive behavioral therapy: A systematic review. Int J Soc Humanit Sci Res. 2023;10(91):118\u201323.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Humanit Sci Res"},{"key":"4110_CR55","first-page":"30","volume":"16","author":"LF Coelho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coelho LF, Barbosa DL, Fernandes, Rizzutti S, Bueno OFA, Carolina MM. Group cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with ADHD. Psychol Res Rev. 2017;16:30.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04110-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04110-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04110-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:03:35Z","timestamp":1773227015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04110-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04110-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant ethical guidelines, following the approval of the Ethics Committee of A University (Approval date: 31.01.2023, Reference number: 2023\/31). Necessary institutional permissions were obtained from the relevant organizations prior to the commencement of the research. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and their legal guardians. Child assent was also mandatory for participation; only cases in which both the parent and the child provided consent were included in the study. Participants were assured of the confidentiality of their personal information. All data were securely stored and accessible only to authorized researchers. The results were analyzed anonymously, and no personally identifiable information was disclosed. The study was registered under the Clinical Trials Registration Number NCT06624527 and financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK) under project number 323S282. In accordance with ethical responsibility, the CBT-based psychoeducation program was also offered to the control group after August 29, 2024.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"342"}}