{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:10:34Z","timestamp":1788455434863,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China for Later-Stage Projects","award":["23FTYA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23FTYA005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04123-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T02:56:18Z","timestamp":1771210578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The impact of empowering motivational climate in physical education on secondary school students\u2019 life skills: a self-system model of motivational development"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuancheng","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4123_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2007.11.002","volume":"18","author":"M Goudas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goudas M, Giannoudis G. A team-sports-based life-skills program in a physical education context. Learn Instr. 2008;18(6):528\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2007.11.002.","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"key":"4123_CR2","volume-title":"Curriculum standards for physical education and health in compulsory education","author":"The Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2022","unstructured":"The Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Curriculum standards for physical education and health in compulsory education. 2022nd ed. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press; 2022.","edition":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"4123_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2020.1792583","volume":"34","author":"C Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams C, Neil R, Cropley B, Woodman T, Roberts R. A systematic review of sport-based life skills programs for young people: the quality of design and evaluation methods. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2022;34(2):409\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10413200.2020.1792583.","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hodge K, Danish S. Promoting life skills for adolescent males through sport. In: Arthur AMH, Mark MSK, editors. Handbook of counseling boys and adolescent males: a practitioner\u2019s guide. SAGE Publications; 1999. pp. 55\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781452220390.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452220390"},{"key":"4123_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.14104\/j.cnki.1006-2076.2022.06.009","volume":"6","author":"X Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji X, Cheng C, Xu J. Paying attention to life skills: a new way for the development of school physical education. J Shandong Sport Univ. 2022;6:74\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14104\/j.cnki.1006-2076.2022.06.009.","journal-title":"J Shandong Sport Univ"},{"key":"4123_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2016.11.001","volume":"28","author":"LD Cronin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cronin LD, Allen J. Development and initial validation of the Life Skills Scale for Sport. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2017;28:105\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2016.11.001.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4123_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2017.1371684","volume":"23","author":"LD Cronin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cronin LD, Allen J, Mulvenna C, Russell P. An investigation of the relationships between the teaching climate, students\u2019 perceived life skills development and well-being within physical education. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy. 2018;23(2):181\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17408989.2017.1371684.","journal-title":"Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy"},{"issue":"3","key":"4123_CR8","first-page":"298","volume":"7","author":"D Gould","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gould D, Carson S. The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and developmental benefits of high school sports participation. Hellen J Psychol. 2010;7(3):298\u2013314.","journal-title":"Hellen J Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1232849","volume":"14","author":"S Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng S, Ji X, Cheng L, Xu J, Cronin LD. Perceptions of the motivational climate, basic psychological needs, and life skills development in Chinese physical education students. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1232849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1232849.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR10","first-page":"287","volume":"18","author":"J Bae","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bae J, Lim T, Wang Q, O\u2019Sullivan DM. The structural relationship among perceived positive and negative parenting attitude, life skills, and transfer of Chinese student-athletes. ARCH BUDO. 2022;18:287\u201397.","journal-title":"ARCH BUDO"},{"issue":"3","key":"4123_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541231217368","volume":"19","author":"J Bae","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bae J, Lim T, O\u2019Sullivan DM. The role of sport coaches on student-athletes\u2019 life skills development and transfer: using multilevel model analysis. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2024;19(3):944\u201355.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"issue":"8","key":"4123_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2022.2028507","volume":"40","author":"L Cronin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cronin L, Ellison P, Allen J, Huntley E, Johnson L, Kosteli MC, et al. A self-determination theory based investigation of life skills development in youth sport. J Sports Sci. 2022;40(8):886\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2022.2028507.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"21","key":"4123_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1939980","volume":"39","author":"GJ Mossman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mossman GJ, Robertson C, Williamson B, Cronin L. Coaches, parents, or peers: who has the greatest influence on sports participants\u2019 life skills development? J Sports Sci. 2021;39(21):2475\u201384.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4123_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1123\/ssj.2018-0162","volume":"37","author":"R Allison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allison R. Learning to lead? Race and perceived effects of college on life skill development among sportswomen. Sociol Sport J. 2020;37(1):57\u201367.","journal-title":"Sociol Sport J"},{"issue":"5","key":"4123_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954119869542","volume":"14","author":"M Camir\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Camir\u00e9 M, Rathwell S, Turgeon S, Kendellen K. Coach\u2013athlete relationships, basic psychological needs satisfaction and thwarting, and the teaching of life skills in Canadian high school sport. Int J Sports Sci Coach. 2019;14(5):591\u2013606.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach"},{"key":"4123_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramers S, Turgeon S, Bean C, Sabourin C, Camir\u00e9 M. Examining the roles of coaching experience and coach training on coaches\u2019 perceived life skills teaching. Int J Sports Sci Coaching. 2020;15(4):576\u201383.","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954120922367"},{"issue":"3","key":"4123_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1123\/iscj.2023-0091","volume":"12","author":"S Pierce","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pierce S, O\u2019Neil L, Camir\u00e9 M, Bean C, Rathwell S. Examining the relationship between perceived coaching approaches for life skills development and life skills outcomes for high school athletes. Int Sport Coach J. 2025;12(3):422\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/iscj.2023-0091.","journal-title":"Int Sport Coach J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4123_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5565\/rev\/qpsicologia.2051","volume":"26","author":"GLM Freire","year":"2024","unstructured":"Freire GLM, Cronin LD, Jowett S, Costa NLG, Fiorese L, do Nascimento Junior JRA. Coach-athlete relationships and life skills development among Brazilian handball players: a prospective study. Quad Psicol. 2024;26(1):e2051-e2051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5565\/rev\/qpsicologia.2051.","journal-title":"Quad Psicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4123_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2021.1907764","volume":"20","author":"JRDAD Nascimento Junior","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nascimento Junior JRDAD, Freire GLM, Moraes JFVND, Fortes LDS, Oliveira DVD, Cronin LD. Does life skills development within sport predict the social behaviours and sports values of youth futsal players? Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2022;20(3):981\u201395.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4123_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125211000860","volume":"128","author":"JRAD Nascimento Junior","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nascimento Junior JRAD, Freire GLM, Quinaud RT, Oliveira DVD, Cronin LD. Life skills development through sport in Brazil: a study based on self-determination theory. Percept Mot Skills. 2021;128(3):1017\u201336.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"2","key":"4123_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.17979\/sportis.2024.10.2.10259","volume":"10","author":"V Ortiz-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ortiz-Rodr\u00edguez V, Vergara-Torres AP, Ram\u00edrez-Nava R, L\u00f3pez-Walle JM, Huerta-L\u00f3pez E, Trist\u00e1n J. Las habilidades para la vida en futuros profesores de educaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica y entrenadores deportivos: un estudio bajo la Teor\u00eda de la Autodeterminaci\u00f3n. Sportis Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity. 2024;10(2):261\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17979\/sportis.2024.10.2.10259.","journal-title":"Sportis Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity"},{"key":"4123_CR22","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Self processes and development","author":"JP Connell","year":"1991","unstructured":"Connell JP, Wellborn JG. Competence, autonomy, and relatedness: a motivational analysis of self-system processes. In: Gunnar MR, Sroufe LA, editors. Self processes and development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc; 1991. p. 43\u201377."},{"key":"4123_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2677-0_14","volume-title":"Handbook of children\u2019s coping: Linking theory and intervention","author":"EA Skinner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Skinner EA, Wellborn JG. Children\u2019s coping in the academic domain. In: Wolchik SA, Sandler IN, editors. Handbook of children\u2019s coping: Linking theory and intervention. Boston, MA: Springer, US; 1997. p. 387\u2013422."},{"issue":"4","key":"4123_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012840","volume":"100","author":"E Skinner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Skinner E, Furrer C, Marchand G, Kindermann T. Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: part of a larger motivational dynamic? J Educ Psychol. 2008;100(4):765\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0012840.","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2018.04.07","volume":"4","author":"M Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang M, Wang M, Wang J. Interparental conflict compromises adolescents\u2019 academic achievement: the indirect roles of effortful control and classroom engagement. Psychol Dev Educ. 2018;4:434\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2018.04.07.","journal-title":"Psychol Dev Educ"},{"key":"4123_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1323713","volume":"15","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Luo W, Liao X, Zhao P. Exploring the effect of teacher autonomy support on Chinese EFL undergraduates\u2019 academic English speaking performance through the mediation of basic psychological needs and classroom engagement. Front Psychol. 2024;15:1323713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1323713.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2018.06.002","volume":"65","author":"V Kurdi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kurdi V, Archambault I, Briere FN, Turgeon L. Need-supportive teaching practices and student-perceived need fulfillment in low socioeconomic status elementary schools: the moderating effect of anxiety and academic achievement. Learn Individ Differ. 2018;65:218\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2018.06.002.","journal-title":"Learn Individ Differ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4123_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.10.3.289","volume":"10","author":"R Bailey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bailey R, Hillman C, Arent S, Petitpas A. Physical activity: an underestimated investment in human capital? J Phys Act Health. 2013;10(3):289\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.10.3.289.","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4123_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2014-0045","volume":"29","author":"LD Cronin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cronin LD, Allen JB. Developmental experiences and well-being in sport: the importance of the coaching climate. Sport Psychol. 2015;29(1):62\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/tsp.2014-0045.","journal-title":"Sport Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4123_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095324","volume":"19","author":"X Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji X, Zheng S, Cheng C, Cheng L, Cronin L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the life skills scale for physical education. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095324.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4123_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2013.839414","volume":"11","author":"JL Duda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duda JL. The conceptual and empirical foundations of Empowering Coaching\u2122: setting the stage for the PAPA project. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2013;11(4):311\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197X.2013.839414.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2015.05.008","volume":"22","author":"PR Appleton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Appleton PR, Ntoumanis N, Quested E, Viladrich C, Duda JL. Initial validation of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C). Psychol Sport Exerc. 2016;22:53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2015.05.008.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"4123_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.752702","volume":"12","author":"KL Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo KL, Ma QS, Yao SJ, Liu C, Hui Z. The relationship between empowering motivational climate in physical education and social responsibility of high school students: chain mediating effect test. Front Psychol. 2022;12:752702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.752702.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.854279","volume":"13","author":"K Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo K, Ma Q, Yao S, Liu C, Hui Z, Chen H, et al. The relationship between empowering motivational climate in physical education and social adaptation of senior high school students: an analysis of chain mediating effect. Front Psychol. 2022;13:854279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.854279.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4123_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2010.529901","volume":"24","author":"A Cann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cann A, Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG, Triplett KN, Vishnevsky T, Lindstrom CM. Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: the Event Related Rumination Inventory. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2011;24(2):137\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615806.2010.529901.","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"issue":"3","key":"4123_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7503_04","volume":"75","author":"M Conway","year":"2000","unstructured":"Conway M, Csank PA, Holm SL, Blake CK. On assessing individual differences in rumination on sadness. J Pers Assess. 2000;75(3):404\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327752JPA7503_04.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"4123_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.4.569","volume":"100","author":"S Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):569\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.100.4.569.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luminet O. Measurement of depressive rumination and associated constructs. In: Papageorgiou, Wells A, editors. Depressive rumination: nature, theory, and treatment. Wiley; 2003. pp. 185\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470713853.ch10.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470713853.ch10"},{"key":"4123_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.13297\/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.2018.05.011","volume":"5","author":"B Dong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dong B, Mao L. Core beliefs, deliberate rumination, and exercise adherence of undergraduate: the moderated mediating effect of exercise atmosphere. J Tianjin Univ Sport. 2018;5:441\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13297\/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.2018.05.011.","journal-title":"J Tianjin Univ Sport"},{"key":"4123_CR40","unstructured":"Xian J, Liu B. The influence of physical exercise atmosphere on college students\u2019 academic pressure: the mediating effect of rumination [Paper presentation]. The 13th National Sports Science Conference: Special Reports, Tianjin, China. 2023. https:\/\/link.cnki.net\/doi\/."},{"key":"4123_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.14104\/j.cnki.1006-2076.2024.02.013","volume":"2","author":"W Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang W, Li Y, Gao Y. The impact of self-efficacy on college students\u2019 physical education learning engagement: moderated mediating effect. J Shandong Sport Univ. 2024;2:115\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14104\/j.cnki.1006-2076.2024.02.013.","journal-title":"J Shandong Sport Univ"},{"issue":"6","key":"4123_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22875","volume":"35","author":"N Allen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Allen N, Hevey D, Cogley C, O\u2019Keeffe F. A meta\u2010analysis of the association between event\u2010related rumination and posttraumatic growth: the event\u2010related rumination inventory and the posttraumatic growth inventory. J Trauma Stress. 2022;35(6):1575\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22875.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"4123_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2020.07.005","volume":"14","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Jiang TT, Shi TY. The relationship among rumination, coping strategies, and subjective well-being in Chinese patients with breast cancer: a cross-sectional study. Asian Nurs Res. 2020;14(4):206\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anr.2020.07.005.","journal-title":"Asian Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4123_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2022.64","volume":"34","author":"C Min","year":"2022","unstructured":"Min C, Yao J. Effect of positive rumination-based sports prescription on the mental health of teenagers. Psychiatr Danub. 2022;34(1):64\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24869\/psyd.2022.64.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"issue":"5","key":"4123_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022102033005003","volume":"33","author":"WB Schaufeli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schaufeli WB, Martinez IM, Pinto AM, Salanova M, Bakker AB. Burnout and engagement in university students: a cross-national study. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2002;33(5):464\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022022102033005003.","journal-title":"J Cross Cult Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR46","unstructured":"Zhang Y. Academic burnout, academic engagement, and their influencing factors among college students [Master\u2019s thesis, Peking University]. Institutional Repository of Peking University; 2005."},{"key":"4123_CR47","first-page":"81","volume":"1","author":"S Ni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ni S, Wu X. Learning engagement: concepts, measurement, and related variables. Psychol Res. 2011;1:81\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"4123_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15942\/j.jcsu.2023.02.001","volume":"2","author":"Y Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang Y, Ma X. A model of physical education engagement from the perspective of physical activity intensity and its differences across educational stages. J Chengdu Sport Univ. 2023;2:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15942\/j.jcsu.2023.02.001.","journal-title":"J Chengdu Sport Univ"},{"key":"4123_CR49","first-page":"24","volume":"3","author":"X Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei X, Zhou Y, Qian Y. A study on the relationship between class psychological environment and junior secondary school students\u2019 learning motivation. Teaching & Administration. 2019;3:24\u20137.","journal-title":"Teaching & Administration"},{"key":"4123_CR50","first-page":"35","volume":"5","author":"D Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang D, Cui Y, Wu X, Wang D, Zhao Q. Can autonomy-supportive teaching promote students\u2019 learning engagement?: an exploration based on subject teaching experiments. CURRICULUM & INSTRUCTION. 2018;5:35\u20138.","journal-title":"CURRICULUM & INSTRUCTION"},{"key":"4123_CR51","unstructured":"Rhodes HJ. Confronting the challenges of student engagement: a case study of a school-based intervention [Doctoral dissertation, Pardee Rand Graduate School]. RAND; 2007. https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/rgs_dissertations\/RGSD218.html."},{"issue":"1","key":"4123_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.143.1.5-27","volume":"143","author":"JP Steele","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steele JP, Fullagar CJ. Facilitators and outcomes of student engagement in a college setting. J Psychol. 2009;143(1):5\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JRLP.143.1.5-27.","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4123_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.143.1.91-112","volume":"143","author":"AJ Wefald","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wefald AJ, Downey RG. Construct dimensionality of engagement and its relation with satisfaction. J Psychol. 2009;143(1):91\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JRLP.143.1.91-112.","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4123_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.23125","volume":"61","author":"W Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang W, Wang X, Li S, Ma T, Liu MN, Sun H. The relationship between emotional interaction and learning engagement in online collaborative learning: moderated mediating effect. Psychol Sch. 2024;61(4):1549\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.23125.","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"issue":"6","key":"4123_CR55","first-page":"618","volume":"16","author":"L Fang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fang L, Shi K, Zhang F. Research on reliability and validity of Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-student. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2008;16(6):618\u201320.","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR56","first-page":"30","volume":"4","author":"P Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang P, Liu J. Prediction of personal and social responsibility by psychological environment in physical education: mediating effect of basic psychological needs. J Shenyang Sport Univ. 2020;4:30\u20136.","journal-title":"J Shenyang Sport Univ"},{"key":"4123_CR57","first-page":"831","volume":"9","author":"C Dong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dong C, Gong S, Liu X. Reliability and validity of the simplified Chinese Version of Event Related Rumination Inventory among accidentally injured patients. Chin J Nurs. 2013;9:831\u20134.","journal-title":"Chin J Nurs"},{"key":"4123_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.16237\/j.cnki.cn44-1404\/g8.20200115.001","volume":"2","author":"B Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang B, Tang Y, Hu X, Zhang J. Relationships between basic psychological need, scenario interest, and junior high school students\u2019 physical education classroom learning involvement. J Phys Educ. 2020;2:129\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16237\/j.cnki.cn44-1404\/g8.20200115.001.","journal-title":"J Phys Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"4123_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee J-Y, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5):879\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR60","first-page":"1859","volume":"12","author":"Y Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu Y, Wen Z. Item parceling strategies in structural equation modeling. Adv Psychol Sci. 2011;12:1859\u201367.","journal-title":"Adv Psychol Sci"},{"key":"4123_CR61","volume-title":"Mplus statistical modeling software: release 7.0","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus statistical modeling software: release 7.0. Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 2012."},{"issue":"3","key":"4123_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-021-00561-1","volume":"37","author":"W Nouwen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nouwen W, Clycq N, Struyf A, Donche V. The role of work-based learning for student engagement in vocational education and training: an application of the self-system model of motivational development. Eur J Psychol Educ. 2022;37(3):877\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-021-00561-1.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Educ"},{"key":"4123_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.05.003","volume":"44","author":"L Cronin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cronin L, Marchant D, Allen J, Mulvenna C, Cullen D, Williams G, et al. Students\u2019 perceptions of autonomy-supportive versus controlling teaching and basic need satisfaction versus frustration in relation to life skills development in PE. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2019;44:79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.05.003.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"4123_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101711","volume":"49","author":"L Cronin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cronin L, Marchant D, Johnson L, Huntley E, Kosteli MC, Varga J, et al. Life skills development in physical education: a self-determination theory-based investigation across the school term. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2020;49:101711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2020.101711.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"4123_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2015.06.001","volume":"22","author":"J De Meyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Meyer J, Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M, Aelterman N, Van Petegem S, Haerens L. Do students with different motives for physical education respond differently to autonomy-supportive and controlling teaching? Psychol Sport Exerc. 2016;22:72\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2015.06.001.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"key":"4123_CR66","first-page":"327","volume-title":"Student perceptions in the classroom","author":"C Ames","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ames C. Achievement goals and the classroom motivational climate. In: Schunk DH, Meece JL, editors. Student perceptions in the classroom. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1992. p. 327\u201348."},{"issue":"4","key":"4123_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2011.00482.x","volume":"61","author":"CN Maro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maro CN, Roberts G. Combating HIV\/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: effect of introducing a mastery motivational climate in a community-based programme. Appl Psychol. 2012;61(4):699\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2011.00482.x.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol"},{"key":"4123_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2023.06.003","volume":"62","author":"XY Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou XY, Li YM, Su JK, Wang YF, Su J, Yang QH. Effects of posttraumatic growth on psychosocial adjustment in young and middle-aged patients with acute myocardial infarction: the mediating role of rumination. Heart Lung. 2023;62:81\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2023.06.003.","journal-title":"Heart Lung"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04123-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04123-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04123-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:37:10Z","timestamp":1774355830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04123-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04123-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The study methodology was carried out following approved guidelines. There is no need for additional ethics approval for the approved data users.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"402"}}