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Thus, using a prospective birth cohort, we examined the longitudinal relationship between hyperactivity\/inattention problems and bedtime irregularity among children aged 5\u201311 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We made use of a nationally representative British birth cohort (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915430). Parents reported their children\u2019s hyperactivity\/inattention symptoms and bedtime irregularity when the children were aged 5, 7 and 11 years. Data were analyzed using the cross-lagged autoregressive model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hyperactivity\/inattention symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      s = 0.74,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s &lt; 0.001) and bedtime irregularity (0.35\u2009\u2264\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      s \u2264 0.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s &lt; 0.001) remained stable across the 6-year period. Hyperactivity\/inattention symptoms and bedtime irregularity consistently predicted each other over time (0.02\u2009\u2264\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      s \u2264 0.05,\n                      <jats:italic>ps &lt; .<\/jats:italic>\n                      05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings supported a small, yet statistically significant bidirectional relationship between hyperactivity\/inattention symptoms and bedtime irregularity during childhood. Findings are consistent with the possibility that regularising bedtime may be associated with improvements on children\u2019s hyperactivity\/inattention behaviour. Targeting both hyperactivity\/inattention symptoms and bedtime irregularity might be a better approach to optimise overall functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04192-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:04:23Z","timestamp":1773025463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The bidirectional relationship between children\u2019s bedtime irregularity &amp; hyperactivity\/inattention symptoms: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kin Ho Alan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark Lawrence","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4192_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.004","volume":"34","author":"SP Becker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Becker SP, Sidol CA, Van Dyk TR, Epstein JN, Beebe DW. 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