{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:40:05Z","timestamp":1775043605111,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Project","award":["JJKH20261092SK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20261092SK"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Education","award":["JJKH20250770SK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20250770SK"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010747","name":"Jilin University of Finance and Economics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZK006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZK006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Following a series of major ethical scandals in various organizations, researchers have increasingly sought to understand the role of ethical voice in the workplace. Existing ethical voice research centres on leadership-focused models and overlooks the individual psychological mechanisms connecting traits to ethical voice, creating a key gap in understanding the micro-foundations of such behaviour. The results of a longitudinal field study featuring 453 participants from one Chinese firm were used to investigate the model hypothesized in this research. The results reveal that employee mindfulness has a positive effect on ethical voice via moral self-efficacy and moral courage. Moreover, a caring ethical climate strengthens the relationship between mindfulness and ethical voice via moral self-efficacy and moral courage. The findings of this study contribute to the literature on both mindfulness and ethical voice. The findings of this research also have important practical implications for organizations, which can enable them to develop more appropriate human resource management strategies that can promote ethical voice in the workplace; these findings also offer guidance regarding how to manage this entire process effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04206-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:25:19Z","timestamp":1772101519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does mindfulness help employees express ethical voice? a moderated mediation model of mindfulness and ethical voice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kaixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zilong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12216","volume":"74","author":"S Hassan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hassan S, Wright BE, Yukl G. Does ethical leadership matter in government? Effects on organizational commitment, absenteeism, and willingness to report ethical problems. Public Adm Rev. 2014;74(3):333\u201343.","journal-title":"Public Adm Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"4206_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2015.1103890","volume":"18","author":"J Thaler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thaler J, Helmig B. Do codes of conduct and ethical leadership influence public employees\u2019 attitudes and behaviours? An experimental analysis. Public Manag Rev. 2016;18(9):1365\u201399.","journal-title":"Public Manag Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2008.0276","volume":"55","author":"DM Mayer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mayer DM, Aquino K, Greenbaum RL, Kuenzi M. Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership. Acad Manag J. 2012;55(1):151\u201371.","journal-title":"Acad Manag J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2013.0358","volume":"40","author":"R Fehr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fehr R, Yam KC, Dang C. Moralized leadership: the construction and consequences of ethical leader perceptions. Acad Manag Rev. 2015;40(2):182\u2013209.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2016.0121","volume":"13","author":"GJ Lemoine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lemoine GJ, Hartnell CA, Leroy H. Taking stock of moral approaches to leadership: an integrative review of ethical, authentic, and servant leadership. Acad Manag Ann. 2019;13(1):148\u201387.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Ann"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2307\/258791","volume":"20","author":"JP Near","year":"1995","unstructured":"Near JP, Miceli MP. Effective-whistle blowing. Acad Manag Rev. 1995;20(3):679\u2013708.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"key":"4206_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tams C, Gentile MC. Giving voice to values: responsible management as facilitation of ethical voice. In: Research handbook of responsible management. edn. Edited by Laasch O, Jamali D, Freeman RE, Suddaby R. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2020: 532\u2013548.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781788971966.00045"},{"issue":"6","key":"4206_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.83.6.853","volume":"83","author":"JA LePine","year":"1998","unstructured":"LePine JA, Van Dyne L. Predicting voice behavior in work groups. J Appl Psychol. 1998;83(6):853\u201368.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2582","volume":"43","author":"MT Babalola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Babalola MT, Garcia PRJM, Ren S, Ogunfowora B, Gok K. Stronger together: understanding when and why group ethical voice inhibits group abusive supervision. J Organ Behav. 2022;43(3):386\u2013409.","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR10","first-page":"1157","volume":"43","author":"L Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang L, Paterson TA. Group ethical voice: influence of ethical leadership and impact on ethical performance. J Manag. 2017;43(4):1157\u201384.","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR11","first-page":"973","volume":"48","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Epitropaki O, Graham L, Caveney N. Ethical leadership and ethical voice: the mediating mechanisms of value internalization and integrity identity. J Manag. 2022;48(4):973\u20131002.","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-120920-054654","volume":"10","author":"EW Morrison","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morrison EW. Employee voice and silence: taking stock a decade later. Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav. 2023;10(1):79\u2013107.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/10478400701703344","volume":"18","author":"KW Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown KW, Ryan RM, Creswell JD. Addressing fundamental questions about mindfulness. Psychol Inq. 2007;18(4):272\u201381.","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-011-0057-2","volume":"2","author":"DS Black","year":"2011","unstructured":"Black DS, Semple RJ, Pokhrel P, Grenard JL. Component Processes of Executive Function-Mindfulness, Self-control, and Working Memory-and Their Relationships with Mental and Behavioral Health. Mindfulness (N Y). 2011;2(3):179\u201385.","journal-title":"Mindfulness (N Y)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR15","first-page":"114","volume":"42","author":"DJ Good","year":"2016","unstructured":"Good DJ, Lyddy CJ, Glomb TM, Bono JE, Brown KW, Duffy MK, Baer RA, Brewer JA, Lazar SW. Contemplating mindfulness at work. J Manag. 2016;42(1):114\u201342.","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"11","key":"4206_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01478-4","volume":"11","author":"Q Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao Q, Hu C, Wang T. Mindfulness practice makes moral people more moral. Mindfulness. 2020;11(11):2639\u201350.","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4206_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2003.11.001","volume":"34","author":"GH Eifert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eifert GH, Heffner M. The effects of acceptance versus control contexts on avoidance of panic-related symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2003;34(3\u20134):293\u2013312.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(04)80018-2","volume":"35","author":"JT Levitt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Levitt JT, Brown TA, Orsillo SM, Barlow DH. The effects of acceptance versus suppression of emotion on subjective and psychophysiological response to carbon dioxide challenge in patients with panic disorder. Behav Ther. 2004;35(4):747\u201366.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"S1","key":"4206_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-011-0796-y","volume":"95","author":"NE Ruedy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruedy NE, Schweitzer ME. In the moment: the effect of mindfulness on ethical decision making. J Bus Ethics. 2010;95(S1):73\u201387.","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4206_CR20","first-page":"784","volume":"33","author":"L Murillo-Ramos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Murillo-Ramos L, Huertas-Valdivia I, Garc\u00eda-Mui\u00f1a FE. Green human resource management in hospitality: nurturing green voice behaviors through passion and mindfulness. J Hosp Mark Manag. 2024;33(6):784\u2013806.","journal-title":"J Hosp Mark Manag"},{"issue":"19","key":"4206_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17561","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-05691-5","volume":"43","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Chen H, Ni D, Cao C. Impact of employee trait mindfulness on constructive voice from the perspective of self-verification. Curr Psychol. 2024;43(19):17561\u201376.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4206_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0001003","volume":"107","author":"A Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen A, Trevino LK. Promotive and prohibitive ethical voice: coworker emotions and support for the voice. J Appl Psychol. 2022;107(11):1973\u201394.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.2307\/258867","volume":"16","author":"TM Jones","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jones TM. Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: an issue-contingent model. Acad Manag Rev. 1991;16(2):366\u201395.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2886-8","volume":"139","author":"MS Schwartz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schwartz MS. Ethical decision-making theory: an integrated approach. J Bus Ethics. 2016;139(4):755\u201376.","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000353","volume":"104","author":"BP Owens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Owens BP, Yam KC, Bednar JS, Mao J, Hart DW. The impact of leader moral humility on follower moral self-efficacy and behavior. J Appl Psychol. 2019;104(1):146\u201363.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR26","first-page":"436","volume":"35","author":"D Fr\u00f6mmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6mmer D, Hollnagel G, Franke-Bartholdt L, Strobel A, Wegge J. Linking authentic leadership, moral voice and silence\u2014A serial mediation model comprising follower constructive cognition and moral efficacy. Ger J Hum Resour Manag. 2021;35(4):436\u201366.","journal-title":"Ger J Hum Resour Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2015.03.003","volume":"4","author":"RJ Kohlenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kohlenberg RJ, Tsai M, Kuczynski AM, Rae JR, Lagbas E, Lo J, Kanter JW. A brief, interpersonally oriented mindfulness intervention incorporating Functional Analytic Psychotherapy\u05f3s model of awareness, courage and love. J Context Behav Sci. 2015;4(2):107\u201311.","journal-title":"J Context Behav Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-07-2021-0350","volume":"43","author":"FAH Alshehri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alshehri FAH, Elsaied M. The mediating effect of moral courage in the relationship between virtuous leadership and moral voice. Leadersh Organ Dev J. 2022;43(2):315\u201330.","journal-title":"Leadersh Organ Dev J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/2392857","volume":"33","author":"B Victor","year":"1988","unstructured":"Victor B, Cullen JB. The organizational bases of ethical work climates. Adm Sci Q. 1988;33(1):101\u201325.","journal-title":"Adm Sci Q"},{"issue":"8","key":"4206_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0001075","volume":"108","author":"A Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen A, Trevino LK. The consequences of ethical voice inside the organization: an integrative review. J Appl Psychol. 2023;108(8):1316\u201335.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2689-y","volume":"141","author":"D Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee D, Choi Y, Youn S, Chun JU. Ethical leadership and employee moral voice: the mediating role of moral efficacy and the moderating role of leader\u2013follower value congruence. J Bus Ethics. 2017;141(1):47\u201357.","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","volume":"84","author":"KW Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(4):822\u201348.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"4206_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.1","volume":"52","author":"A Bandura","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bandura A. Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:1\u201326.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bph077","volume":"11","author":"SR Bishop","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, Segal ZV, Abbey S, Speca M, Velting D, et al. Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2004;11(3):230\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"4206_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111363","volume":"186","author":"PK Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma PK, Kumra R. Relationship between mindfulness, depression, anxiety and stress: mediating role of self-efficacy. Pers Individ Differ. 2022;186:111363.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-013-0247-1","volume":"6","author":"CK Soysa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soysa CK, Wilcomb CJ. Mindfulness, self-compassion, self-efficacy, and gender as predictors of depression, anxiety, stress, and well-being. Mindfulness. 2015;6(2):217\u201326.","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"4206_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00296","volume":"6","author":"DR Vago","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vago DR, Silbersweig DA. Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): a framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012;6:296.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-012-0190-6","volume":"5","author":"CM Luberto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luberto CM, Cotton S, McLeish AC, Mingione CJ, O\u2019Bryan EM. Mindfulness skills and emotion regulation: the mediating role of coping self-efficacy. Mindfulness. 2014;5(4):373\u201380.","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3200\/SOCP.149.4.425-449","volume":"149","author":"JI De Groot","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Groot JI, Steg L. Morality and prosocial behavior: the role of awareness, responsibility, and norms in the norm activation model. J Soc Psychol. 2009;149(4):425\u201349.","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"4206_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osswald S, Greitemeyer T, Fischer P, Frey D. What is moral courage? Definition, explication, and classification of a complex construct. In: The psychology of courage: modern research on an ancient virtue. edn. Edited by Pury C, Lopez S. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2010: 149\u2013164.","DOI":"10.1037\/12168-008"},{"key":"4206_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1037\/10612-012","volume-title":"Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures","author":"SJ Lopez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lopez SJ, O\u2019Byrne KK, Petersen S. Profiling courage. Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures. edn. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2003. pp. 185\u201397."},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20327","volume":"36","author":"A Borders","year":"2010","unstructured":"Borders A, Earleywine M, Jajodia A. Could mindfulness decrease anger, hostility, and aggression by decreasing rumination? Aggress Behav. 2010;36(1):28\u201344.","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031313","volume":"98","author":"UR H\u00fclsheger","year":"2013","unstructured":"H\u00fclsheger UR, Alberts HJEM, Feinholdt A, Lang JWB. Benefits of mindfulness at work: the role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. J Appl Psychol. 2013;98(2):310\u201325.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2942","volume":"36","author":"M Bellosta-Batalla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bellosta-Batalla M, Blanco-Gandia MDC, Rodriguez-Arias M, Cebolla A, Perez-Blasco J, Moya-Albiol L. Brief mindfulness session improves mood and increases salivary oxytocin in psychology students. Stress Health. 2020;36(4):469\u201377.","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"4206_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.10.016","volume":"28","author":"J Thupten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thupten J. The question of mindfulness\u2019 connection with ethics and compassion. Curr Opin Psychol. 2019;28:71\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR46","first-page":"3504","volume":"13","author":"N Sutthirat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutthirat N, Pettongma PWC, Thepa PCA. Buddhism moral courage approach on fear, ethical conduct and karma. Resmilitaris. 2023;13(3):3504\u201316.","journal-title":"Resmilitaris"},{"key":"4206_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.012","volume":"65","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baumeister RF. Self-regulation, ego depletion, and inhibition. Neuropsychologia. 2014;65:313\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.5840\/beq201121436","volume":"21","author":"ST Hannah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hannah ST, Avolio BJ, Walumbwa FO. Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviors. Bus Ethics Q. 2011;21(4):555\u201378.","journal-title":"Bus Ethics Q"},{"key":"4206_CR49","unstructured":"Cote TA. Catalyst for courage: college athletes\u2019 experience participating in a mindfulness and self-compassion intervention. Doctoral Dissertation. Boston University; 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2307\/258770","volume":"17","author":"ME Gist","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gist ME, Mitchell TR. Self-efficacy: a theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Acad Manag Rev. 1992;17(2):183\u2013211.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520.2011.574506","volume":"5","author":"EW Morrison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morrison EW. Employee voice behavior: integration and directions for future research. Acad Manag Ann. 2011;5(1):373\u2013412.","journal-title":"Acad Manag Ann"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR52","first-page":"827","volume":"36","author":"SK Parker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parker SK, Bindl UK, Strauss K. Making things happen: a model of proactive motivation. J Manag. 2010;36(4):827\u201356.","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2307\/2393565","volume":"34","author":"MJ Withey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Withey MJ, Cooper WH. Predicting exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Adm Sci Q. 1989;34(4):521\u201339.","journal-title":"Adm Sci Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1348\/096317907X180360","volume":"80","author":"S Ohly","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ohly S, Fritz C. Challenging the status quo: what motivates proactive behaviour? J Occup Organ Psychol. 2007;80(4):623\u20139.","journal-title":"J Occup Organ Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.91.3.636","volume":"91","author":"SK Parker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parker SK, Williams HM, Turner N. Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. J Appl Psychol. 2006;91(3):636\u201352.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022283","volume":"62","author":"ST Hannah","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hannah ST, Avolio BJ. Moral potency: building the capacity for character-based leadership. Consult Psychol J Pract Res. 2010;62(4):291\u2013310.","journal-title":"Consult Psychol J Pract Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760701228755","volume":"2","author":"CR Rate","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rate CR, Clarke JA, Lindsay DR, Sternberg RJ. Implicit theories of courage. J Posit Psychol. 2007;2(2):80\u201398.","journal-title":"J Posit Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR58","first-page":"54","volume":"80","author":"JE Dutton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dutton JE, Frost PJ, Worline MC, Lilius JM, Kanov JM. Leading in times of trauma. Harvard Business Rev. 2002;80(1):54\u201361.","journal-title":"Harvard Business Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8608.2007.00484.x","volume":"16","author":"LE Sekerka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sekerka LE, Bagozzi RP. Moral courage in the workplace: moving to and from the desire and decision to act. Bus Ethics Eur Rev. 2007;16(2):132\u201349.","journal-title":"Bus Ethics Eur Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-004-6713-x","volume":"57","author":"DL Kidder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kidder DL. Is it \u2018who I am\u2019, \u2018what I can get away with\u2019, or \u2018what you\u2019ve done to me\u2019? A multi-theory examination of employee misconduct. J Bus Ethics. 2005;57(4):389\u201398.","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-008-0017-5","volume":"89","author":"LE Sekerka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sekerka LE, Bagozzi RP, Charnigo R. Facing ethical challenges in the workplace: conceptualizing and measuring professional moral courage. J Bus Ethics. 2009;89(4):565\u201379.","journal-title":"J Bus Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR62","first-page":"252","volume":"16","author":"S Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu S, Van Hoof H, Serrano AL, Fernandez L, Ullauri N. The role of coworker support in the relationship between moral efficacy and voice behavior: the case of hospitality students in Ecuador. J Hum Resour Hosp Tour. 2017;16(3):252\u201369.","journal-title":"J Hum Resour Hosp Tour"},{"key":"4206_CR63","volume-title":"Character strengths and virtues: a handbook and classification","author":"C Peterson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peterson C. Character strengths and virtues: a handbook and classification. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2004."},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2307\/3857536","volume":"2","author":"RC Solomon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Solomon RC. Corporate roles, personal virtues: an aristotelean approach to business ethics. Bus Ethics Q. 1992;2(3):317\u201339.","journal-title":"Bus Ethics Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1108\/PRR-08-2018-0024","volume":"3","author":"AMS Mostafa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mostafa AMS. Abusive supervision and moral courage: does moral efficacy matter? PSU Res Rev. 2019;3(2):145\u201355.","journal-title":"PSU Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4206_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-05-2019-0132","volume":"32","author":"TJ Vogus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogus TJ, McClelland LE, Lee YSH, McFadden KL, Hu X. Creating a compassion system to achieve efficiency and quality in health care delivery. J Serv Manag. 2021;32(4):560\u201380.","journal-title":"J Serv Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR67","first-page":"443","volume":"46","author":"C Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li C, Liang J, Farh JL. Speaking up when water is murky: an uncertainty-based model linking perceived organizational politics to employee voice. J Manag. 2020;46(3):443\u201369.","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-019-09658-3","volume":"36","author":"KY Kao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kao KY, Thomas CL, Spitzmueller C, Huang YH. Being present in enhancing safety: examining the effects of workplace mindfulness, safety behaviors, and safety climate on safety outcomes. J Bus Psychol. 2021;36(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Bus Psychol"},{"key":"4206_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102846","volume":"94","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang X, Wen X, Pa\u015famehmeto\u011flu A, Guchait P. Hospitality employee\u2019s mindfulness and its impact on creativity and customer satisfaction: the moderating role of organizational error tolerance. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;94:102846.","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"key":"4206_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, Podsakoff NP, Williams LJ, Huang C, Yang J: Common Method Bias: It\u2019s Bad, It\u2019s Complex, It\u2019s Widespread, and It\u2019s Not Easy to Fix. 2024, 11(Volume 11, 2024):17\u201361.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-110721-040030"},{"key":"4206_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brislin RW. Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. 1970, 1(3):185\u2013216.","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301"},{"key":"4206_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornell C, Larcker DFJJ. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res. 1981;18(1):39\u201350.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104"},{"key":"4206_CR73","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; 2013."},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020141","volume":"15","author":"KJ Preacher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Preacher KJ, Zyphur MJ, Zhang Z. A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychol Methods. 2010;15(3):209\u201333.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.1","volume":"12","author":"JR Edwards","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edwards JR, Lambert LS. Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychol Methods. 2007;12(1):1\u201322.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"4206_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai X, Li F, Leung K. A Monte Carlo Study of the Effects of Common Method Variance on Significance Testing and Parameter Bias in Hierarchical Linear Modeling. 2013, 16(2):243\u201369.","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428112469667"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/00273170701341316","volume":"42","author":"KJ Preacher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF. Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions. Multivar Behav Res. 2007;42(1):185\u2013227.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"4206_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2015.12.008","volume":"69","author":"CM Fuller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fuller CM, Simmering MJ, Atinc G, Atinc Y, Babin BJ. Common methods variance detection in business research. J Bus Res. 2016;69(8):3192\u20138.","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452","volume":"63","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Podsakoff NP. Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Ann Rev Psychol. 2012;63(1):539\u201369.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4206_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202","volume":"19","author":"JF Hair","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hair JF, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. J Mark Theory Pract. 2011;19(2):139\u201352.","journal-title":"J Mark Theory Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"4206_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-011-0261-6","volume":"40","author":"JF Hair","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hair JF, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM, Mena JA. An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. J Acad Mark Sci. 2012;40(3):414\u201333.","journal-title":"J Acad Mark Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4206_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee JY, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5):879\u2013903.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4206_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723327","volume":"16","author":"RP Bagozzi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bagozzi RP, Yi Y. On the evaluation of structural equation models. J Acad Mark Sci. 1988;16(1):74\u201394.","journal-title":"J Acad Mark Sci"},{"key":"4206_CR84","volume-title":"Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions","author":"LS Aiken","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aiken LS, West SG. Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc; 1991."},{"key":"4206_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molines M, Storme M, Mifsud M. Promoting ethical voice in the police: a daily Examination of ethical vision, LMX ambivalence, and interpersonal justice. In: Public Manag Rev. Routledge; 2023: 1\u201323.","DOI":"10.1080\/14719037.2023.2257213"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04206-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04206-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04206-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:04:45Z","timestamp":1775037885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04206-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04206-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Jilin University of Finance and Economics (NO.EA2023057). The patients\/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"453"}}