{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T15:09:18Z","timestamp":1793718558405,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04212-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T01:43:53Z","timestamp":1771983833000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Constructing the cyberbullying coping scale for adolescents and young adults: psychometric properties and well-being correlates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elif \u00d6znur","family":"Tokg\u00f6z","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metin","family":"Kocat\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Serin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4212_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2015.05.002","volume":"2","author":"M Foody","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foody M, Samara M, Carlbring P. A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy. Internet Interv. 2015;2(3):235\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2015.05.002.","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"key":"4212_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.05.002","volume":"23","author":"J Raskauskas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raskauskas J, Huynh A. The process of coping with cyberbullying: a systematic review. Aggress Violent Behav. 2015;23:118\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2015.05.002.","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"4212_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shafik W. (2025). Overview of digital age cyberbullying. In Combating Cyberbullying with Generative Ai. (Pp. 1\u201330). IGI Global. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/979-8-3373-0543-1.ch001","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3373-0543-1.ch001"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCBPL.330586","volume":"13","author":"A Shukla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shukla A, Chouhan VS. Association between cyberbullying victimization and loneliness among adolescents. Int J Cyber Behav Psychol Learn. 2023;13(1):1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/IJCBPL.330586.","journal-title":"Int J Cyber Behav Psychol Learn"},{"issue":"3","key":"4212_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2024.29309.editorial","volume":"27","author":"BK Wiederhold","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wiederhold BK. The dark side of the digital age: how to address cyberbullying among adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2024;27(3):209\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2024.29309.editorial.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"10","key":"4212_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0031","volume":"22","author":"A DeSmet","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeSmet A, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Walrave M, Vandebosch H. Associations between bystander reactions to cyberbullying and victims\u2019 emotional experiences and mental health. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2019;22(10):648\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2019.0031.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/cs\/cdaa027","volume":"43","author":"D Pepler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pepler D, Mishna F, Doucet J, Lameiro M. Witnesses in cyberbullying: roles and dilemmas. Child Sch. 2021;43(1):45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cs\/cdaa027.","journal-title":"Child Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2142","volume":"23","author":"T V\u00f6llink","year":"2013","unstructured":"V\u00f6llink T, Bolman CA, Dehue F, Jacobs NC. Coping with cyberbullying: differences between victims, bully\u2010victims and children not involved in bullying. J Commun Appl Soc Psychol. 2013;23(1):7\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/casp.2142.","journal-title":"J Commun Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/26320770211064330","volume":"3","author":"CJL Andrysiak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrysiak CJL, Mani P, Pomrenke M, Ukasoanya G, Mizock L. The changing world of bullying: student strategies for cyberbullying intervention. J Prev Health Promot. 2022;3(2):246\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26320770211064330.","journal-title":"J Prev Health Promot"},{"issue":"08","key":"4212_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/19312","volume":"12","author":"P Pooja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pooja P, Noorjahan N, Nikita N, Naina N, Manisha K, Nancy NR, et al. A descriptive study to assess the prevalence and coping strategies of cyberbullying among senior secondary students studying in selected schools of Dehradun, Uttarakhand in a view to create an awareness program on cyberbullying. Int J Adv Res. 2024;12(08):764\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21474\/IJAR01\/19312.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"4212_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5640","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448241254015","volume":"27","author":"M Khaleghipour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khaleghipour M, Koban K, Stevi\u0107 A, Matthes J. Reflective smartphone disengagement as a coping strategy against cyberbullying: a cross-country study with emerging adults from the United States and Indonesia. New Media Soc. 2024;27(10):5640\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448241254015.","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288492","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2023.2288492","volume":"10","author":"CN Nee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nee CN, Samsudin N, Chuan HM, Ridzuan MIBM, Boon OP, Mohamad AMB, et al. The digital defence against cyberbullying: a systematic review of tech-based approaches. Cogent Educ. 2023;10(2):2288492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2023.2288492.","journal-title":"Cogent Educ"},{"key":"4212_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2025.102672","volume":"123","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu Y, Knoll M, Obsuth I. Mechanisms linking cyberbullying victimisation to internalising problems in youth: a systematic review and meta-analytic structural equation modelling. Clin Psychol Rev. 2025;123:102672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2025.102672.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"4212_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661919","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.661919","volume":"12","author":"AT Ngo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ngo AT, Tran AQ, Tran BX, Nguyen LH, Hoang MT, Nguyen THT, et al. Cyberbullying among school adolescents in an urban setting of a developing country: experience, coping strategies, and mediating effects of different support on psychological well-being. Front Psychol. 2021;12:661919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.661919.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4212_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.010","volume":"73","author":"S Hinduja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Cultivating youth resilience to prevent bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Child Abuse Negl. 2017;73:51\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.010.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"4","key":"4212_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12546","volume":"16","author":"ANM Leung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leung ANM, Ho HCY, Hou WK, Poon K-T, Kwan JLY, Chan YC. A 1-year longitudinal study on experiencing workplace cyberbullying, affective well-being and work engagement of teachers: the mediating effect of cognitive reappraisal. Appl Psychol-Health Well-Being. 2024;16(4):1606\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aphw.12546.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol-Health Well-Being"},{"key":"4212_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108122","volume":"153","author":"S Tao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao S, Lan M, Tan CY, Liang Q, Pan Q, Law N. Adolescents\u2019 cyberbullying experience and subjective well-being: sex differences in the moderating role of cognitive-emotional regulation strategy. Comput Human Behav. 2023;153:108122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108122.","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"4212_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.13109\/PRKK.2014.63.5.343","volume":"63","author":"A Ittel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ittel A, M\u00fcller CR, Pfetsch J, Walk S. Coping of cybervictimization in adolescence - emotional and behavioral reactions to cyberbullying. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 2014;63(5):343\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13109\/PRKK.2014.63.5.343.","journal-title":"Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40909","DOI":"10.55041\/ijsrem40909","volume":"9","author":"S Biswas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Biswas S, Maheswar G, Reddy Y, Nayeem SM. Billy-buddy against cyberbullying: a cyberbullying prevention and support platform. Indian Sci J Res Eng Manage. 2025;9(1):40909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55041\/ijsrem40909.","journal-title":"Indian Sci J Res Eng Manage"},{"issue":"6","key":"4212_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0337","volume":"24","author":"D Santos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santos D, Mateos-P\u00e9rez E, Cantero M, G\u00e1mez-Guadix M. Cyberbullying in adolescents: resilience as a protective factor of mental health outcomes. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2021;24(6):414\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2020.0337.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"4212_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.06.020","volume":"48","author":"SJ Denny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Denny SJ, Robinson EM, Utter J, Fleming TM, Grant S, Milfont TL, et al. Do schools influence student risk-taking behaviors and emotional health symptoms? J Adolesc Health. 2011;48(3):259\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.06.020.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"4212_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.70004","volume":"62","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang E. Heterogeneous patterns of positive and negative risk-taking in Chinese adolescents: understanding the multidimensional adaptive value of positive risk-taking. Psychol Sch. 2025;62:4251\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.70004.","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3390\/soc5020460","volume":"5","author":"NC Jacobs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jacobs NC, V\u00f6llink T, Dehue F, Lechner L. The development of a self-report questionnaire on coping with cyberbullying: the Cyberbullying Coping Questionnaire. Societies. 2015;5(2):460\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soc5020460.","journal-title":"Societies"},{"issue":"9","key":"4212_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00378-8","volume":"40","author":"LT McLoughlin","year":"2021","unstructured":"McLoughlin LT. Understanding and measuring coping with cyberbullying in adolescents: exploratory factor analysis of the brief coping orientation to problems experienced inventory. Curr Psychol. 2021;40(9):4300\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-019-00378-8.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"4212_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020","volume":"289","author":"H \u00d6zbey","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00d6zbey H, Ba\u015fda\u015f \u00d6. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Bullying and Cyber Bullying Scale for Adolescents (BCS-A). Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:112994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR26","first-page":"569","volume":"12","author":"A Peker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peker A, \u00d6zhan MB, Ero\u011flu Y. Development of the scale on coping with cyber bullying towards adolescents. Development. 2015;12(1):569\u201381.","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/soc5020515","volume":"5","author":"F Sticca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sticca F, Machmutow K, Stauber A, Perren S, Palladino BE, Nocentini A, Mc Guckin C. The coping with cyberbullying questionnaire: development of a new measure. Societies. 2015;5(2):515\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soc5020515.","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"4212_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mesurado B, Crespo RF, Rodr\u00edguez O, Debeljuh P, Carlier SI. The development and initial validation of a multidimensionalflourishing scale. Curr Psychol. 2021;40:454\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-018-9957-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-9957-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2307\/3090197","volume":"43","author":"CL Keyes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keyes CL. The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. J Health Soc Behav. 2002;43(2):207\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3090197.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"4212_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.539","volume":"73","author":"CL Keyes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keyes CL. Mental illness and\/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73(3):539\u201348.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"4212_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dadand\u0131 \u0130, Ayd\u0131n F. Psychometric properties and the network analysis of the Turkish version of the Multidimensional Flourishing Scale: associations with psychological distress. Behav Sci (Basel). 2025;15(6):800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs15060800.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15060800"},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.51535\/tell.1206193","volume":"4","author":"VB Arslankara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arslankara VB, Demir A, \u00d6zta\u015f \u00d6, Usta E. Digital well-being scale validity and reliability study. J Teach Educ Lifelong Learn. 2022;4(2):263\u201374.","journal-title":"J Teach Educ Lifelong Learn"},{"key":"4212_CR33","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th Ed.)."},{"key":"4212_CR34","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"A Field","year":"2018","unstructured":"Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. 5th ed. Sage Publications; 2018.","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"4212_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429056765","volume-title":"IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: a simple guide and reference","author":"D George","year":"2019","unstructured":"George D, Mallery P. IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: a simple guide and reference. 16th ed. Routledge; 2019.","edition":"16th ed"},{"key":"4212_CR36","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 4th ed. Guilford Press; 2016.","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"4212_CR37","volume-title":"Sosyal bilimler i\u00e7in veri analizi el kitab\u0131 (27. bask\u0131) [Data analysis handbook for social sciences (27th ed.)]","author":"\u015e B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00f6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2019","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00f6zt\u00fcrk \u015e. Sosyal bilimler i\u00e7in veri analizi el kitab\u0131 (27. bask\u0131) [Data analysis handbook for social sciences (27th ed.)]. Pegem; 2019."},{"key":"4212_CR38","volume-title":"Scale development: theory and applications","author":"RF DeVellis","year":"2017","unstructured":"DeVellis RF. Scale development: theory and applications. 4th ed. Sage Publications; 2017.","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"4212_CR39","volume-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric theory. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1994.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"4212_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984898","volume-title":"Making sense of factor analysis: the use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research","author":"MA Pett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pett MA, Lackey NR, Sullivan JJ. Making sense of factor analysis: the use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Sage Publications; 2003."},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7275\/jyj1-4868","volume":"10","author":"AB Costello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Costello AB, Osborne J. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Pract Assess Res Eval. 2005;10(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7275\/jyj1-4868.","journal-title":"Pract Assess Res Eval"},{"issue":"6","key":"4212_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000006288127","volume":"34","author":"RL Worthington","year":"2006","unstructured":"Worthington RL, Whittaker TA. Scale development research: a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. Couns Psychol. 2006;34(6):806\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011000006288127.","journal-title":"Couns Psychol"},{"key":"4212_CR43","unstructured":"Hair JF. et al. (2013).\u00a0Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition PDF eBook. Pearson Higher Ed."},{"key":"4212_CR44","volume-title":"Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences","author":"J Stevens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stevens J. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences, vol. 4. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence erlbaum associates; 2002."},{"key":"4212_CR45","unstructured":"Byrne BM. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts.\u00a0Applications, and Programming\/LEA."},{"key":"4212_CR46","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"TA Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications; 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR47","first-page":"53","volume":"6","author":"D Hooper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen MR. Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electron J Business Res Methods. 2008;6(1):53\u201360.","journal-title":"Electron J Business Res Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6(1):1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5430\/ijba.v8n2p73","volume":"8","author":"H Lei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lei H, Le PB, Nguyen HTH. How collaborative culture supports for competitive advantage: the mediating role of organizational learning. Int J Bus Adm. 2017;8(2):73\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/ijba.v8n2p73.","journal-title":"Int J Bus Adm"},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.130","volume":"1","author":"RC MacCallum","year":"1996","unstructured":"MacCallum RC, Browne MW, Sugawara HM. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychol Methods. 1996;1(2):130.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"4212_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociol Methods Res. 1992;21(2):230\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124192021002005.","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005"},{"key":"4212_CR52","volume-title":"A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling","author":"RG Lomax","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lomax RG. A beginner\u2019s guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology press; 2004."},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/15305051003637306","volume":"10","author":"BM Byrne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Byrne BM, de Van Vijver FJ. Testing for measurement and structural equivalence in large-scale cross-cultural studies: addressing the issue of nonequivalence. Int J Test. 2010;10(2):107\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15305051003637306.","journal-title":"Int J Test"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/109442810031002","volume":"3","author":"RJ Vandenberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vandenberg RJ, Lance CE. A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organ Res Methods. 2000;3(1):4\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/109442810031002.","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"4212_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","volume":"14","author":"FF Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 2007;14(3):464\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510701301834.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4212_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 2002;9(2):233\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"4212_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","volume":"41","author":"DL Putnick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Putnick DL, Bornstein MH. Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Dev Rev. 2016;41:71\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004.","journal-title":"Dev Rev"},{"issue":"28","key":"4212_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24208","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03483-3","volume":"42","author":"Y Yurdakul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yurdakul Y, Ayhan AB. The effect of the cyberbullying awareness program on adolescents\u2019 awareness of cyberbullying and their coping skills. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(28):24208\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-022-03483-3.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4212_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220.2021.1984933","volume":"20","author":"V Sheanoda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheanoda V, Bussey K. Victims of cyberbullying: an examination of social cognitive processes associated with cyberbullying victimization. J Sch Violence. 2021;20(4):567\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15388220.2021.1984933.","journal-title":"J Sch Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01766-x","volume":"12","author":"Q Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Q, Lu Z, Liu B, Xiao Q, Zhu Y, Chan KL. Validation of the Chinese version of the coping strategies for victims of cyberbullying scale. BMC Psychol. 2024;12(1):259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-01766-x.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12257","volume":"15","author":"E Hutson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hutson E, Kelly S, Militello LK. Systematic review of cyberbullying interventions for youth and parents with implications for evidence\u2010based practice. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2018;15(1):72\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/wvn.12257.","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x","volume":"82","author":"JA Durlak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Durlak JA, Weissberg RP, Dymnicki AB, Taylor RD, Schellinger KB. The impact of enhancing students\u2019 social and emotional learning: a meta\u2010analysis of school\u2010based universal interventions. Child Dev. 2011;82(1):405\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4212_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12864","volume":"88","author":"RD Taylor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taylor RD, Oberle E, Durlak JA, Weissberg RP. Promoting positive youth development through school\u2010based social and emotional learning interventions: a meta\u2010analysis of follow\u2010up effects. Child Dev. 2017;88(4):1156\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.12864.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12277","volume":"67","author":"S Livingstone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Livingstone S, \u00d3lafsson K, Helsper EJ, Lupi\u00e1\u00f1ez-Villanueva F, Veltri GA, Folkvord F. Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: the role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. J Commun. 2017;67(1):82\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcom.12277.","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"4212_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815577797","volume":"18","author":"LM Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones LM, Mitchell KJ. Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media Soc. 2016;18(9):2063\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444815577797.","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4212_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2014.940781","volume":"26","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects. Psychol Inq. 2015;26(1):1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1047840X.2014.940781.","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04212-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04212-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04212-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T15:53:09Z","timestamp":1774972389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04212-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04212-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the \u0130stanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa Social and Human Sciences Research and Publication Ethics Committee (approval date: 02 December 2025; approval number: 2025\/768). All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and, where required, from their parents or legal guardians prior to participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"447"}}