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This longitudinal study investigated the therapeutic effects of urban biophilic art environments on depression and anxiety symptoms among 300 urban residents over a 12-month period. Using a quasi-experimental design, participants were divided into intervention (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009156) and control (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009144) groups, with the intervention group having regular access to purpose-designed biophilic art installations integrating natural elements with artistic expression. Mental health outcomes were assessed using standardized measures (PHQ-9, GAD-7) at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Results demonstrated significant improvements in both depression (F(4,1192)\u2009=\u200918.47,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001, partial \u03b7\u00b2 = 0.058) and anxiety symptoms (F(4,1192)\u2009=\u200917.15,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001, partial \u03b7\u00b2 = 0.055) in the intervention group compared to controls. Mediation analysis revealed that attention restoration, stress reduction, and environmental perception quality accounted for 67% of depression symptom improvement and 72% of anxiety symptom reduction. Individual differences in nature connectedness and age moderated intervention effectiveness. These findings provide evidence that biophilic art environments can serve as accessible, community-based interventions for urban mental health promotion, offering practical implications for urban planning and public health policy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04262-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T23:16:34Z","timestamp":1772579794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term effects of urban biophilic art environments on depression and anxiety symptoms: a longitudinal intervention study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qirui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4262_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 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All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.The study protocol was also reviewed and approved by the Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Ethics Committee (Approval Number: SMG-REC-2024-085, approved on April 2, 2024) due to the use of public urban spaces for the intervention. Additional approval for GPS tracking and physiological data collection was obtained from the Korea National Institute of Health Research Ethics Review Board (Approval Number: KNIH-2024-HR-156, approved on April 18, 2024). All data collection procedures adhered to Korean personal information protection laws and international guidelines for human subjects research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). All data presented are aggregated and anonymized, ensuring that no individual participants can be identified.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"500"}}