{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:43:01Z","timestamp":1787020981968,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["No. CHA250293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. CHA250293"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04388-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T05:53:21Z","timestamp":1773986001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Social and emotional skills and different bullying behavior of students: serial mediating role of perceived relationships with teachers and sense of belonging at school"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiazhe","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1826-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuechun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"4388_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"UNESCO. The behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54675\/TRVR4270.","DOI":"10.54675\/TRVR4270"},{"key":"4388_CR2","unstructured":"Tang LN, Wang WD. Why does school bullying recur on campus? Guangming Dly; 2019. https:\/\/epaper.gmw.cn\/gmrb\/html\/2019-11\/19\/content_3332019.htm."},{"issue":"10","key":"4388_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9270","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-05083-1","volume":"43","author":"M Waseem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Waseem M, Nickerson AB. Bullying: issues and challenges in prevention and intervention. Curr Psychol. 2024;43(10):9270\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-023-05083-1.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4388_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70113","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.70113","volume":"60","author":"X Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao X, Liu X. Effect of depressive symptoms and learning difficulty on academic achievement among adolescents in China: a cross-lagged panel study. Int J Psychol. 2025;60(6):e70113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijop.70113.","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4388_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034309106948","volume":"30","author":"W Cassidy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cassidy W, Jackson M, Brown KN. Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me?: students\u2019 experiences with cyber-bullying. Sch Psychol Int. 2009;30(4):383\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0143034309106948.","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"4388_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12050","volume":"83","author":"FC Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang FC, Lee CM, Chiu CH, Hsi WY, Huang TF, Pan YC. Relationships among cyberbullying, school bullying, and mental health in Taiwanese adolescents. J Sch Health. 2013;83(6):454\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/josh.12050.","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4388_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-023-02756-0","volume":"33","author":"M Xia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xia M, Hu P, Wu J. Does parental support moderate the association between bullying victimization and anti-bullying attitudes among Chinese adolescents. J Child Fam Stud. 2024;33(6):1908\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-023-02756-0.","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"4388_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-023-00207-4","author":"C Sanders","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanders C, Jenkins SR. Exploring bullying, partner violence, and social information processing. Int J Bully Prev. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42380-023-00207-4.","journal-title":"Int J Bully Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3102\/0091732X16673595","volume":"40","author":"D Osher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Osher D, Kidron Y, Brackett M, Dymnicki A, Jones S, Weissberg RP. Advancing the science and practice of social and emotional learning: looking back and moving forward. Rev Res Educ. 2016;40(1):644\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0091732X16673595.","journal-title":"Rev Res Educ"},{"key":"4388_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD. Skills for social progress: the power of social and emotional skills. OECD Publishing; 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264226159-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264226159-en"},{"issue":"2","key":"4388_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414524573","volume":"79","author":"R Faris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faris R, Felmlee D. Casualties of social combat: school networks of peer victimization and their consequences. Am Sociol Rev. 2014;79(2):228\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0003122414524573.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"4388_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"UNESCO. School violence and bullying: global status report. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54675\/POIV1573.","DOI":"10.54675\/POIV1573"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-023-01871-x","volume":"53","author":"I Pollak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pollak I, Stiehl KAM, Birchwood J, Schrank B, Zechner KA, Wiesner C, et al. Promoting peer connectedness through social-emotional learning: evaluating the intervention effect mechanisms and implementation factors of a social-emotional learning programme for 9 to 12-year-olds. J Youth Adolesc. 2024;53(1):89\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-023-01871-x.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"4388_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-016-0800-3","volume":"45","author":"MS Poulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poulou MS. Social and emotional learning and teacher\u2013student relationships: preschool teachers\u2019 and students\u2019 perceptions. Early Child Educ J. 2017;45:427\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10643-016-0800-3.","journal-title":"Early Child Educ J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431610379415","volume":"31","author":"J Juvonen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Juvonen J, Wang Y, Espinoza G. Bullying experiences and compromised academic performance across middle school grades. J Early Adolesc. 2011;31(1):152\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272431610379415.","journal-title":"J Early Adolesc"},{"issue":"4","key":"4388_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1053815111429969","volume":"33","author":"WH Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown WH, Conroy MA. Social-emotional competence in young children with developmental delays: our reflection and vision for the future. J Early Interv. 2012;33(4):310\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1053815111429969.","journal-title":"J Early Interv"},{"issue":"4","key":"4388_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.16382\/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.04.004","volume":"41","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Jin Z, Huang Z. Can social and emotional skills effectively reduce students\u2019 bullying: empirical analyses based on OECD social and emotional skills study. J East China Norm Univ Sci. 2023;41(4):46\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16382\/j.cnki.1000-5560.2023.04.004.","journal-title":"J East China Norm Univ Sci"},{"key":"4388_CR18","unstructured":"Olweus D. Bullying at school: what we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell; 1993."},{"issue":"5","key":"4388_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09572-y","volume":"46","author":"M Stubbs-Richardson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stubbs-Richardson M, May DC. Social contagion in bullying: an examination of strains and types of bullying victimization in peer networks. Am J Crim Justice. 2021;46(5):748\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12103-020-09572-y.","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"4388_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2012.03.003","volume":"17","author":"JS Hong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hong JS, Espelage DL. A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: an ecological system analysis. Aggress Violent Behav. 2012;17(4):311\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2012.03.003.","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"4388_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5122","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518801943","volume":"36","author":"VA Coelho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coelho VA, Sousa V. A multilevel analysis of the relation between bullying roles and social and emotional competencies. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(11\u201312):5122\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518801943.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"4388_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.071","volume":"271","author":"R Espejo-Siles","year":"2020","unstructured":"Espejo-Siles R, Zych I, Llorent VJ. Empathy, social and emotional competencies, bullying perpetration and victimization as longitudinal predictors of somatic symptoms in adolescence. J Affect Disord. 2020;271:145\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.071.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4388_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-determination theory: basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: The Guilford Press; 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/978.14625\/28806.","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806"},{"issue":"4","key":"4388_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2017.1402863","volume":"38","author":"A Mouratidis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mouratidis A, Michou A, Aelterman N, Haerens L, Vansteenkiste M. Begin-of-school-year perceived autonomy-support and structure as predictors of end-of-school-year study efforts and procrastination: the mediating role of autonomous and controlled motivation. Educ Psychol. 2018;38(4):435\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443410.2017.1402863.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4388_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0051-6","volume":"44","author":"JL Cooley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooley JL, Fite PJ. Peer victimization and forms of aggression during middle childhood: the role of emotion regulation. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2016;44(3):535\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-015-0051-6.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4388_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.05.009","volume":"37","author":"A Baroncelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baroncelli A, Ciucci E. Unique effects of different components of trait emotional intelligence in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. J Adolesc. 2014;37(6):807\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.05.009.","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"7","key":"4388_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12231","volume":"26","author":"SE O\u2019Toole","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole SE, Monks CP, Tsermentseli S. Executive function and theory of mind as predictors of aggressive and prosocial behavior and peer acceptance in early childhood. Soc Dev. 2017;26(7):907\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sode.12231.","journal-title":"Soc Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12133","volume":"25","author":"THJ van Noorden","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Noorden THJ, Bukowski WM, Haselager GJT, Lansu TAM, Cillessen AHN. Disentangling the frequency and severity of bullying and victimization in the association with empathy. Soc Dev. 2016;25(1):176\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sode.12133.","journal-title":"Soc Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4388_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100359","volume":"23","author":"C Nasti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nasti C, Sangiuliano Intra F, Palmiero M, Brighi A. The relationship between personality and bullying among primary school children: the mediation role of trait emotion intelligence and empathy. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2023;23(2):100359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100359.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.1.81","volume":"52","author":"RR McCrae","year":"1987","unstructured":"McCrae RR, Costa PT. Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987;52(1):81\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.52.1.81.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4388_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2019.01248","volume":"27","author":"X Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang X, Chu X, Liu Q, Zhou Z, Fan C. Bystander behavior in cyberbullying. Adv Psychol Sci. 2022;27(7):1248\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2019.01248.","journal-title":"Adv Psychol Sci"},{"key":"4388_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.01.007","volume":"21","author":"E Mitsopoulou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mitsopoulou E, Giovazolias T. Personality traits, empathy and bullying behavior: a meta-analytic approach. Aggress Violent Behav. 2015;21:61\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2015.01.007.","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"4388_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.14527\/pegegog.2017.008","volume":"7","author":"A Semerci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Semerci A. Investigating the effects of personality traits on cyberbullying. Pegem J Educ Instr. 2017;7(2):211\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14527\/pegegog.2017.008.","journal-title":"Pegem J Educ Instr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1387\/RevPsicodidact.15702","volume":"22","author":"O G\u00f3mez-Ortiz","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Ortiz O, Romera-F\u00e9lix E-M, Ortega-Ruiz R. Multidimensionality of social competence: measurement of the construct and its relationship with bullying roles. Rev Psicodidact Engl Ed. 2017;22(1):37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1387\/RevPsicodidact.15702.","journal-title":"Rev Psicodidact Engl Ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1017\/jgc.2020.25","volume":"31","author":"H Sak\u0131z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sak\u0131z H, Mert A, Sar\u0131\u00e7am H. Self-esteem and perceived social competence protect adolescent students against ostracism and loneliness. J Psychol Couns Sch. 2021;31(1):94\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jgc.2020.25.","journal-title":"J Psychol Couns Sch"},{"issue":"4","key":"4388_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21541","volume":"41","author":"M Camodeca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Camodeca M, Caravita SCS, Coppola G. Bullying in preschool: the associations between participant roles, social competence, and social preference. Aggress Behav. 2015;41(4):310\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21541.","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"4388_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-3802.12114","volume":"15","author":"PK Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith PK. The nature of cyberbullying and what we can do about it. J Res Spec Educ Needs. 2015;15(3):176\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-3802.12114.","journal-title":"J Res Spec Educ Needs"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7876-9","volume":"19","author":"M Rodr\u00edguez-Enr\u00edquez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Enr\u00edquez M, Bennasar-Veny M, Leiva A, Garaigordobil M, Ya\u00f1ez AM. Cybervictimization among secondary students: social networking time, personality traits and parental education. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7876-9.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4388_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.10.063","volume":"106","author":"M van Geel","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Geel M, Goemans A, Toprak F, Vedder P. Which personality traits are related to traditional bullying and cyberbullying? A study with the big five, dark triad and sadism. Pers Individ Differ. 2017;106:231\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2016.10.063.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"issue":"17","key":"4388_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6199","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176199","volume":"17","author":"J Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez J, Rodr\u00edguez-Hidalgo AJ, Zych I. Bullying and cyberbullying in adolescents from disadvantaged areas: validation of questionnaires; prevalence rates; and relationship to self-esteem, empathy and social skills. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):6199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17176199.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4388_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2020.08.002","volume":"82","author":"C Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang C, Chan MK, Ma TL. School-wide social emotional learning (SEL) and bullying victimization: moderating role of school climate in elementary, middle, and high schools. J Sch Psychol. 2020;82:49\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsp.2020.08.002.","journal-title":"J Sch Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4388_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2012.672262","volume":"14","author":"TJ Sabol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sabol TJ, Pianta RC. Recent trends in research on teacher-child relationships. Attach Hum Dev. 2012;14(3):213\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14616734.2012.672262.","journal-title":"Attach Hum Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"4388_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1080\/02671522.2020.1723679","volume":"36","author":"B Sj\u00f6gren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6gren B, Thornberg R, W\u00e4nstr\u00f6m L, Gini G. Bystander behaviour in peer victimisation: moral disengagement, defender self-efficacy and student-teacher relationship quality. Res Pap Educ. 2021;36(5):588\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02671522.2020.1723679.","journal-title":"Res Pap Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00533","volume":"74","author":"SA Denham","year":"2003","unstructured":"Denham SA, Blair KA, DeMulder E, Levitas J, Sawyer K, Auerbach\u2013Major S, et al. Preschool emotional competence: pathway to social competence? Child Dev. 2003;74(1):238\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8624.00533.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"4388_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-012-0507-z","volume":"40","author":"L Gunter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gunter L, Caldarella P, Korth BB, Young KR. Promoting social and emotional learning in preschool students: a study of Strong Start Pre-K. Early Child Educ J. 2012;40(3):151\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10643-012-0507-z.","journal-title":"Early Child Educ J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4388_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.2.195","volume":"96","author":"KR Wentzel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wentzel KR, Barry CM, Caldwell KA. Friendships in middle school: influences on motivation and school adjustment. J Educ Psychol. 2004;96(2):195\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.96.2.195.","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"4388_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.06.041","volume":"214","author":"E Oberle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oberle E, Guhn M, Gadermann AM, Thomson K, Schonert-Reichl KA. Positive mental health and supportive school environments: a population-level longitudinal study of dispositional optimism and school relationships in early adolescence. Soc Sci Med 1982. 2018;214:154\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.06.041.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"key":"4388_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105173","volume":"116","author":"A Gale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gale A. Examining black adolescents\u2019 perceptions of in-school racial discrimination: the role of teacher support on academic outcomes. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;116:105173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105173.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"4388_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","volume":"117","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995;117:497\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x","volume":"82","author":"JA Durlak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Durlak JA, Weissberg RP, Dymnicki AB, Taylor RD, Schellinger KB. The impact of enhancing students\u2019 social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Dev. 2011;82(1):405\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2008.01.009","volume":"24","author":"J Hou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hou J. Advances in attachment theory and social network theory. Psychol Dev Educ. 2008;24(1):123\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2008.01.009.","journal-title":"Psychol Dev Educ"},{"key":"4388_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.16697\/j.cnki.xdjygl.2019.08.017","volume":"8","author":"E He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He E, Ye X, Pan K, Mao Y. The influence of primary school students\u2019 social emotion learning skill on school bullying: the regulating role of school attribution. Mod Educ Manag. 2019;8:99\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16697\/j.cnki.xdjygl.2019.08.017.","journal-title":"Mod Educ Manag"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"4388_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1300\/J135v02n02_08","volume":"2","author":"DL Espelage","year":"2001","unstructured":"Espelage DL, Holt MK. Bullying and victimization during early adolescence: peer influences and psychosocial correlates. J Emot Abuse. 2001;2(2\u20133):123\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J135v02n02_08.","journal-title":"J Emot Abuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"4388_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.5330\/PSC.n.2010-11.296","volume":"11","author":"CJ Uwah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Uwah CJ, McMahon HG, Furlow CF. School belonging, educational aspirations, and academic self-efficacy among African American male high school students: implications for school counselors. Prof Sch Couns. 2008;11(5):296\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5330\/PSC.n.2010-11.296.","journal-title":"Prof Sch Couns"},{"key":"4388_CR55","first-page":"31","volume":"11","author":"Y Mao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mao Y, Du Y, Yi K, Wen D. School improvement based on students\u2019 social-emotional competence cultivation: exploration and practice of the ministry of education-UNICEF social-emotional learning programme. Prim Second Sch Manag. 2018;11:31\u20133.","journal-title":"Prim Second Sch Manag"},{"key":"4388_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-023-00186-6","volume":"7","author":"LF Vargas-Madriz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vargas-Madriz LF, Zhang M, Wang Z, Long Y, Konishi C. Social support and traditional bullying perpetration among high school students: the mediating role of school belonging. Int J Bullying Prev. 2025;7:124\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42380-023-00186-6.","journal-title":"Int J Bullying Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"4388_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014695","volume":"101","author":"AC Frenzel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frenzel AC, Goetz T, L\u00fcdtke O, Pekrun R, Sutton RE. Emotional transmission in the classroom: exploring the relationship between teacher and student enjoyment. J Educ Psychol. 2009;101(3):705\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014695.","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"4388_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104335","volume":"248","author":"X Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu X, Zhang M, Zhu K, Li S, Fu R, Zhang M, et al. Relations between school climates and bullying behaviors in Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of prosocial tendency. Acta Psychol. 2024;248:104335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104335.","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"4388_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2022.102111","volume":"71","author":"M Marchante","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marchante M, Alexandre Coelho V, Maria Rom\u00e3o A. The influence of school climate in bullying and victimization behaviors during middle school transition. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2022;71:102111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2022.102111.","journal-title":"Contemp Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4388_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431615590230","volume":"36","author":"KE Norwalk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Norwalk KE, Hamm JV, Farmer TW, Barnes KL. Improving the school context of early adolescence through teacher attunement to victimization: effects on school belonging. J Early Adolesc. 2016;36(7):989\u20131009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0272431615590230.","journal-title":"J Early Adolesc"},{"issue":"41","key":"4388_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32114","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06777-w","volume":"43","author":"J Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo J, Zhao B, Jiang L, Pan J. Associations between teacher support, school belonging, and school bullying victimization among Chinese upper elementary school students: a multi-group analysis based on gender. Curr Psychol. 2024;43(41):32114\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-024-06777-w.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4388_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1017\/iop.2015.33","volume":"8","author":"F De Fruyt","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Fruyt F, Wille B, John OP. Employability in the 21st century: complex (interactive) problem solving and other essential skills. Ind Organ Psychol. 2015;8(2):276\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/iop.2015.33.","journal-title":"Ind Organ Psychol"},{"key":"4388_CR63","unstructured":"OECD. Social and emotional skills: latest evidence on teachability and impact on life outcomes. OECD Educ Work Pap. 2023;(304):10. https:\/\/one.oecd.org\/document\/EDU\/WKP(2023)19\/en\/pdf."},{"key":"4388_CR64","unstructured":"OECD. OECD survey on social and emotional skills: technical report. OECD Publishing; 2021. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/about\/programmes\/edu\/survey-on-social-and-emotional-skills\/Technical%20Report%20SSES.pdf."},{"key":"4388_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD. The PISA 2003 assessment framework: mathematics, reading, science and problem solving knowledge and skills. OECD Publishing; 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264101739-en","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264101739-en"},{"key":"4388_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD. Beyond academic learning: first results from the Survey of Social and emotional skills. OECD Publishing; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/92a11084-en","DOI":"10.1787\/92a11084-en"},{"issue":"4","key":"4388_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638601200408","volume":"12","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"1986","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, Organ DW. Self-reports in organizational research: problems and prospects. J Manag. 1986;12(4):531\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/014920638601200408.","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"key":"4388_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2025.102871","volume":"130","author":"S Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu S, Yang P, Chen Y, Xu L, Xiao B, Li Y. Social-emotional competencies and bullying victimization among students of grade 3-5 in Shanghai: a moderated mediation model of peer acceptance and school climate. Int J Educ Res. 2025;130:102871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijer.2025.102871.","journal-title":"Int J Educ Res"},{"key":"4388_CR69","first-page":"82","volume":"3","author":"W Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li W, Wang W. How does cyberbullying affect the social emotional skills of adolescents? A study also on the moderating effect of school climate. Contemp Youth Res. 2023;3:82\u201397.","journal-title":"Contemp Youth Res"},{"key":"4388_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.13262\/j.bjsshkxy.bjshkx.250708","volume":"7","author":"J Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li J. Research on the influence of individual competence and interpersonal relationships on bullying perpetration among primary and secondary school students. Soc Sci Beijing. 2025;7:91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13262\/j.bjsshkxy.bjshkx.250708.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Beijing"},{"key":"4388_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao X. Exploring the relationship between parental involvement and family education choice: evidence from China. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2026:3889889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/cad\/3889889.","DOI":"10.1155\/cad\/3889889"},{"key":"4388_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02991-8","volume":"13","author":"L Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang L, Yang L, Yao J, Yang J, Wu M, Yuan M, et al. Evaluating a new scale for infertility psychological distress: psychometric evidence from China. BMC Psychol. 2025;13:667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-025-02991-8.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"4388_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02283-7","volume":"12","author":"DN Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan DN, Xie H, Zeng Y, Zhou Y, Lin C, Ma X, et al. The development and validation of a tablet-based assessment battery of general cognitive ability. BMC Psychol. 2024;12:778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02283-7.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4388_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e318295e298","volume":"88","author":"M Fleming","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fleming M, House S, Hanson VS, Yu L, Garbutt J, McGee R, et al. The mentoring competency assessment: validation of a new instrument to evaluate skills of research mentors. Acad Med. 2013;88(7):1002\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0b013e318295e298.","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"4388_CR75","unstructured":"Bailey R, Jones SM, Jacob R, Madden N, Phillips N. Social, emotional, and cognitive understanding and regulation in education (SECURe): preschool program manual and curricula. Harvard University; 2012."},{"key":"4388_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li J. Cultural foundations of learning: East and West. Cambridge University Press; 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139028400.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139028400"},{"issue":"2","key":"4388_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022120985318","volume":"52","author":"Y Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi Y, Gregg AP, Sedikides C, Cai H. Lay conceptions of modesty in China: a prototype approach. J Cross-Cult Psychol. 2021;52(2):155\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022022120985318.","journal-title":"J Cross-Cult Psychol"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"4388_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/10400410902858683","volume":"21","author":"SBF Paletz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paletz SBF, Peng K. Problem finding and contradiction: examining the relationship between naive dialectical thinking, ethnicity, and creativity. Creat Res J. 2009;21(2\u20133):139\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400410902858683.","journal-title":"Creat Res J"},{"issue":"5","key":"4388_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-022-09800-6","volume":"25","author":"J Ying","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ying J, Yan F, Harrison MG, Jackson L. Humility and its cultivation in Chinese schools: an exploratory study into teachers\u2019 perspectives. Asia Pac Educ Rev. 2024;25(5):1215\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12564-022-09800-6.","journal-title":"Asia Pac Educ Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"4388_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1108\/09578230910981107","volume":"47","author":"DL Hoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hoff DL, Mitchell SN. Cyberbullying: causes, effects, and remedies. J Educ Adm. 2009;47(5):652\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09578230910981107.","journal-title":"J Educ Adm"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00097.x","volume":"6","author":"L Rose-Krasnor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rose-Krasnor L. The nature of social competence: a theoretical review. Soc Dev. 1997;6(1):111\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00097.x.","journal-title":"Soc Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4388_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2019.1660998","volume":"25","author":"A Ibrahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ibrahim A, El Zaatari W. The teacher\u2013student relationship and adolescents\u2019 sense of school belonging. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2020;25(1):382\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02673843.2019.1660998.","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Youth"},{"issue":"3","key":"4388_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000074","volume":"29","author":"I Turner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turner I, Reynolds KJ, Lee E, Subasic E, Bromhead D. Well-being, school climate, and the social identity process: a latent growth model study of bullying perpetration and peer victimization. Sch Psychol Q. 2014;29(3):320\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spq0000074.","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Q"},{"key":"4388_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-026-01070-9","volume":"41","author":"H Sak\u0131z","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sak\u0131z H, Denkta\u015f Z. From connections to achievements: investigating the influence of school climate and school membership on adolescent students\u2019 academic achievement. Eur J Psychol Educ. 2026;41:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-026-01070-9.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Educ"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04388-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04388-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04388-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:27:39Z","timestamp":1777044459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04388-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04388-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All study procedures involving human participants followed institutional and\/or national research committee ethical standards and the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study has been approved by the Academic and Ethics Committee of Northeast Normal University. The OECD has officially conducted the ethical norms for all participating countries\/economies in SSES 2019. The individual participants received in-depth information about SSES 2019 and provided their informed consent upon participation prior to the study. The informed consent to participate was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of any participant under the age of 16. The students and principals were voluntary to participate in SSES 2019, and they could withdraw upon their own decision. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"604"}}